All-Ireland Ladies' Club Football Championship Explained

All-Ireland Ladies' Club Football Championship
Code:	Ladies' Football
Founded:	1977
Trophy:	Dolores Tyrrell Memorial Cup
Title Holders:	Kilkerrin-Clonberne
Currentordinal:	3
Super:	st
Most Titles:	Ballymacarbry – Waterford
Mostordinal:	10

The All-Ireland Ladies' Club Football Championship is the ladies' Gaelic football competition for club football teams. The winners are awarded the Dolores Tyrrell Memorial Cup.

Senior championships

Senior finals listed by year

Year	Venue	Winning team	County	Score	Losing team	County	Score
2023^[1]	Croke Park	Kilkerrin-Clonberne	Galway	0-18		Waterford	1-09
2022^[2]	Croke Park	Kilkerrin-Clonberne	Galway	0-13	Donaghamoyne	Monaghan	0-07
2021	Birr	Kilkerrin-Clonberne	Galway	1-11	Mourneabbey	Cork	1-07
2019	Gaelic Grounds			2-09		Galway	0-14
2018	Parnell Park		Cork	1-13		Dublin	1-06
2017^[3]	Parnell Park	Carnacon	Mayo	0-15		Cork	1-10
2016^[4] ^[5]	Parnell Park	Donaghmoyne	Monaghan	2-09		Dublin	0-08
2015^[6]	Parnell Park	Donaghmoyne	Monaghan	0-11		Cork	0-08
2014^[7]	Tuam	Termon	Donegal	3-12		Cork	1-13
2013^[8]	Carrick-on-Shannon	Carnacon	Mayo	1-06	Donaghmoyne	Monaghan	0-08
2012^[9]	Ballinamore	Donaghmoyne	Monaghan	1-10	Carnacon	Mayo	1-05
2011^[10]	Ballymahon	Carnacon	Mayo	2-12		Dublin	2-04
2010^[11]	Cashel	Inch Rovers	Cork	0-09	Carnacon	Mayo	0-07
2009^[12]	Banagher	Donaghmoyne	Monaghan	2-07		Cork	1-08
2008^[13]	O'Connor Park	Carnacon	Mayo	2-11	Inch Rovers	Cork	2-06
2007^[14]	Banagher	Carnacon	Mayo	2-14	Inch Rovers	Cork	1-06
2006	Dromard	Donaghmoyne	Monaghan	1-11	Carnacon	Mayo	0-13
2005^[15]	Drogheda		Dublin	1-06	Donaghmoyne	Monaghan	0-06
2004^[16]	Birr		Dublin	2-07		Cork	1-09
2003^[17]	Nowlan Park		Cork	2-14		Meath	1-06
2002	Mullingar	Carnacon	Mayo	2-14		Tyrone	0-10
2001^[18]	Birr		Cork	3-06		Dublin	0-08
2000^[19]	St Loman's, Mullingar	Monaghan Harps	Monaghan	2-07		Laois	1-03
1999r^[20] 1999d^[21]	Portarlington		Wexford	3-08		Mayo	3-04
	Lusmagh		Wexford	1-06		Mayo	1-06
1998^[22]			Waterford	2-15		Dublin	0-08
1997^[23]	New Ross		Waterford	5-10		Wexford	0-03
1996	Pairc Tailteann		Wexford	3-09		Donegal	1-07
1995^[24]	Fraher Field		Waterford	4-12	Parnells	London	1-04
1994^[25]	Semple Stadium		Waterford	3-12		Westmeath	1-06
1993^[26]	Semple Stadium		Waterford	2-12		Laois	1-02
1992^[27]	Athy		Waterford	3-08		Westmeath	1-02
1991^[28]	Dr Cullen Park		Waterford	0-09		Westmeath	1-04
1990^[29]	Semple Stadium		Waterford	4-09		Galway	0-03
1989^[30]	Athy		Waterford	0-09		Westmeath	0-03
1988^[31]	Callan	Adamstown	Wexford	2-06		Waterford	1-04
1987^[32]	O'Connor Park		Waterford	4-10		Mayo	1-02
1986	Tipperary		Laois	3-04		Kerry	1-05
1985	Cashel		Laois	3-02		Waterford	1-06
1984^[33] ^[34]	The Heath	St Enda's	Cork	2-04		Laois	1-05
1983 ^[35]			Kerry	0-09		Laois	1-05
1982^[36]	Geashill	Galway Gaels	Galway	4-04		Westmeath	1-02
1981^[37]	Watergrasshill		Cork	1-02	Galway Gaels	Galway	1-01
1980^[38] ^[39]		Castleisland	Kerry	2-07		Westmeath	3-01
1979^[40] ^[41]	Portarlington		Cork	1-07		Cavan	0-02
1978^[42]	Portarlington		Cork	4-06		Cavan	1-09
1977^[43]			Cavan	4-05	St Comans	Roscommon	2-01

