| Alsea | |
| Also Known As: | Alsea–Yaquina / Yakonan |
| Region: | Oregon |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Extinct: | 1942, with the death of John Albert |
| Ethnicity: | Alsea people, Yaquina people |
| Fam1: | Coast Oregon Penutian? |
| Iso3: | aes |
| Linglist: | aes |
| Glotto: | alse1251 |
| Glottorefname: | Alsea-Yaquina |
| Dia1: | Alsea |
| Dia2: | Yaquina |
| Map: | Alsean languages map.png |
| Mapcaption: | Pre-contact distribution of Alsean |
| Notice: | IPA |
Alsea or Alsean (also Yakonan) was two closely related speech varieties spoken along the central Oregon coast until the early 1950s.[1] They are sometimes taken to be different languages, but it is difficult to be sure given the poor state of attestation; Mithun believes they were probably dialects of a single language.[2]
Both are now extinct.
The name Alsea derives from the Coosan name for them, alsí or alsí·, and the Marys River Kalapuyan name for them, alsí·ya. Alsea was last recorded in 1942 from the last speaker, John Albert, by J. P. Harrington.
The name Yaquina derives from the Alsean name for the Yaquina Bay and the Yaquina River region, yuqú·na. Yaquina was last recorded in 1884 by James Owen Dorsey.
Alsea is usually considered to belong to the Penutian phylum, and may form part of a Coast Oregon Penutian subgroup together with Siuslaw and the Coosan languages.[3] Numerous lexical resemblances between Alsea and the Northern Wintuan languages, however, are more likely the result of borrowing about 1,500 years ago when the (Northern) Wintuan speech community appears to have been located in Oregon. Alsea is also considered to be a language isolate.[4]
| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lateral | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | ||||
| Plosive/ Affricate | plain | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| ejective | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| Fricative | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| Sonorant | plain | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| glottalized | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
pronounced as //ɕ//, pronounced as //tɕ// and pronounced as //tɕ’// are spelled as s, c and c̓ in modern descriptions.[2] Their phonetic value has been described as "palatal",[5] or "between alveolar and palatal".[2]
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| High | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |
| Low | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
Three vowels are listed as /a, i, u/. Long vowel variants of /i, u/ are [eː, oː]. A mid vowel /ə/ occurs as a phonetically inserted vowel sound.[6]