Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Explained

County:Allegheny County
State:Pennsylvania
Seal:Seal of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.svg
Seal Size:95px
Flag:Flag of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.svg
Flag Size:105px
Logo Size:90px
Founded Year:1788
Founded Date:September 24
Seat Wl:Pittsburgh
Largest City Wl:Pittsburgh
Area Total Sq Mi:745
Area Land Sq Mi:730
Area Water Sq Mi:14
Area Percentage:1.9%
Census Yr:2020
Pop:1250578
Pop Est As Of:2021
Density Sq Mi:1700
Time Zone:Eastern
Ex Image:Allegheny County Courthouse & Jail - Court of Common Pleas (9551537268).jpg
Ex Image Size:250px
District:12th
District2:17th

Allegheny County is a county in Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,250,578, making it the state's second-most populous county, after Philadelphia County. Its county seat and most populous city is Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's second most populous city.[1] The county is part of the Greater Pittsburgh region of the state, and is the center of the Pittsburgh media market.

Allegheny was the first county in Pennsylvania to be given a Native American name. It was named after the Lenape word for the Allegheny River. The meaning of "Allegheny" is uncertain. It is usually said to mean "fine river". Some historians state that the name may come from a Lenape account of an ancient mythical tribe called "Allegewi", who lived along the river before being taken over by the Lenape.[2]

History

Prior to European contact, this area was settled for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples. During the colonial era, historic native groups known by the colonists to settle in the area included members of western nations of the Iroquois, such as the Seneca; the Lenape, who had been pushed from the East by European-American settlers; the Shawnee, who also had territory in Ohio; and the Mingo, a group made up of a variety of peoples from more eastern tribes.

European fur traders such as Peter Chartier established trading posts in the region in the early eighteenth century.

In 1749, Captain Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville claimed the Ohio Valley and all of western Pennsylvania for King Louis XV of France. The captain traveled along the Ohio and Allegheny rivers. He installed lead plates in the ground to mark the land for France.

Most of the towns during that era were developed along waterways, which were the primary transportation routes, as well as providing water for domestic uses. Through the eighteenth century, both the French and the British competed for control over the local rivers in this frontier territory of North America. Native American bands and tribes allied with the colonists to differing degrees, often based on their trading relationships. The British sent Major George Washington to expel the French from their posts, with no success. He also nearly drowned in the ice-filled Allegheny River while returning to camp.

The English tried again in 1754 to establish a post in the area. They sent 41 Virginians to build Fort Prince George. The French learned of the plan and sent an army to capture the fort. They resumed building it and added increased defensive fortification, renaming it as Fort Duquesne.

Given its strategic location at the Ohio, Fort Duquesne became an important focal point of the French and Indian War. The first British attempt to retake the fort, the Braddock Expedition, failed miserably.[3] In 1758 British forces under General John Forbes recaptured the fort; he had it destroyed to prevent any use by the French. The British built a new, larger fort on the site, including a moat, and named it Fort Pitt. The historic site has been preserved as Pittsburgh's Point State Park.

Under their colonial charters, both Pennsylvania and Virginia claimed the region that is now Allegheny County. Pennsylvania administered most of the region as part of its Westmoreland County. Virginia considered everything south of the Ohio River and east of the Allegheny River to be part of its Yohogania County, and governed it from Fort Dunmore. In addition, parts of the county were located in the proposed British colony of Vandalia and the proposed U.S. state of Westsylvania. The overlapping boundaries, multiple governments, and confused deed claims soon proved unworkable. Near the end of the American Revolutionary War, in 1780 Pennsylvania and Virginia agreed to extend the Mason–Dixon line westward. This region was assigned to Pennsylvania. From 1781 until 1788, much of what Virginia had claimed as part of Yohogania County was administered as a part of the newly created Washington County, Pennsylvania.

Allegheny County was officially created on September 24, 1788, from parts of Washington and Westmoreland counties. It was formed to respond to pressure from the increase in settlers living in the area around Pittsburgh; this was designated as the county seat in 1791. The county originally extended north to the shores of Lake Erie; it was reduced to its current borders by 1800. As population increased in the territory, other counties were organized.

In the 1790s, the United States federal government imposed a whiskey excise tax. Farmers who had depended on whiskey income refused to pay and started the so-called Whiskey Rebellion after driving off tax collector John Neville. After a series of demonstrations by farmers, President George Washington sent troops to suppress the frontier rebellion.

