| Amadeu Antonio Kiowa | |
| Birth Date: | 12 August 1962 |
| Birth Place: | Quimbele, Uíge Province, Angola |
| Death Place: | Eberswalde, Brandenburg, Germany |
| Nationality: | Angolan |
| Children: | 1 |
Amadeu Antonio Kiowa (12 August 1962 – 6 December 1990) was an Angolan man who resided in Germany (earlier in East Germany) as a foreign worker (known as vertragsarbeiter).[1] He became one of the first known victims of far-right racist violence in reunified Germany. The verdicts reached during the course of the trial of the murderers were widely criticised as being too lax, as the court had sentenced them to four years in prison for bodily injury that resulted in death (Körperverletzung mit Todesfolge). Much of public opinion and the media had called for homicide charges to be filed.[2] The Amadeu Antonio Foundation was founded in his memory in 1998.[3]
Kiowa was born in 1962 in the town of Quimbele, in Uíge Province, northeast of the capital Luanda, to Helena Alfonso. He was the oldest of 12 children. On 3 August 1987, he arrived in East Germany along with 103 other Angolans. He had hoped to study aeronautic technology, but as with many Angolan foreign workers at that time, he became a butcher at EWG Ewersbalder Wurst in Eberswalde, Brandenburg, where he met his girlfriend. The status of the relationship, while anticipating a child in 1990, changed abruptly as many of the vertragsarbeiter lost their jobs and their residency authorization was in limbo due to the cancelling of contracts made with their home countries.[4]
On the night of 24 November 1990, far-right skinheads from various cities grouped together at the apartment of a neo-Nazi in Eberswalde.[5] They came together with 50 other people at a nightclub to "clap Blacks" (Neger klatschen), according to one of the participants in the trial.[6] The following night, the skinheads encountered Kiowa and two Mozambican men. Kiowa was brutally beaten by the neo-Nazis. One of the perpetrators jumped with both feet onto Kiowa's head as he laid on the ground. Kiowa suffered fatal injuries to the head. He never recovered from the resulting coma and died eleven days after, as a result of the attack. The two men that were with Kiowa were attacked with knives, with them escaping, but with serious injuries.
During the incident, twenty police officers, in full equipment, remained at a short distance, without intervening. Three armed civil police officers that accompanied the group also did not intervene.[5] One of the police officers said that he went back with his two colleagues because "he had wanted to avoid having problems with the group".[1] In 1994, the District Court of Frankfurt (Oder) rejected the accusation against the police officers for Körperverletzung mit Todesfolge durch Unterlassen (Bodily injury that resulted in death by omission).[7] [8]
Six of the perpetrators had criminal cases processed against them. The International Court of Justice in Geneva sent an observer, fearing that the victim would be seen as responsible and the perpetrators would be let go with impunity. The sentences were reached just based on the testimony of an accomplice that initially refused to testify, but after gave in after a confidentiality agreement.[9]
In 1992, the district court of Frankfurt (Oder) sentenced five of those involved to a maximum of four years in prison for bodily injury that caused death, and some with suspended sentences. It was not possible to determine who dealt the fatal blows. The other 21 participants who were on trial were not imprisoned.[10]
The sentences were widely criticised by public opinion. The Commissary of Foreign Businesses of Brandenburg, Almuth Berger, feared that such sentences could be interpreted as an "encouragement of xenophobic attacks". The Minister of Justice of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Peter Caesar, warned that acts of violence against foreign citizens are not instances of "juvenile delinquency".
Similarly, criminal law specialist Monika Frommel described the act as such in 1992:[11]
When the Angolan Antonio Amadeu was killed by 'skins' in Eberswalde nearly two years ago, it became clear that the protests in East Germany were not just a form of juvenile disturbances.She expressed doubts that the lawyers were really able to "judge right-wing crimes and left-wing crimes with the same criteria" and described the judiciary in Germany as a "political judiciary".
The event was classified as a murder by many outlets, including Die Zeit, Der Spiegel, Die Tageszeitung, Berliner Zeitung, Norddeutschen Rundfunk, Netzeitung, Mut gegen rechte Gewalt, Netz gegen Nazis and the Amadeu Antonio Foundation.[12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
Kiowa and his death were memorialized in many ways. The Amadeu Antonio Foundation, in memory of Kiowa, was founded in 1998 to strengthen civil society against far-right extremist violence in everyday life. Since 2007, the Barnimer initiative Light me Amadeu has organized protests and acts against xenophobia, as well as having hosted commemorative events every year on the anniversary of his death. A plaque in homage to Kiowa was built at the scene of the murder. The African cultural association Palanca organized the exposition Geschichte der angolanischen Vertragarbeiter em Eberswalde ("History of contracted Angolan workers in Eberswalde"), which includes sections about Kiowa.[17]
Konstantin Wecker dedicated a ballad to Kiowa with "Willy", which describes the murder and denounces xenophobia.[18]
Since the beginning of 2012, the Light me Amadeu initiative began collecting signatures to rename the street where Kiowa was killed. The decision to change the name was postponed various times by councilors in the area. Another proposal sought to name a civic education center after Kiowa, as well as a civic promise award. This concept was presented and later accepted by the municipality of Eberswalde by a large margin in November 2012.[19] The center was inaugurated on 9 August 2014.[20] In 2022, a street in Eberswalde was renamed for Amadeu Antonio.[21]
Kiowa's pregnant companion, Gabriele Schimansky, gave birth to a son whom she named Amadeu. In January 1991, his body was transferred to Angola, where it was buried at Sant'Ana Cemetery in Luanda.
Gabriele and her son were the targets of racist incidents in Eberswalde. Among other events, her baby carriage was painted with swastikas and afterwards was damaged beyond repair.[1] Schimansky later married a man from the Republic of the Congo, with whom she had three more children. She adopted her new husband's surname, Mukendi. The family moved to Berlin.[22] [23] Gabriele died in 2015; their son Amadeu Schimansky lived in Eberswalde and played in the local football club, FV Preussen.[24]
Kiowa's mother, Helena Alfonso, of Bakongo origin, lived in Rocha Pinto, in the Samba district of Luanda. In 2001, with the help of donations, she went with one of her children to Germany to do a blood test to confirm the paternity of Kiowa and obtain compensation pension as result of her son's murder. They received 3,600 marks in donations. However, they were the victims of a robbery where $800USD was taken from them at the Friedrichstrasse rail station.[25] A TV crew from ARD accompanied them from the blood sampling and documented the result.[26]
Helena Alfonso received 1,500 euros in order to provide a proper burial for Amadeu and to repair the gravesite.[27] The family was later given 5,000 euros after the 20th anniversary of his death in 2011 by the municipal council of Eberswalde.[28]