• Ladies' national website incorrectly states that in 1977 Mullahoran beat Newtownshandrum.

Summary of All-Ireland champions

By club

Team	County	Winners	Years won	Runners-up	Years runners-up
Ballymacarbry	Waterford	10	1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998	3	1985, 1988, 2023
Carnacon	Mayo	6	2002, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2013, 2017	3	2006, 2010, 2012
Donaghmoyne	Monaghan	5	2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2016	3	2005, 2013, 2022
Kilkerrin-Clonberne	Galway	3	2021, 2022, 2023	1	2019
Mourneabbey	Cork	2	2018, 2019	4	2014, 2015, 2017, 2021
The Heath	Laois	2	1985, 1986	2	1983, 1984
Donoughmore	Cork	2	2001, 2003	2	2004, 2009
Castleisland	Kerry	2	1980, 1983	1	1986
Shelmaliers	Wexford	2	1996, 1999	1	1997
Ballyboden St Endas	Dublin	2	2004, 2005	1	2001
Newtownshandrum	Cork	2	1978, 1979	0
Mullahoran	Cavan	1	1977	2	1978, 1979
Inch Rovers	Cork	1	2010	2	2007, 2008
Galway Gaels	Galway	1	1982	1	1981
Watergrasshill	Cork	1	1981	0
St Enda's	Cork	1	1984	0
Adamstown	Wexford	1	1988	0
Monaghan Harps	Monaghan	1	2000	0
Termon	Donegal	1	2014	0
Rochfortbridge	Westmeath	0		6	1980, 1982, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994
Hollymount	Mayo	0		2	1987, 1999
Foxrock Cabinteely	Dublin	0		2	2016, 2018
St Coman's	Roscommon	0		1	1977
St Grellan's	Galway	0		1	1990
Crettyard	Laois	0		1	1993
Parnells	London	0		1	1995
St Eunan's	Donegal	0		1	1996
Portobello	Dublin	0		1	1998
Timahoe	Laois	0		1	2000
	Tyrone	0		1	2002
Seneschalstowm	Meath	0		1	2003
Na Fianna	Dublin	0		1	2011

Senior titles listed by county

L, M, U, C refer to Leinster/Munster/Ulster/Connacht championships won by teams from the county.

	County	All-Irelands	Finalists	L	M	U	C	Last All-Ireland/provincial winners
1			10	3	–	16	–	–	Ballymacarbry, 1998 / Ballymacarbry, 2023
2			9	8	–	24	–	–	Mourneabbey, 2019 / Mourneabbey, 2021
3			6	5	–	–	–	25	Carnacon, 2017 / Carnacon, 2017
			6	3	–	–	18	–	Donaghmoyne, 2015 / Donaghmoyne, 2022
5			4	3	–	–	–	16	Kilkerrin-Clonberne, 2023 / Kilkerrin-Clonberne, 2023
6			3	1	7	–	–	–	Shelmaliers, 1999 / Shelmaliers, 2012
7		2	4	14	–	–	–	The Heath, 1986 / Sarsfields, 2014
		2	5	16	–	–	–	Ballyboden St Endas, 2005 / Kilmacud Crokes, 2023
			2	1	–	3	–	–	Castleisland, 1983 / Castleisland, 1986
10			1	2	–	–	8	–	Mullahoran, 1977 / Cnoc Bríd, 2003
			1	1	–	–	6	–	Termon, 2014 / Termon, 2014
12			0	6	7	–	–	–	Rochfortbridge, 1994
			0	1	2	–	–	–	Dunboyne, 2021
			0	1	–	–	5	–	St Macartans, 2017
			0	1	–	–	–	3	Clann na Gael, 1995
			0	0	1	–	–	–	Tullamore, 1981
			0	0	–	2	–	–	The Banner, 2013
			0	0	–	1	–	–	Loughmore, 1977
			0	0	–	–	1	–	Clann Éireann, 2023