The area developed rapidly through the 1800s with industrialization. It became the nation's prime steel producer by the late 19th century and Pittsburgh was nicknamed "Steel Capital of the World".

In 1913, the county's 125th anniversary was celebrated with a week-long series of events. The final day, September 27, was marked by a steamboat parade of 30 paddle wheelers. They traveled from Monongahela Wharf down the Ohio to the Davis Island Dam. The boats in line were the Steel City (formerly the Pittsburgh and Cincinnati packet Virginia), the flag ship; City of Parkersburg, Charles Brown, Alice Brown, Exporter, Sam Brown, Boaz, Raymond Horner, Swan, Sunshine, I. C. Woodward, Cruiser, Volunteer, A. R. Budd, J. C. Risher, Clyde, Rival, Voyager, Jim Brown, Rover, Charlie Clarke, Robt. J. Jenkins, Slipper, Bertha, Midland Sam Barnum, Cadet, Twilight, and Troubadour.[4]

On October 27, 2018, during a Sabbath course and a Torah study a domestic terrorist attack occurred at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation killing 11 people and harming six others, marking it one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in Pennsylvania history.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (1.9%) is water.[5]

Three major rivers traverse Allegheny County: the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River converge at Downtown Pittsburgh to form the Ohio River. The Youghiogheny River flows into the Monongahela River at McKeesport, 10miles to the southeast. There are several islands in these courses. The rivers drain via the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico. Although the county's industrial growth resulted in clearcutting of the area's forests at one time, there has been regrowth and a significant woodland remains.

Adjacent counties

Climate

Allegheny has a humid continental climate which is hot-summer, (Dfa) except in higher elevations, where it is warm-summer (Dfb).

Government and politics

Until January 1, 2000, Allegheny County's government was defined under Pennsylvania's Second Class County Code. The county government was charged with all local activities, including elections, prisons, airports, public health, and city planning. All public offices were headed by elected citizens. There were three elected county commissioners.

On January 1, 2000, the Home-Rule Charter went into effect. It replaced the three elected commissioners with an elected chief officer (the County Executive), a county council with 15 members (13 elected by district, two elected county-wide), and an appointed county manager. The changes were intended to maintain a separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches while providing greater citizen control.

The county has 130 self-governing municipalities, the most in the state.[6] (Luzerne is second with 76).[7] The county has one Second Class City (Pittsburgh) and three Third Class Cities (Clairton, Duquesne, and McKeesport).

A 2004 study found the county would be better served by consolidating the southeastern portion of the county (which includes many small communities with modest economies) into a large municipality ("Rivers City") with a combined population of approximately 250,000.[8]

Government structure

Allegheny County has a Home Rule Charter form of government since 2000.[9] The county has three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial.[10] The executive branch consists of the County Executive, who is elected for a four-year term and serves as the chief executive officer of the county; and the County Manager, who is appointed by the County Executive and oversees the daily operations of the county departments.[11] The current County Executive is Sara Innamorato, a Democrat who took office in 2024.[12] The current County Manager is William D. McKain, who was appointed by Fitzgerald in 2012 and reappointed in 2016 and 2020. The legislative branch consists of the County Council, which is composed of 15 members elected for four-year terms from single-member districts. The council functions as the primary legislative and policy-making body of the county. The current County Council President is Patrick Catena, a Democrat who represents District 4 and was elected by his fellow council members in 2018 and 2020. The judicial branch consists of the Court of Common Pleas, which is the general trial court of the county; and the Magisterial District Courts, which are lower courts that handle minor criminal and civil cases. The judges of these courts are elected for ten-year terms. The current President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas is Kimberly Berkeley Clark, who was elected by her fellow judges in 2018 for a five-year term.

Self-governing municipalities

Allegheny County has 130 self-governing municipalities, the most in the state. These include one city (Pittsburgh), 96 boroughs, 30 townships, and two home rule municipalities (Bethel Park and McCandless).[13] [14] Each municipality has its own elected officials, such as mayor, council, commissioners, supervisors, etc., and its own local services, such as police, fire, public works, etc.Some municipalities also have their own municipal authorities that provide services such as water, sewer, transit, etc.[15]

