| Alitalia Flight 771 | |
| Occurrence Type: | Accident |
| Type: | Controlled flight into terrain due to pilot error |
| Site: | 11km (07miles) NW of Junnar, Maharashtra, India |
| Aircraft Type: | Douglas DC-8-43 |
| Aircraft Name: | Lanzerotto Malocello |
| Operator: | Alitalia |
| Tail Number: | I-DIWD |
| Origin: | Kingsford-Smith Airport (SYD/YSSY), Sydney, Australia |
| Stopover0: | Darwin International Airport (DRW/YPDN), Darwin, Australia |
| Stopover1: | Don Mueang International Airport (DMK/VTBD), Bangkok, Thailand |
| Stopover2: | Santacruz Airport (BOM/VABB), Bombay, India |
| Stopover3: | Jinnah International Airport (KHI/OPKC), Karachi, Pakistan |
| Last Stopover: | Mehrabad Airport (THR/OIII), Tehran, Iran |
| Destination: | Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport (FCO/LIRF), Rome, Italy |
| Passengers: | 85 |
| Crew: | 9 |
| Fatalities: | 94 |
| Survivors: | 0 |
Alitalia Flight 771 was a multi-leg Douglas DC-8-43 international scheduled flight from Sydney via Darwin, Bangkok, Bombay, Karachi, and Tehran to Rome with 94 on board. On 7 July 1962 18:40 UTC (8 July 1962, 00:10 local) it crashed into a hill about north-east of Bombay while on approach.
The aircraft involved in the accident was a Douglas DC-8-43 constructed in 1962 and registered as I-DIWD to Alitalia. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had recorded 964 flight hours. The captain of the flight had signed the Certificate of Maintenance on 6 July 1962. The aircraft was equipped with a VHF navigation receiver, glide slope receiver, marker beacon receiver, ADF receiver, Loran receiver, doppler radar, and a transponder; but the aircraft did not have any flight recorders.
No mechanical issues were reported, and the centre of gravity and weight of the DC-8 were within permitted parameters.
Nine crew members were aboard the flight. The cockpit crew consisted of:
The remaining six members of the crew were flight attendants. Both the captain and co-pilot were trained navigators, but there was no individual navigator in the flight crew.
After starting initially with 45 passengers in Sydney and taking on more passengers on the stops to Darwin and Singapore,[3] Flight 771 departed from Bangkok at 15:16 UTC with 94 people aboard as stated by the load sheet, although the official flight plan stated there was to be 98 people aboard. The flight plan was not signed by the pilot-in-command, a violation of the Alitalia Operations Manual.
Flight 771 first made communications with Bombay Flight Information Center at 17:20, during which the flight requested a weather forecast for landing, as well as stating their estimated time of arrival to be 18:45 and their altitude to be 36000feet. Between the times of 17:30 and 17:47 they were informed of the local weather forecast; Various weather reports for Bombay at the time of the accident indicated that there was light rain but no thunderstorms or other dangerous conditions.
At 18:20 the flight switched to the Bombay approach frequency and requested to initiate descent when over the point of Aurangabad to an altitude of 20000feet. The descent was approved and the weather information provided was acknowledged.
The flight initiated descent at 18:24:36 UTC, descending from 35000feetto20000feetft (toft) approximately twenty minutes before it was due to land at Bombay with an ETA at 18:45. At 18:25 the flight was cleared to take a transition level of 4000feet. Weather information was transmitted again at 18:28:04, with the QNH at 29.58 inches. At 18:29 the air traffic controller was informed of the flight's preference to land on runway 27. At 18:38:34 the flight was asked if it would be making a 360° over the beacon or landing in directly. At 18:38:49 the flight only replied "OK" leading to some confusion as to which approach would be taken. The flight clarified shortly thereafter that it would make a 360° over the outer beacon.
At 18:38:54 the DC-8 reached an altitude of 5,000 feet; the flight plan provided by Alitalia prescribed a 100miles descent to Bombay in 13 minutes. The flight continued descending further to 3600feet, well below the minimum safety altitude at 9000feet as well as below the 4000feet minimum initial approach altitude.
The last communication heard from the aircraft was at 18:39:58 again confirming the 360° over the beacon. The DC-8 crashed into Davandyachi hill on a bearing of 240°. The wreckage of the aircraft was found scattered among trees on the hill with the remains of the cockpit altimeter at an altitude of 3600feet, only 5feet short of the top. The DC-8 was completely destroyed and all persons aboard perished in the crash.
Investigators explored several potential causes, including: navigational errors which led the pilot to believe that he was nearer to his destination than he actually was; failure to maintain the recommended safe altitude; and pilot's unfamiliarity with the flight route. Pilot intoxication was initially suggested but ruled out as a contributing cause. Chart number 21 from the radio facility did not show the terrain the flight crashed into and only indicated the presence of a location 13miles to the north at a height of 5400feet.
Investigators concluded that errors in navigation led the pilot to think he was closer to the necessary point of descent than in reality, resulting in a premature descent for a straight-in instrument approach at night, resulting in controlled flight into terrain.
Secondary causes of the accident were cited as follows by the ICAO:
"1. Failure on the part of the pilot to make use of the navigational facilities available in order to ascertain the correct position, of the aircraft.
2. Infringement of the prescribed minimum safe altitude.
3. Unfamiliarity of the pilot with the terrain on the route."