• Galway deducted one All Ireland title (1984/85) and one Connacht title (1984).
• Mullahoran won the Ulster title or had no competition to represent Ulster from 1977 to 1983 inclusive.

Senior titles listed by province

Province	All-Irelands	Finalists	Most recent winning team	Most recent finalist
Munster clubs	21	12	Mourneabbey (Cork), 2019	Ballymacarbry (Waterford), 2023
Connacht* clubs	10	8	Kilkerrin-Clonberne (Galway), 2023	Kilkerrin-Clonberne (Galway), 2019
Ulster clubs	8	7	Donaghamoyne (Monaghan), 2016	Donaghamoyne (Monaghan), 2022
Leinster clubs	7	17	Ballyboden St Endas (Dublin), 2005	Foxrock-Cabinteeley (Dublin), 2018
London clubs	0	1	–	Parnells (London), 1995

• Connacht deducted one All Ireland title (Galway Gaels 1984/85).

Intermediate championships

Intermediate finals listed by year

Year	Winning team	County	Score	Losing team	County	Score
2023^[44]	Glanmire	Cork	5-08	Ballinamore	Leitrim	1-06
2022^[45]	Longford Slashers	Longford	4-11	Mullinahone	Tipperary	2-08
2021^[46]	St Sylvester's	Dublin	1-06	Castlebar Mitchels	Mayo	0-07
2019	Naomh Ciaran	Offaly	2-11	Naomh Pol	Antrim	2-09
2018		Dublin	8-14	Aghabog GAA	Aghabog	Monaghan	2-05
2017	Dunboyne	Meath	2-13		Cork	2-12
2016^[47] ^[48]		Galway	1-13		Armagh	3-05
2015^[49]	Milltown	Westmeath	2-14		Tipperary	2-12
2014^[50]		Kerry	2-11	Clonbur	Galway	1-07
2013^[51]		Galway	1-09		Dublin	0-09
2012^[52]	Parnells	London	2-14		Tipperary	1-02
2011^[53]		Fermanagh	1-10	Stabannon Parnells	Louth	0-12
2010	West Clare Gaels	Clare	3-09	St. Conleth's	Laois	0-08
2009^[54]	Brian Borus	Tipperary	1-09		Dublin	1-08
2008^[55]	Emyvale	Monaghan	3-06	Ballingeary-Inchigeela	Cork	1-02
2007		Cork	1-14		Derry	1-13
2006^[56]	Inch Rovers	Cork	3-09		Dublin	1-10
2005^[57]		Kerry	2-13		Armagh	1-04
2004		Roscommon	1-08	Tyholland	Monaghan	0-04
2003^[58]		Cork	3-06	Parnells	London	1-07
2002^[59]	Rockban	Cork	5-01		Roscommon	2-08
2001	St. Brendan's	Galway	4-11	Donaghmoyne	Monaghan	2-04
2000^[60]	Rockchapel	Cork	5-11		Kildare	0-11
1999^[61]		Galway	2-06		Louth	1-03

• No club was won the title more than once.