Changes to Administrative Divisions

There have been several proposals to consolidate or merge some of the municipalities in Allegheny County, either with each other or with the City of Pittsburgh, to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and enhance regional cooperation. However, none of these proposals have been implemented so far.[16] [17] One of the most recent proposals is from Wilkinsburg, a borough that borders Pittsburgh and faces financial challenges due to declining population and tax base. In 2020, Wilkinsburg residents voted to approve a referendum to explore a merger with Pittsburgh. In 2021, a joint task force was formed to study the feasibility and impact of such a merger. The task force is expected to issue a report by June 2022. If both Wilkinsburg and Pittsburgh councils approve the merger, it would then need approval from the state legislature and governor before taking effect. Another recent proposal is from Allegheny County Economic Development (ACED), which is seeking to enter into an agreement with a consultant to carry out historic preservation compliance activities for projects funded by various federal programs. The consultant would help ACED develop a Programmatic Memorandum of Agreement (PMOA) with the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and other stakeholders to streamline the review process for projects that may affect historic properties within the county. ACED issued a Request for Proposals (RFP) for this service in January 2022 and expects to select a consultant by March 2022.[18]

County Executive

County Council

Other elected county offices

Voter Registration

|}

there were 902,957 registered voters in the county; a majority were Democrats. There were 508,935 registered Democrats, 257,857 registered Republicans, 97,708 registered as independents and 38,457 registered with other parties.[20]

Voter registration and party enrollment
PartyNumber of votersPercentage
Democratic508,93556.36%
Republican257,85728.56%
Independent97,70810.82%
Other parties38,4574.26%
Total902,957100%

Political history

The Republican Party had been historically dominant in county-level politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries; prior to the Great Depression, Pittsburgh and Allegheny County had been majority Republican. Since the Great Depression on the state and national levels, the Democratic Party has been dominant in county-level politics. It is by far the most Democratic county in western Pennsylvania. For much of the time between the Great Depression and the turn of the millennium, it was the second-strongest Democratic bastion in Pennsylvania, behind only Philadelphia.

In 2000, Democrat Al Gore won 56% of the vote and Republican George W. Bush won 41%. In 2004, Democrat John Kerry received 57% of the vote and Republican Bush received 41%. In 2006, Democrats Governor Ed Rendell and Senator Bob Casey Jr. won 59% and 65% of the vote in Allegheny County, respectively. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama received 57% of the vote, Republican John McCain received 41%, and each of the three state row office winners (Rob McCord for Treasurer, Jack Wagner for Auditor General, and Tom Corbett for Attorney General) also carried Allegheny. In 2016, despite Donald Trump being the first Republican to carry Pennsylvania since 1988, Hillary Clinton did slightly better than Barack Obama's 2012 vote total while Donald Trump was the worst performing Republican in 20 years. In the 2018 Midterms, Democrats received an even higher percentage of the vote with Tom Wolf and Casey receiving approximately two thirds of the county's vote.[21] [22] This is an improvement over the approximately 55% each person received in the county in their last election in 2014 and 2012 respectively. In 2020, Joe Biden improved upon Clinton's performance, receiving the highest vote percentage for a Democrat since Michael Dukakis in 1988 and the most votes for a Democrat since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.

State representatives

Source[23]

State senators

U.S. representatives

U.S. senators

Religion

In 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Allegheny County was the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh, with 460,672 Catholics worshipping at 179 parishes; followed by the United Methodist Church, with 44,204 Methodists in 100 congregations; the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, with 42,838 Presbyterians in 145 congregations; non-denominational Protestants, with 33,103 adherents in 85 congregations; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, with 24,718 Lutherans in 77 congregations; the American Baptist Churches USA, with 17,148 Baptists in 42 congregations; the Assemblies of God, with 12,398 Pentecostals in 30 congregations; Reform Judaism, with 8,483 Jews in 6 congregations; the 7,780 Episcopal Church (United States), with 7,780 Episcopalians in 19 congregations; and Hinduism in the United States, with 6,700 Hindus in four temples. Altogether, 60.6% of the population was claimed as members by religious congregations, although members of historically African-American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information.[24] In 2014, Allegheny County had 794 religious organizations, the 11th most out of all US counties.[25]

Demographics

[26]

As of the 2010 census, there were 1,223,348 people living in the county. The population density was 1676/mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 82.87% White, 14.39% Black or African American, 2.94% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 1.40% from two or more races. About 1.31% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

At the 2000 census,[27] there were 1,281,666 people, 537,150 households, and 332,495 families living in the county. The population density was 1755/mi2. There were 583,646 housing units at an average density of 799/mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 84.33% White, 12.41% Black or African American, 0.12% Native American, 1.69% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. About 0.87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 20.0% were of German, 15.0% Italian, 12.7% Irish, 7.5% Polish and 5.1% English ancestry. 93.5% spoke English and 1.3% Spanish as their first language.

