Amaravati Explained

Official Name:Amaravati
Settlement Type:Capital city
Nickname:Place for immortals
Pushpin Map:India Andhra Pradesh#India#Asia#Earth
Pushpin Map Caption:Location in Andhra Pradesh##Location in India##Location in Asia##Location in Earth
Pushpin Label Position:right
Coordinates:16.5131°N 80.5165°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: India
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Name1:Andhra Pradesh
Subdivision Type2:Region
Subdivision Name2:Coastal Andhra
Subdivision Type3:District
Subdivision Name3:Guntur
Government Type:Urban Planning Agency
Governing Body:Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority
Unit Pref:Metric
Area Footnotes:[1]
Area Total Km2:217.23
Area Metro Footnotes:[2]
Area Metro Km2:8352.69
Elevation M:49
Population Total:103000
Population As Of:2011
Population Footnotes:[3]
Population Metro:58,73,588
Population Metro Footnotes:[4]
Timezone1:IST
Utc Offset1:+5:30
Postal Code Type:Pincode(s)
Postal Code:520 XXX, 521 XXX, 522 XXX
Registration Plate:AP-7, AP-8, AP-39[5]
Blank2 Info:Telugu
Established Title1:Established
Established Date1:2014
Named For:Amaravati Stupa, Amararama
Founder:N. Chandrababu Naidu

Amaravati is the capital city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is situated in Guntur district at the heart of the state, on the right bank of the river Krishna and south west of Vijayawada. It is named after the historic Amaravathi site adjacent to Dharanikota, the ancient city, that served as the capital of the Satavahana dynasty more than 2,200 years ago.[6] The Andhra Pradesh Capital Region encompasses the neighboring cities of Guntur, and Vijayawada.[7]

The bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh in 2014 resulted in the residual state having no capital city, with Hyderabad serving as the state's temporary capital city despite being located in the new state of Telangana. The government under the leadership of N. Chandrababu Naidu founded Amaravati and declared it as Andhra Pradesh state's new capital city. The farmers of Guntur district gave 33,000 acres of land, to the Government of Andhra Pradesh through an innovative land pooling scheme in return for developed plots and lease payments for 10-year period.[8] [9] The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone at Uddandarayunipalem village on 22 October 2015.[10] After fast track completion of interim buildings, government legislature and secretariat started operating from the new facilities at Velagapudi from March 2017.[11] [12]

Amaravati is an urban notified area. Urban development and planning activities are undertaken by the Amaravati Development Corporation Limited[13] and Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority (APCRDA).[14] The APCRDA has jurisdiction over the city and the conurbation covering Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.[15] The capital city is spread over an area of 217.23km2,[16] and will comprise villages (including some hamlets) from three mandals viz., Mangalagiri, Thullur and Tadepalle. The seed capital is spread over an area of 16.94km2.[17]

Etymology

Amaravati literally translates to 'the place for immortals'. The name has significance from historical, spiritual and mythological points of view. This name was also used in 18th century for a village near Dharanikota, the ancient capital of the Satavahana dynasty.[18]

History

Event
2014-06-02AP Reorganization Act comes into force
2014-09-01Location of new Capital City finalized
2014-12-30APCRDA Act comes into effect
2015-01-XXVoluntary Land Pooling Scheme announced
2015-03-XXConsent for 33,000 acres obtained from farmers
2015-06-06Amaravati City Bhoomi Puja (ground-breaking ceremony) by Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu[19]
2015-10-22Foundation stone set by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi[20]
2017-03-XXGovernment Legislature and secretariat start functioning from the city
2018-12-27Naidu lays foundation stone for Andhra Pradesh Permanent secretariat towers[21] [22]
2019-02-03CJI lays foundation stone for Andhra High Court in Amaravati.[23]
2020-07-31Governor's assent to legislation for three capitals
2021-11-22Three capitals legislation withdrawn
2022-03-05High court gives verdict in favour of single capital city
2024-06-08All Development works has been restarted and work is in progress.[24] [25]

Dharanikota (Dhānyakatakam) nearby was the capital city of the Satavahana Dynasty of the (Andhras. Its history dates back to 2nd Century BCE. The Satavahanas are prominent in the history of Andhra Pradesh. Their main language was Prakrit written using Brahmi Script, which served as the base for the script of Telugu Language. The practice of Buddhism was predominant at that time and the dynasty was partly responsible for the prevalence of Buddhism in the region. The city was also once a holy site of Mahayana Buddhism. The city used to have a large Buddhist Stupa now known as Amaravati Stupa. It was also the centre of Buddhist learning and art with several Buddhist followers from many South East Asian countries visiting.  