Intermediate wins listed by county

Junior championships

Junior finals listed by year

Year	Winning team	County	Score	Losing team	County	Score
2023^[62]	O'Donovan Rossa	Cork	2-07	Claremorris	Mayo	0-11
2022^[63]	Salthill-Knocknacarra	Galway	1-07	Naomh Abán	Cork	0-04
2021^[64]	St Jude's	Dublin	3-09	Mullinahone	Tipperary	1-08
2019 aet		Cork	1-12	CL McHale Rovers	Mayo	1-11
2018		Cork	1-22		Sligo	3-11
2017		Cork	2-06	Corduff	Monaghan	0-03
2016^[65] ^[66]		Dublin	2-13		Cork	3-08
2015^[67] ^[68]	Dunboyne	Meath	1-10		Cork	1-03
2014^[69]	Murroe/Boher	Limerick	3-11	St. Ciaran's	Roscommon	1-01
2013	Na Gaeil	Kerry	2-27		Edinburgh	1-05
2012^[70]		Dublin	1-12		Cork	1-07
2011	Sperrin Og	Tyrone	2-09		Tipperary	1-10
2010	Caltra Cuans	Galway	2-08		Tyrone	0-08
2009		Cork	4-12		Sligo	0-01
2008^[71]	Kilmihil	Clare	4-06		Mayo	1-04
2007^[72]		Dublin	1-11	West Clare Gaels	Clare	0-07
2006^[73] ^[74]		Kildare	2-04, 3-14 (R)	Emyvale	Monaghan	0-10, 0-04 (R)
2005	Mourneabbey	Cork	2-11	Athgarvan	Kildare	2-07
2004	Abbeydorney	Kerry	5-09	Inniskeen	Monaghan	3-08
2003	Gabriel Rangers	Cork	1-22	Fingallians	Dublin	0-08
2002^[75]	Tyholland	Monaghan	6-07	Cappawhite	Tipperary	1-09
2001	Rockban	Cork	6-07	Grangenolvin	Kildare	3-09
2000	Gerald Griffins	Limerick	1-11	Donaghmoyne	Monaghan	1-08
1999^[76]		Cork	1-13	St. Nathy's	Sligo	1-07
1998^[77]		Louth	2-08		Cork	3-03
1997^[78]	Beaufort	Kerry	2-15		Leitrim	3-04

• No club has won the title more than once.