There were 537,150 households, out of which 26.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.10% were married couples living together, 12.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.10% were non-families. Some 32.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.96.

The age distribution of the population shows 21.90% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 28.30% from 25 to 44, 23.40% from 45 to 64, and 17.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40. For every 100 females, there were 90.00 males; for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.20 males.

2020 census

Allegheny County Racial Composition[28] !Race!Num.!Perc.
White (NH)938,25275.0%
Black or African American (NH)161,55412.9%
Native American (NH)1,3050.1%
Asian (NH)58,3184.66%
Pacific Islander (NH)3040.02%
Other/Mixed (NH)56,5204.52%
Hispanic or Latino34,3252.74%

Economy

See also: Economy of Pittsburgh. In the late 18th century, farming played a critical role in the growth of the area. There was a surplus of grain due to transportation difficulties in linking with the eastern portion of the state. As a result, the farmers distilled the grain into whiskey, which significantly helped the farmers financially.

The area quickly became a key manufacturing area in the young nation. Coupled with deposits of iron and coal, and the easy access to waterways for barge traffic, the city quickly became one of the most important steel producing areas in the world. Based on 2007 data from the US Army Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh is the second (after Laredo, Texas) busiest inland port in the nation.

US steel production declined late in the 20th century, and Allegheny County's economy began a shift to other industries. It is presently known for its hospitals, universities, and industrial centers. Despite the decline of heavy industry, Pittsburgh is home to a number of major companies and is ranked in the top ten among US cities hosting headquarters of Fortune 500 corporations, including U.S. Steel Corporation, PNC Financial Services Group, PPG Industries, and H. J. Heinz Company.

The county leads the state in number of defense contractors supplying the U.S. military.[29]

Regions

Education

Colleges and universities

Community, junior and technical colleges

Public school districts

School districts include:[30]

Approved private schools

These private schools provide special education for disabled students:

Private high schools

Transportation

Allegheny County's public transportation provider is Pittsburgh Regional Transit. The Allegheny County Department of Public Works oversees infrastructure, maintenance, and engineering services in the county.

The Three Rivers Heritage Trail provides uninterrupted bicycle and pedestrian connections along the three rivers in the city, and the Great Allegheny Passage trail runs from downtown Pittsburgh to Washington, D.C.

The Allegheny County Airport is the original airport for Pittsburgh and houses a number of flight schools, charter flight operations, and medevac operations. It is owned and operated by The Allegheny County Airport Authority.

Pittsburgh International Airport is the major passenger airport for the county with service to many destinations on several airlines. Like the Allegheny County Airport, it is also owned and operated by The Allegheny County Airport Authority.

Major roadways

For information about major state roads, see list of State Routes in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania and Allegheny County Belt System.

Parks and recreation

There are two Pennsylvania state parks in Allegheny County. Point State Park is at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in Downtown Pittsburgh, and Allegheny Islands State Park is in the Allegheny River in Harmar Township and is undeveloped as of August 2010.

Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 203 is also located in Allegheny County providing hunting and other activities.

Allegheny Land Trust, a regional land conservation group headquartered in Sewickley, has purchased land in Allegheny County for use as public green spaces for scenic and recreational purposes.[31] [32] In 2012 it pursued land formerly owned by the Pittsburgh Cut Flower Company in Richland Township.[33] In 2020, it received a grant to convert a former country club into a public green space.[34] [35] In December 2020, it donated 20 undeveloped acres across three parcels in Hampton to expand North Park.[36]

Sports

Communities

Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: cities, boroughs, townships, and (in a case) a town. The following municipalities are in Allegheny County:

Cities

Boroughs

Townships

Census-designated places

Census-designated places are geographical areas designated by the US Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Other unincorporated communities, such as villages, may be listed here as well.

Unincorporated communities

Former places

Many political subdivisions of Allegheny County have come and gone through subdivision or annexation through the years. These include:

Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Allegheny County.[42]

county seat

RankCity/Town/etc.Population (2010 Census)Municipal typeIncorporated
1† Pittsburgh305,704City1794 (borough) 1816 (city)
2Penn Hills42,329Municipality1851 (Penn Twp.) 1958 (Penn Hills Twp.) 1976 (municipality)
3Mt. Lebanon33,137Municipality1912 (township) 1975 (municipality)
4Bethel Park32,313Municipality1949 (borough) 1978 (municipality)
5Ross31,105Municipality1809
6Monroeville28,386Municipality1951
7Plum27,126Borough1788 (township) 1956 (borough)
8Allison Park21,552CDP
9West Mifflin20,313Borough1942
10Baldwin19,767Borough1950
11McKeesport19,731City1842 (borough) 1891 (city)
12Wilkinsburg15,930Borough1871 (Sterrett Twp.) 1887 (borough)
13Whitehall13,944Borough1948
14Franklin Park13,470Borough1823
15South Park13,416Township1931
16Munhall11,406Borough
17Carnot-Moon11,372CDP
18Jefferson Hills10,619Borough
19North Versailles10,229Township1869
20Brentwood9,643Borough1916
21Swissvale8,983Borough
22Glenshaw8,981CDP
23Dormont8,593Borough1909
24Bellevue8,370Borough1867
25Castle Shannon8,316Borough1919
26Pleasant Hills8,268Borough
27Carnegie7,972Borough1894
28White Oak7,862Borough
29Clairton6,796City1903 (borough) 1922 (city)
30West View6,771Borough
31Forest Hills6,518Borough1919
32Oakmont6,303Borough1889
33McKees Rocks6,104Borough1892
34Crafton5,951Borough
35Coraopolis5,677Borough1886
36Duquesne5,565City1891 (borough) 1918 (city)
37Fox Chapel5,388Borough
38Turtle Creek5,349Borough
39Bridgeville5,148Borough1901
40North Braddock4,857Borough
41Avalon4,705Borough1874
42Tarentum4,530Borough1842
43Glassport4,483Borough
44Green Tree4,432Borough1885
45Sewickley3,827Borough
46Port Vue3,798Borough
47Millvale3,744Borough
48Pitcairn3,689Borough
49Etna3,451Borough
50Sharpsburg3,446Borough
51Springdale3,405Borough
52Mount Oliver3,403Borough
53Ingram3,330Borough
54Brackenridge3,260Borough1901
55Trafford (mostly in Westmoreland County)3,174Borough1904
56Homestead3,165Borough
57Edgewood3,118Borough1888
58Churchill3,011Borough
59Aspinwall2,801Borough1892
60Gibsonia2,733CDP
61Liberty2,551Borough
62Imperial2,541CDP
63Verona2,474Borough1871
64Emsworth2,449Borough
65Greenock2,195CDP
66Wilmerding2,190Borough
67Braddock2,159Borough1867
68McDonald (mostly in Washington County)2,149Borough1889
69East McKeesport2,126Borough
70Rankin2,122Borough
71West Homestead1,929Borough
72Braddock Hills1,880Borough1946
73East Pittsburgh1,822Borough
74Dravosburg1,792Borough
75Ben Avon1,781Borough1891
76Bakerstown1,761CDP
77Cheswick1,746Borough
78Sturgeon1,710CDP
79Edgeworth1,680Borough
80Versailles1,515Borough
81Elizabeth1,493Borough
82Oakdale1,459Borough
83Russellton1,440CDP
84Blawnox1,432Borough1925
85Bell Acres1,388Borough1960
86Whitaker1,271Borough
87Heidelberg1,244Borough
88Leetsdale1,218Borough
89Bradford Woods1,171Borough1915
90Rennerdale1,150CDP
91Lincoln1,072Borough
92Curtisville1,064CDP
93Enlow1,013CDP
94Harwick899CDP
95Sewickley Heights810Borough
96Chalfant800Borough
97Bairdford698CDP
98Pennsbury Village661Borough
99Sewickley Hills639Borough
100Wall580Borough
101Noblestown575CDP
102Glen Osborne547Borough
103Boston545CDP
104West Elizabeth518Borough
105Thornburg455Borough
106Clinton434CDP
107Rosslyn Farms427Borough
108Ben Avon Heights371Borough1913
109Glenfield205Borough
110Haysville70Borough