After Satavahanas, Ikshvakus, Vishnukundina, Pallavas, Cholas, Kakatiyas, Delhi Sultanate, Musunuri Nayaks, Bahmani Sultanate, Vijayanagara Empire, Sultanate of Golconda and Mughal Empire successively ruled this area before the founding of the Nizamate of Hyderabad in 1724. It was ceded to France in 1750 but was captured by the East India Company in 1759. It was returned to the Nizam in 1768 but was ceded to Britain again in 1788.[26] [27] As part of the Madras Presidency, it was ruled by Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu, hereditary zamindar of Chintapalli who founded the modern Amaravati village, near the ruins of the ancient stupa.[28]

As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, Hyderabad became the capital of the newly formed state of Telangana, post bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh.[29]

The K C Sivaramakrishnan committee recommended one major administrative city and several other cities focused on investment, technology and industry. The new capital is named Amaravati in view of historical, spiritual and mythological significance, by N. Chandrababu Naidu. In an innovative way, farmers of the region parted with their lands for the capital, in lieu of payment of lease for a period of 10 years and allotment of developed plots.[30]

Geography

The city is in Guntur district at the heart of the state, on the banks of the Krishna River located at 10km (10miles) south-west of Vijayawada, 16km (10miles) north of Guntur, 45km (28miles) south-east of Tenali.[31] [32] The city has an area of 217.23 km2 and is spread across 25 villages in 3 mandals (Thullur, Mangalagiri and Tadepalli) of Guntur district. The 25 villages in the Capital City area have about 1 lakh population in about 27,000 households. The AP capital region is spread over Guntur, Palnadu, NTR, and Krishna districts and includes Guntur, Vijayawada and Tenali cities several towns and villages. During winter months, the temperature is between 12 °C and 30 °C. During summer, the temperature is between 17 °C to 45 °C. Climate is very humid in summer with humidity rising up to 68%.

Demographics

Language and religion

Telugu is spoken by the majority of the population. Hinduism is the religion of the majority. There are significant Muslim, Christian, and Buddhist communities as well.

Civic administration

Settlements

The table below lists the identified villages and hamlets under their respective mandals, which became a part of the capital city.

MandalSettlements
Thullur mandalAbbarajupalem, Ainavolu, Ananthavaram, Borupalem, Dondapadu, Kondarajupalem (de-populated), Lingayapalem (including Modugulankapalem hamlets), Malkapuram, Mandadam (Tallayapalem hamlets), Nekkallu, Nelapadu, Pitchikalapalem, Rayapudi, Sakhamuru, Thulluru, Uddandarayunipalem, Velagapudi, Venkatapalem
Mangalagiri mandalKrishnayapalem, Nidamarru, Kuragallu (including Nerukonda hamlets), Nowlur (including Yerrabalem & Bethapudi hamlets)
Tadepalle mandalPenumaka, Tadepalle (M) (part) (Nulakapet, Dolas Nagar etc.), Undavalli

Notes:

The administration successfully hosted the inaugural Happy Cities Summit in Amaravati in April 2018. The summit saw the participation of 1,500+ delegates from 15+ countries, including eminent city leaders and urban experts.[33]

Planning

Amaravati is planned to be the people-centric pioneer Smart City of India, built around sustainability and livability principles, and to be the happiest city in the world.[34] Among the innovative features on the drawing board are navigation canals[35] around the city, connecting to an island in the Krishna river. The Government envisaged an investment need of for the development of the city.[36]

Criticism that the city would require enormous amounts of energy and resources and would destroy precious natural environments and local livelihoods were raised and alternate plans were proposed.[37]

The city is planned to have 51% green space and 10% of water bodies. It is being modeled on Singapore, with the master plan being prepared by two Singapore government-appointed consultants.[38]

The city construction had a budget of ₹ 553.43 billions out of which state government contribution is only ₹ 126 billion.[39] Government raised money through bonds.[40] The contribution from the government is to be repaid by the CRDA after 2037. Ultimately state or union governments are not incurring any expenditure to construct the city but wholly financed by the income accrued from the sale of land for various development schemes (₹ 171.51 billion), loans and the local taxes (₹ 146.41 billion by 2037) to the CRDA. The state and union governments are expected to earn ₹ 120 billion per annum out of which state goods and services tax (State GST) alone is ₹ 60 billion per annum. The entire city construction is planned by self-financing from loans and land selling with the state government's moral support. CRDA is expecting a net surplus income of ₹ 333 billion by 2037 after meeting the total expenditure on the city. Amaravati government complex which is intended to provide world-class facilities needed for the state government. The bus rapid transit system (BRTS) in Amaravati to connect with the adjacent Vijayawada and Guntur cities by world-class road network is also part of the CRDA project.[41] Both Amaravati government complex and BRTS are planned with an expenditure of ₹ 140 billion.

