| Alma | |
| Native Name: | علما |
| Native Name Lang: | ar |
| Etymology: | from personal name[1] |
| Pushpin Map: | Mandatory Palestine |
| Pushpin Mapsize: | 200 |
| Coordinates: | 33.0556°N 35.4911°W |
| Grid Name: | Palestine grid |
| Grid Position: | 196/273 |
| Subdivision Type: | Geopolitical entity |
| Subdivision Name: | Mandatory Palestine |
| Subdivision Type1: | Subdistrict |
| Subdivision Name1: | Safad |
| Established Title1: | Date of depopulation |
| Established Date1: | October 30, 1948[2] |
| Established Title2: | Repopulated dates |
| Unit Pref: | dunam |
| Area Total Dunam: | 19,498 |
| Population As Of: | 1945 |
| Population Total: | 950[3] [4] |
| Blank Name Sec1: | Cause(s) of depopulation |
| Blank Info Sec1: | Military assault by Yishuv forces |
| Blank3 Name Sec1: | Current Localities |
| Blank3 Info Sec1: | Alma[5] |
Alma (Arabic: علما) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Safad Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War on October 30, 1948, during Operation Hiram. It was located 10 km north of Safad.
Alma was located in Galilee about 4 km south of the Lebanese border. In 1945 it had a population of 950.[6]
Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.[7] Alma had several nearby khirbas, and fragments of inscriptions from an ancient synagogue were found at the site of the village in the 20th century. Remains of a ruined watch-tower was found on the crest of the ridge, and a quarter of a mile south of those there were three perfect dolmens, not very large.[8]
Two inscriptions discovered in 'Alma indicate the presence of an ancient Jewish synagogue at the site. One inscription was discovered on a lintel fragment featuring a bilingual Hebrew and Aramaic inscription, with its right half repurposed. It conveys a blessing of peace for the location and the people of Israel, along with a dedication by the artisan. The dating corresponds with that of the Bar'am synagogues, and the unusual first-person usage, similar to Jerusalem epitaphs, acknowledges Levi as both a name and title. Additionally, a second inscription—a two-line Aramaic inscription—was found in secondary use in the modern synagogue of 'Alma.
The Crusaders called the village "Alme"; it remained under their rule until 1187.[9] While travelling though the region in the 12th century, Benjamin of Tudela noted that Alma contained fifty Jewish inhabitants and a "large cemetery of the Israelites", where several sages mentioned in the Mishnah and Talmud were buried.[10]
An anonymous Hebrew manuscript of the period mentions that the village's inhabitants were Jews and Muslims, and the lord apparently Frankish. The narrative tells that on every Shabbat Eve, Jews and Muslims light candles on the tomb of Rabbi Eleazar ben Arach, a tanna and a local tzadik (righteous man), and mentions a nearby miracle-working tree.
At the beginning of the period of Ottoman rule over Palestine, Moshe Basola passed through Alma during 1521-1523. He noted that there were 15 Jewish families and one synagogue there,[11] though no Jews are listed in the early Ottoman tax registers. Rhode hypothesize that Basola have counted some Jews who went back and forth between Alma and Safad, and were listed/taxed there.[12]
In the Ottoman tax registers of 1596, the village is listed as forming part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jira in the liwa'
Edward Robinson and Eli Smith, who travelled to the region in 1838, give the full name of the village as Alma el-Khait (Arabic: علماالخيط).[17]
James Finn, the British consul to Jerusalem who travelled around Palestine between 1853 and 1856, describes the village of Alma as being situated in an area in which volcanic basalt was abundant. Around the village, women and children were gathering olives from the trees by beating them with poles and then collecting the fallen fruit. He notes that the small district in which the village is located is known by the locals as "the Khait" (Arabic for "string") and that they "boast of its extraordinary fertility in corn-produce."[18]
Victor Guérin visited in 1875, and noted that 200 Muslim inhabitants lived there.[19] In The Survey of Western Palestine (1881), Alma is described as a village built of stone with about 250 "Algerine Mohammedan" residents, situated in the middle of a fertile plain with a few gardens.[20]
A population list from about 1887 showed Alma to have about 1,105 Muslim inhabitants.[21]
The population of Alma in the 1922 census consisted of 309 Muslims,[22] increasing to 712 Muslims in 148 occupied houses by 1931.[23]
In the 1945 statistics, the population had reached 950,[3] [24] still all Muslim.[25]
The villagers were heavily involved in agriculture, including raising livestock and growing crops.[6] During the 1942/43 season olive trees were recorded as being grown on 750 dunums of village land, 550 dunums of which were fruit-bearing trees. It was the largest olive grove in Safad district.[6] In 1944–45 983 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards and 7,475 dunums were devoted to cereal crops.[6] [26]
The village comprised a total area of 19,498 dunums of which 17,240 dunums was run by Arabs and the rest public. The population of the village was entirely Arab in ethnicity and Muslim in religion.[26] They had their own mosque and elementary school, which pupils from al-Rihaniyya also attended.[6]
A large number of inhabitants were employed in cereal farming, which occupied about 38% of the land area.[26] Some land was also allocated for irrigation and plantation, and the growing of olives.
Types of landuse in dunams by Arabs in 1945:[26] [27]
| Land Usage | Dunams |
|---|---|
| Irrigated & Plantation | 983 |
| Olives | 750 |
| Cereal | 7,475 |
| Urban | 147 |
| Cultivable | 8,458 |
| Non-cultivable | 10,893 |
The land ownership of the village before occupation in dunums:[3]
| Owner | Durums |
|---|---|
| Arab | 17,240 |
| Jewish | 0 |
| Public | 2,258 |
| Total | 19,498 |
The village was attacked by the Israeli forces in Operation Hiram on 30 October 1948. Israeli historian Benny Morris has documented that Alma was the one village in the area where the villagers were uprooted and/or expelled by the Israeli forces, in spite of the fact that they had not offered any resistance.[28] In 1949, the Israeli moshav of Alma was built about 0.5 km east of where the built-up portion of the former village was located.
Israeli farmers cultivate fruit and olives on the village site, which is fenced in and covered with rubble and the remains of buildings.[6]