See also

External links

40.47°N -79.98°W

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Find a County. June 7, 2011. National Association of Counties. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. May 31, 2011.
  2. Book: Stewart, George R.. George R. Stewart. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. registration. 1945. Sentry edition (3rd). 1967. Houghton Mifflin. 8, 193. 1-59017-273-6.
  3. Fiske, John (1902). New France and New England, pp. 290–92. Houghton Mifflin Company.
  4. News: Kussart . Mrs. S. . Navigation on the Monongahela River. August 10, 2018 . The Daily Republican (Monongahela, Pennsylvania) . April 24, 1930 . 3 .
  5. Web site: 2010 Census Gazetteer Files. United States Census Bureau. March 4, 2015. August 22, 2012.
  6. Web site: City of Pittsburgh - Allegheny County Quest. alleghenycounty.wikidot.com. April 28, 2019.
  7. Web site: Pennsylvania Municipalities Information. Pamunicipalitiesinfo.com. August 16, 2012.
  8. News: Can 39 towns be turned into one?. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. June 20, 2004. August 16, 2012. Jeffrey. Cohan.
  9. Web site: Government of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania .
  10. Web site: Government | Allegheny County. www.alleghenycounty.us.
  11. Web site: Government | Elected Officials | Allegheny County .
  12. News: Innamorato sworn in as Allegheny County executive . WTAE . January 2, 2024 . en.
  13. Web site: Allegheny County Municipality Map .
  14. Web site: County government overview for Allegheny County, including county executive, county council, row offices, and the role of the Home Rule Charter - League of Women Voters of Greater Pittsburgh .
  15. Web site: Municipal Authority • Allegheny Township, Westmoreland County, PA . March 22, 2022 .
  16. Web site: Letter to the editor: Consolidation sorely needed in Allegheny County . February 7, 2022 .
  17. City-County Consolidation in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania . 1945587 . Egger . Rowland A. . The American Political Science Review . 1929 . 23 . 1 . 121–123 . 10.2307/1945587 . 144275134 .
  18. Web site: Allegheny County | 404 Error. www.alleghenycounty.us.
  19. News: City councilman Corey O'Connor appointed as new Allegheny County Controller . www.cbsnews.com.
  20. Web site: Pennsylvania Department of State . Pennsylvania Department of State . July 17, 2023 . Voter registration statistics by county . July 20, 2023 . dos.pa.gov.
  21. Web site: Pennsylvania Elections - Summary Results. electionreturns.pa.gov.
  22. Web site: 2018 General Election Official Returns . November 6, 2018 . Pennsylvania Department of State . October 3, 2019 .
  23. Web site: Members of the House . PA House of Representatives . November 13, 2021.
  24. Web site: County Membership Report Allegheny County (Pennsylvania) . . 2010 . January 2, 2020.
  25. Web site: Social Capital Variables Spreadsheet for 2014 . PennState College of Agricultural Sciences, Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development . December 8, 2017 . December 30, 2019.
  26. Web site: Bureau . US Census . County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2023 . March 29, 2024 . Census.gov.
  27. Web site: U.S. Census website. United States Census Bureau. January 31, 2008.
  28. Web site: P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.
  29. News: Automatic defense cuts would affect some contractors in Pittsburgh region. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 3, 2012. August 16, 2012.
  30. Web site: 2020 census - school district reference map: Allegheny County, PA. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st42_pa/schooldistrict_maps/c42003_allegheny/DC20SD_C42003.pdf . October 9, 2022 . live. U.S. Census Bureau. July 20, 2022. - Text list
  31. Web site: Panizzi . Tawnya . April 8, 2021 . Allegheny Land Trust finalizes purchase of Girty's Woods in Reserve, shielding 155-acre forest from development . February 1, 2024 . TribLIVE.com . en-US.
  32. News: Phox . Jason . February 16, 2023 . Allegheny Land Trust acquires more than 120 acres as protected green space . February 1, 2024 . NEXTpittsburgh . en-US.
  33. News: Barron, Joanne . New director has big plans for Allegheny Land Trust. Pittsburgh Trib Live . November 2012 .
  34. Web site: Waltz . Amanda . Allegheny Land Trust awarded grant to transform former country club into public green space . October 19, 2020 . February 1, 2024 . Pittsburgh City Paper . en.
  35. Web site: Cipriani . Marcie . November 26, 2019 . $500,000 grant announced to help Allegheny Land Trust purchase former Churchill Valley Country Club . February 1, 2024 . WTAE . en.
  36. News: Donation to add acreage to North Park in Hampton. December 28, 2020. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. en.
  37. News: Schmitz. Jon. Kirwan Heights loses Interstate 79 designation. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 23, 2012. May 15, 2016.
  38. Web site: Profile: Cuddy, Pennsylvania. Mapquest. May 15, 2016.
  39. Web site: Profile: Sheraden, Pennsylvania. U.S. Geological Survey. May 15, 2016.
  40. https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/7667/4282818_00072?pid=3065602 1860 United States Federal Census - Chartier Township
  41. Web site: Mifflin Township Historical Society Attraction Details. ExplorePAhistory.com.
  42. Web site: 2010 Census. Center for New Media and Promotions(C2PO). United States Census Bureau.