Nine themed cities consisting of finance, justice, health, sports, media, and Electronics were planned. Several business groups and institutions like Reliance Group, NRDC-India.[42] [43] [44] Pi Data Centre,[45] HCL Technologies,[46] [47] and BRS Medicity proposed to invest in the city.[48] [49]

The government explored other means of mass transport like ‘monorail’, Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) and tramways.[50] Two new depots, North and South depots of the APSRTC are proposed to be constructed.[51] A proposed Amaravati high-speed circular railway line would connect the city with the nearby cities of Vijayawada, Guntur and Tenali,[52] extending up to a length of 105km (65miles) with an estimated cost of . A metro rail project is proposed between the cities of Tenali, Guntur, and Vijayawada with 100 km circular corridor.[53]

Construction

The state government originally engaged the Singapore-based Ascendas-Singbridge and Sembcorp Development consortium for the city's construction. The city's infrastructure was to be developed in 7–8 years in phases, at an estimated cost of ₹33,000 crore. ₹7,500 crore from the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO), $500 million from the World Bank and ₹2,500 crore from the Indian Government, of which ₹1,500 crore has been granted.[54] With the change of priorities for the government that came into power in 2019, the Amaravati project has substantially slowed, with no completion deadline in sight.[55]

Economy

The agrarian economy is transformed into an urban economy with the formation of capital city.[56]

Education

National Institute of Design, SRM University, Andhra Pradesh, Vellore Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, Amrita University, Amity University and the Indo-UK Institute of Health (IUIH) in collaboration with the King's College London, are among others to set up campus in Amaravati. In 2018, the city's first management institute, Xavier School of Management, was under construction near Ainavolu.[57]

Tourism

Nearby religious sites include the Amaralingeswara Swamy Temple, and the Amaravati stupa in the Amaravati heritage complex, Dhyana Buddha statue and Undavalli Caves.[58] [59] [60]

Transport

Roads

The Amaravati seed capital road is an arterial road under construction to access the core capital area from NH16.[61] The Vijayawada-Amaravati road connects the city with Vijayawada.[62] NH544D connects Anantapur-Guntur instead of the earlier proposed The Amaravati–Anantapur Expressway.[63] Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) operates buses connecting the city with Vijayawada, Guntur, and Tenali.[64] Auto rickshaws also operate for shorter distances in the capital city area.

Railways

The nearest railway stations are Krishna Canal at Tadepalli and Guntur,. However, there are plans to construct an Errupalem–Amaravathi–Nambur railway line which connects Amaravati with Guntur–Krishna Canal section there by connecting with other parts of the state andcountry.

Air

Vijayawada International Airport serves the whole Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.[65]

Sports

F1H2O Grand Prix of India

From 16 to 18 November in 2018, Amaravati hosted the second F1H2O World championship Grand Prix ever held in India. The event brought wide media attention especially after one of the teams took the color and the name of the state, making it the first Indian branded team in the history of F1H2O.[66]

In popular culture

Rajadhani Files, Telugu movie was inspired by the events around Amaravati.[67]