Junior wins listed by county

Outside Sources

• Ladies Gaelic Roll of Honour

Notes and References

1. Web site: Kilkerrin-Clonberne make it three-in-a-row as they prove too strong for Ballymacarbry . Walsh . Daire . 16 December 2023. www.irishtimes.ie . Irish Times. 16 December 2023.
2. Web site: Kilkerrin-Clonberne seal back-to-back All-Ireland titles on historic day at Croke Park . 10 December 2022. www.the42.ie . 13 November 2023.
3. Web site: Staunton leads Carnacon to All-Ireland senior club title . Ladies Gaelic Football . 30 June 2021 . 2017-12-03.
4. Web site: Donaghmoyne Retain All Ireland Senior Club Title | Ladies Gaelic Football . 4 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220112702/http://ladiesgaelic.ie/clubs/donaghmoyne-retain-ireland-senior-club-title/ . 20 December 2016 . dead .
5. Web site: Catriona McConnell magic seals the deal for Donaghmoyne . 6 December 2016 . . 5 December 2016.
6. Web site: Fiona Lafferty's 'drive' rewarded with Donaghmoyne's All-Ireland glory . 7 December 2015 . . 7 December 2015.
7. Web site: Ladies: McLaughlin leads Termon to All-Ireland glory . 1 December 2014. Hogan Stand. 2 December 2014.
8. Web site: Superb Staunton seals Carnacon glory . 2 December 2013. Irish Independent. 2 December 2013.
9. 2012 was the first (and by 2016, the only) year where all four semi-finalists were previous winners. The semi-finals were: Carnacon 0–14 Inch Rovers 0–10; Donaghmoyne 1–21 Shelmaliers 0–7
10. Web site: Carnacon prove too strong for Na Fianna . Ladies Gaelic Football . 30 June 2021 . 2011-11-28.
11. Web site: Tesco All-Ireland Ladies Senior Football club championship final . Ladies Gaelic Football . 30 June 2021 . 2010-12-16.
12. Web site: Tesco All-Ireland Ladies senior club football championship final . Ladies Gaelic Football . 30 June 2021 . 2009-11-30.
13. Web site: VHI Healthcare All-Ireland Club Final Roundup . Ladies Gaelic Football . 30 June 2021 . 2008-11-24.
14. Web site: Inch blown away by the power of Carnacon. . Ladies Gaelic Football . 30 June 2021 . 2007-11-27.
15. Web site: Ballyboden retain Senior Club Crown . Ladies Gaelic Football . 30 June 2021 . 2005-11-28.
16. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 29 November 2004; Page: 36
17. Southern Star 1892–current, Saturday, 6 December 2003; Section: Second Section, Page: 22
18. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 3 December 2001; Page: 24
19. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 27 November 2000; Page: 29
20. News: Heffernan to the rescue . The Irish Times . 30 June 2021 . en.
21. News: Shelmalier's late rally rewarded . The Irish Times . 30 June 2021 . en.
22. News: Ballymacarbry take 10th title . The Irish Times . 30 June 2021 . en.
23. Web site: Archived copy . 1 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040934/http://www.munsterladiesgaelic.ie/files/Waterford-Ladies-Football-History-1997.pdf . 1 December 2017 . dead .
24. Web site: Archived copy . 1 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074627/http://www.munsterladiesgaelic.ie/files/Waterford-Ladies-Football-History-1995.pdf . 4 March 2016 . dead .
25. Web site: Archived copy . 1 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083453/http://www.munsterladiesgaelic.ie/files/Waterford-Ladies-Football-History-1994.pdf . 4 March 2016 . dead .
26. Web site: Archived copy . 1 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035028/http://www.munsterladiesgaelic.ie/files/Waterford-Ladies-Football-History-1993.pdf . 1 December 2017 . dead .
27. Web site: Archived copy . 1 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080355/http://www.munsterladiesgaelic.ie/files/Waterford-Ladies-Football-History-1992.pdf . 4 March 2016 . dead .
28. Web site: Archived copy . 1 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042513/http://www.munsterladiesgaelic.ie/files/Waterford-Ladies-Football-History-1991.pdf . 1 December 2017 . dead .
29. Web site: Archived copy . 1 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040554/http://www.munsterladiesgaelic.ie/files/Waterford-Ladies-Football-History-1990.pdf . 1 December 2017 . dead .
30. Web site: Archived copy . 1 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085314/http://www.munsterladiesgaelic.ie/files/Waterford-Ladies-Football-History-1989.pdf . 4 March 2016 . dead .
31. Web site: Archived copy . 1 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073656/http://www.munsterladiesgaelic.ie/files/Waterford-Ladies-Football-History-1988.pdf . 4 March 2016 . dead .
32. Web site: Archived copy . 1 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081218/http://www.munsterladiesgaelic.ie/files/Waterford-Ladies-Football-History-1987.pdf . 4 March 2016 . dead .
33. 1984 final: ref Irish Examiner May 1985 for match report. In May 1985, Galway Gaels beat St Endas (Cork) 2–8 2–5 in Austin Stack Park, but were later stripped of the title when they were found to have fielded (an) illegal player(s). Their win in Connacht in 1984 has also been expunged.
