Glycerophosphorylcholine Explained
| Verifiedfields: | changed |
| Watchedfields: | changed |
| Verifiedrevid: | 458279808 |
| Iupac Name: | [(2''R'')-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl] 2-trimethylazaniumylethyl phosphate |
| Legal Status: | OTC |
| Cas Number: | 28319-77-9 |
| Unii: | 60M22SGW66 |
| Atc Prefix: | N07 |
| Atc Suffix: | AX02 |
| Chebi: | 55397 |
| Pubchem: | 657272 |
| Chemspiderid: | 571409 |
| Chembl: | 1567463 |
| Smiles: | [O-]P(=O)(OC[C@H](O)CO)OCC[N+](C)(C)C |
| Stdinchi: | 1S/C8H20NO6P/c1-9(2,3)4-5-14-16(12,13)15-7-8(11)6-10/h8,10-11H,4-7H2,1-3H3/t8-/m1/s1 |
| Stdinchikey: | SUHOQUVVVLNYQR-MRVPVSSYSA-N |
| C: | 8 |
| H: | 20 |
| N: | 1 |
| O: | 6 |
| P: | 1 |
L-α-Glycerophosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC, choline alfoscerate, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is a natural choline compound found in the brain. It is also a parasympathomimetic acetylcholine precursor[1] which has been investigated for its potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease[2] and other dementias.[3]
Alpha-GPC rapidly delivers choline to the brain across the blood–brain barrier and is a biosynthetic precursor of acetylcholine. It is a non-prescription drug in most countries. The FDA determined that intake of no more than 196.2 mg/person/day is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS).[4]
Production
Industrially, alpha-GPC is produced by the chemical or enzymatic deacylation of phosphatidylcholine enriched soya phospholipids followed by chromatographic purification. Alpha-GPC may also be derived in small amounts from highly purified soy lecithin as well as from purified sunflower lecithin.[5] [6]
Safety
Alpha-GPC metabolizes to trimethylamine n-oxide in the gastrointestinal tract, which has implications for cardiovascular health. In one study, risk of stroke over a ten-year period was increased by about 40% in users of alpha-GPC.[7]
External links
Notes and References
- De Jesus Moreno Moreno M . Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial . Clinical Therapeutics . 25 . 1 . 178–93 . January 2003 . 12637119 . 10.1016/S0149-2918(03)90023-3 .
- Parnetti L, Mignini F, Tomassoni D, Traini E, Amenta F . Cholinergic precursors in the treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin: ineffective approaches or need for re-evaluation? . Journal of the Neurological Sciences . 257 . 1–2 . 264–9 . June 2007 . 17331541 . 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.043 . 34661218 .
- Doggrell SA, Evans S . Treatment of dementia with neurotransmission modulation . Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs . 12 . 10 . 1633–54 . October 2003 . 14519085 . 10.1517/13543784.12.10.1633 . 46175609 .
- Web site: Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) Determination for the Use of AlphaSize® Alpha-Glycerylphosphoryl Choline . https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102629/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/gras_notices/GRN000419.pdf . 24 December 2013 . 25 January 2012 . United States Food and Drug Administration .
- Traini E, Bramanti V, Amenta F . Choline alphoscerate (alpha-glyceryl-phosphoryl-choline) an old choline- containing phospholipid with a still interesting profile as cognition enhancing agent . Current Alzheimer Research . 10 . 10 . 1070–9 . December 2013 . 24156263 . 10.2174/15672050113106660173 .
- Scapicchio PL . Revisiting choline alphoscerate profile: a new, perspective, role in dementia? . The International Journal of Neuroscience . 123 . 7 . 444–9 . July 2013 . 23387341 . 10.3109/00207454.2013.765870 .
- Lee G, Choi S, Chang J, Choi D, Son JS, Kim K, Kim SM, Jeong S, Park SM . Association of L-α Glycerylphosphorylcholine With Subsequent Stroke Risk After 10 Years . JAMA Network Open . 4 . 11 . e2136008 . November 2021 . 34817582 . 8613599 . 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36008 .