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Declaration of A.P. Capital City Area–Revised orders. Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department. 21 February 2016. 22 September 2015. 8 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074341/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14142015MAUD_MS141.PDF. dead.
  2. News: Subba Rao. GVR. Capital region expands as CRDA redraws boundaries. 31 October 2015. The Hindu. 23 September 2015. Vijayawada. 24 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170124223805/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/capital-region-expands-as-crda-redraws-boundaries/article7680051.ece. live.
  3. News: CRDA eyes CSR funds to push job potential in capital city. 18 August 2015. The Times of India. 1 July 2015. Guntur. 4 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150704032754/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/CRDA-eyes-CSR-funds-to-push-job-potential-in-capital-city/articleshow/47891827.cms. live.
  4. News: Amaravati to be divided into eight urban plan areas. 21 June 2016. The Hindu. 3 April 2015. 31 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170331202842/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-capital-region-to-be-divided-into-eight-urban-plan-areas/article7063043.ece. live.
  5. Web site: Registration District Codes. Andhra Pradesh Transport Department. 2019-12-06. 2019-12-06. 16 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116072814/https://www.aptransport.org/html/registration-districtcodes.html. live.
  6. News: After 2,200 years, Amaravati gets back its legislation power . 1 May 2017. . 7 March 2017 . Syed . Akbar . 10 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170310110312/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/after-2200-years-amaravati-gets-back-its-legislation-power/articleshow/57505968.cms. live.
  7. News: Mahalakshmi. BV. Foundation stone of Andhra Pradesh's new capital Amaravati laid by PM Narendra Modi. 5 June 2016. The Financial Express. 22 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160701074811/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/pm-narendra-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-andhra-pradeshs-new-capital-amaravati/155133/. 1 July 2016. dead. dmy-all.
  8. News: 2017-06-18 . Farmers offer 33,000 acre land for Andhra capital at Amravati . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008075522/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/farmers-offer-33000-acre-land-for-andhra-capital-at-amravati-945878-2017-06-18 . 8 October 2023 . 2019-08-15 . India Today.
  9. News: 2017-06-18 . Farmers offer 33,000 acre land for Andhra capital at Amravati . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025517/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/farmers-offer-33000-acre-land-for-andhra-capital-at-amravati/article9729845.ece . 28 October 2020 . 2019-01-12 . The Hindu Business Line.
  10. News: 15 October 2015 . Andhra CM scales down Amaravathi foundation fete . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191225121517/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/506499/andhra-cm-scales-down-amaravathi.html . 25 December 2019 . 5 July 2020 . Deccan Herald.
  11. Web site: 6 March 2017 . Andhra Pradesh Holds Maiden Budget Session in New Capital Amaravati . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190813195052/https://www.news18.com/news/india/andhra-pradesh-holds-maiden-budget-session-in-new-capital-amaravati-1356763.html . 13 August 2019 . 13 August 2019 . News18.
  12. Amaravati Sustainable Capital City Development Project . live . Amaravati Sustainable Capital City Development Project . https://web.archive.org/web/20201020130505/http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/650051486971245674/pdf/Environmental-and-Social-Management-Framework.pdf . 20 October 2020 . 11 July 2020.
  13. Web site: ADCL :: Amaravati Development Corporation Ltd.. ccdmc.co.in. 6 August 2017. 6 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170806091413/http://ccdmc.co.in/. live.
  14. News: New Andhra capital Amaravati to compete for Smart City tag. 6 June 2016. The New Indian Express. 25 May 2016. 28 May 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160528120851/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/New-Andhra-capital-Amaravati-to-compete-for-Smart-City-tag/2016/05/25/article3450012.ece. dead.
  15. News: AP Capital Region Development Authority comes into being. 6 January 2015. The Hindu. 31 December 2014. Hyderabad. 4 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201204122318/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ap-capital-region-development-authority-comes-into-being/article6739396.ece. live.
  16. News: How Andhra Pradesh plans to make its new capital Amaravati a world-class city. Shantanu Nandan. Sharma. 21 May 2017. The Economic Times. 5 July 2020. 5 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200705191822/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-andhra-pradesh-plans-to-make-its-new-capital-amaravati-a-world-class-city/articleshow/58767503.cms?from=mdr. live.
  17. Web site: Economic Development Board Andhra Pradesh – Amaravati – The People's Capital. apedb.gov.in. 3 May 2017. 18 May 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170518110520/http://apedb.gov.in/amaravati-green-field-capital.html.
  18. News: After 18 centuries, Amaravati set to become a 'capital' again . 22 October 2015 . . Syed . Akbar . 2 August 2017. 25 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151025011007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-18-centuries-Amaravati-set-to-become-a-capital-again/articleshow/49489009.cms. live.
  19. Web site: Naidu performs Bhoomi pooja for AP capital . Pavan. P. 7 June 2015. . 2020-03-14. 4 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041137/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/naidu/articleshow/47569939.cms. live.
  20. News: PM Modi to lay foundation stone of new Andhra Pradesh capital on October 22 . 30 November 1999. 27 September 2015. India Today. 2020-03-14.