34. This was originally the All Ireland semifinal. As a result of the expulsion of Galway Gaels and because Galway Gaels played no semifinal, this was retrospectively deemed to be the final. Report: Leinster Express 1831–current, Saturday, 20 April 1985; Page: 35
35. Kerryman May 1984. Venue conceded by Castleisland because the match was postponed by two weeks to allow Mary Geaney to play for Ireland in the 1984 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship
36. Westmeath Examiner 1882–current, Saturday, 21 May 1983; Page: 4
37. Irish Examiner 1841–current, Monday, 3 May 1982; Page: 13
38. Westmeath Examiner 1882–current, Saturday, 1 August 1981; Page: 9
39. Web site: Kerry | Ladies Gaelic Football . 1 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160913210638/http://ladiesgaelic.ie/about-lgfa/history/association-history-county-international/ireland/kerry/ . 13 September 2016 . dead . dmy-all .
40. Anglo-Celt 1846–current, Friday, 5 December 1980; Page: 21
41. Web site: Archived copy . 1 November 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306043816/http://www.ulsterladiesgaelic.com/contentPage/123802/h_i_s_t_o_r_y_f_a_c_t_s . 6 March 2016 .
42. Anglo-Celt 1846–current, Friday, 29 February 1980; Page: 18
43. Anglo-Celt 1846–current, Friday, 26 May 1978; Page: 22
44. Web site: Orlaith Roche’s two goals help Glanmire secure intermediate final success. Walsh . Daire . 16 December 2023. www.irishtimes.ie . Irish Times. 16 December 2023.
45. Web site: Slashers dispatch Mullinahone to win historic title. Walsh . Daire . 10 December 2022. www.rte.ie . RTÉ. 16 December 2023.
46. Web site: St Sylvester's edge Castlebar Mitchels to claim All-Intermediate club crown. Kelly. Darren. 6 February 2022. www.rte.ie . RTÉ. 16 December 2023.
47. Web site: Annaghdown Bring All Ireland Glory to the West | Ladies Gaelic Football . 4 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220112658/http://ladiesgaelic.ie/clubs/annaghdown-bring-ireland-glory-west/ . 20 December 2016 . dead .
48. Web site: King's display crowns final win . 6 December 2016 . . 5 December 2016.
49. Web site: Ruth Kearney inspires Milltown victory . 7 December 2015 . . 7 December 2015.
50. Web site: Ladies: Mangan stars in Desmonds triumph . 29 November 2014. Hogan Stand. 3 December 2014.
51. Web site: Davis fall to Galway girls . 3 December 2013. Evening Herald. 11 December 2013.
52. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 10 December 2012; Section: Sport P42
53. News: Late point from Slevin sends Emmetts to heaven. 24 November 2011. The Impartial Reporter. 30 October 2022.
54. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 23 November 2009; Section: Front Page P50
55. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 1 December 2008; Section: Front Page P48
56. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 4 December 2006; Section: Front Page P45
57. Kerryman North Edition, Thursday, 8 December 2005; Section: Sport P25
58. Irish Examiner 1841–current, Monday, 8 December 2003; Page: 23
59. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 2 December 2002; Page: 27
60. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 4 December 2000; Page: 27
61. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 6 December 1999; Page: 36
62. Web site: All-Ireland glory for O'Donovan Rossa ladies footballers. 17 December 2023. www.echolive.ie . 17 December 2023.
63. Web site: Salthill-Knocknacarra too good for Naomh Abán in junior final. 17 December 2023. . 17 December 2022.
64. Web site: Three-Goal St Judes Claim All-Ireland Ladies Football Junior Title. 17 December 2023. www.balls.ie . 6 February 2022.
65. Web site: St Maur's Crowned Junior All Ireland Champions | Ladies Gaelic Football . 4 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220112212/http://ladiesgaelic.ie/clubs/st-maurs-crowned-junior-ireland-champions/ . 20 December 2016 . dead .
66. Web site: Kinsale pay penalty for lacklustre start . 6 December 2016 . . 5 December 2016.
67. Web site: Ladies: Ladies: Dunboyne give Bantry the Blues . 5 December 2015. Hogan Stand. 5 December 2015.
68. Web site: Dunboyne shake off brave Bantry . 7 December 2015 . . 7 December 2015.
69. Web site: Ladies: Historic win for Murroe Boher . 29 November 2014. Hogan Stand. 3 December 2014.
70. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 3 December 2012; Section: Sport P42
71. Irish Examiner 1841–current, Monday, 1 December 2008 P38
72. Irish Examiner 1841–current, Monday, 3 December 2007
73. Anglo-Celt 1846–current, Thursday, 30 November 2006; Page: 46
74. Anglo-Celt 1846–current, Thursday, 7 December 2006; Page: 64
75. Irish Examiner 1841–current, Monday, 25 November 2002; Page: 61
76. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 29 November 1999; Page: 33
77. Irish Independent 1905–current, Monday, 30 November 1998; Page: 32
78. Kerryman 1904–current, Friday, 19 December 1997; Page: 22