  21. News: Chandrababu Naidu lays foundation stone of Rs 4,890 crore secretariat building in Amaravati. Ashish. Pandey. 27 December 2018 . . 2020-03-19. 19 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200319054024/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chandrababu-naidu-lays-foundation-stone-of-rs-4-800-crore-secretariat-building-in-amaravati-1418384-2018-12-27. live.
  22. News: Andhra CM Chandrababu Naidu lays foundation of govt complex. 27 December 2018. . 2020-03-19. 21 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200921093049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-cm-chandrababu-naidu-lays-foundation-of-govt-complex/articleshow/67247631.cms. live.
  23. News: CJI lays foundation stone for Andhra High Court in Amaravati . 3 February 2019 . . 2020-03-19. 19 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200319060926/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/cji-lays-foundation-stone-for-andhra-high-court-in-amaravati/1471462 .
  24. News: Work to resume in Amaravati as new AP capital ahead of Naidu's swearing-in . . 9 June 2024 .
  25. News: Before Naidu takes over, Amaravati works restarted . . 10 June 2024 . Srikanth . Aluri .
  26. Web site: History of Andhra Pradesh . AP Online. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 22 July 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html. 16 July 2012. dmy-all.
  27. Book: Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh. 1993. registration. P. Raghunadha Rao. Sterling Publishers, 1993. iv. 9 June 2014.
  28. Book: Potturi Venkateswara Rao. Amaravati Prabhuvu Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu. Emesco Books. 2016.
  29. Web site: The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. AP Reorganisation Portal. The Gazette of India Extraordinary. 9 February 2015. New Delhi. 1 March 2014. 4 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140904172543/http://reorganisation.ap.gov.in/downloads/A.P.RegulationAct2014.pdf. live.
  30. News: 2017-06-18 . Farmers offer 33,000 acre land for Andhra capital at Amravati . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008075522/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/farmers-offer-33000-acre-land-for-andhra-capital-at-amravati-945878-2017-06-18 . 8 October 2023 . 2019-08-15 . India Today.
  31. News: U Sudhakar Reddy. Andhra Pradesh capital to come up on riverfront in Guntur district. 31 October 2014. Deccan Chronicle. 1 November 2014. Hyderabad. 21 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201221085112/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141031/nation-current-affairs/article/andhra-pradesh-capital-come-riverfront-guntur-district. live.
  32. Web site: Explained: Why Amaravati has been chosen as the new Andhra Pradesh capital. 21 October 2015. The Indian Express. 22 October 2015. 22 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151022102333/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-amaravati-has-been-chosen-as-the-new-andhra-pradesh-capital/. live.
  33. News: Amaravati will be developed as the happiest city in the world. The Hindu. 2018-04-12. 2018-04-23. 8 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210408115723/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/amaravati-will-be-developed-as-the-happiest-city-in-the-world-andhra-cm/article23492961.ece. live.
  34. Web site: Amaravati will be developed as the happiest city in the world: Andhra CM. Ch R. S.. Sarma. @businessline. 10 April 2018. 10 March 2019. 8 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210408115723/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/amaravati-will-be-developed-as-the-happiest-city-in-the-world-andhra-cm/article23492961.ece. live.
  35. News: Civil works of administrative city to start by November 1: CM. The Times of India. 27 October 2016. 10 March 2019. 17 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220517042254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/Civil-works-of-administrative-city-to-start-by-november-1-CM/articleshow/55083133.cms. live.
  36. News: Amaravati development needs $2–4 billion investment: Chandrababu Naidu. 27 August 2018. The Economic Times. 8 May 2019. 25 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220925210111/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/amaravati-development-needs-2-4-billion-investment-chandrababu-naidu/articleshow/65562480.cms. live.
  37. Web site: Amaravati, an Example of Flawed Urban Policy . 2024-03-21 . . 3 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231203164553/https://thewire.in/environment/amaravati-an-example-of-flawed-urban-policy . live .
  38. News: How Andhra Pradesh plans to make its new capital Amaravati a world-class city. Shantanu Nandan. Sharma. 21 May 2017. The Economic Times. 10 December 2017. 2 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064427/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-andhra-pradesh-plans-to-make-its-new-capital-amaravati-a-world-class-city/articleshow/58767503.cms. live.
  39. Web site: Amaravati city a self financed project. te. 18 January 2020. 18 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200118035635/https://www.eenadu.net/eenadu-exclusive/newsarticle/general/1500/120008374. live.
  40. News: Sukumar . C. R. . 22 August 2018 . Andhra's bonds for Amaravati oversubscribed by 1.5 times . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190325152427/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/andhras-bonds-for-amaravati-oversubscribed-by-1-5-times/articleshow/65501684.cms . 25 March 2019 . 10 March 2019 . The Economic Times.
  41. Web site: BRTS planned for Amaravati to tackle vehicle, population growth. 2 March 2018. 18 January 2020. 11 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180411082520/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2018/mar/02/vijayawada-brts-planned-for-amaravati-to-tackle-vehicle-population-growth-1780930.html. live.
  42. Web site: Amaravati: How Andhra Pradesh plans to make its new capital Amaravati a world-class city . The Economic Times . 2017-05-21 . 2017-12-10 . 2 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064427/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-andhra-pradesh-plans-to-make-its-new-capital-amaravati-a-world-class-city/articleshow/58767503.cms . live .
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