Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident explained

The Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident occurred in April 1818 during the First Seminole War when American General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish Florida and his troops captured two British citizens, Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister, separately. They were charged with aiding the Seminole, the Red Stick Creek Indians and Maroons against the United States.

Arbuthnot and Ambrister were tried and executed in modern Wakulla County, Florida, at Fort Saint Marks. Jackson's actions triggered short-lived protests from the British and Spanish governments and an investigation by the United States Congress. Congressional reports found fault with Jackson's handling of the trial and execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, but Congress chose not to censure the popular general.

Robert Chrystie Ambrister (1797–1818) was a British citizen and a native of Nassau, Bahamas. Ambrister had served in the Royal Navy as a volunteer and as a midshipman between 1809 and 1813, when he returned to the Bahamas. During 1814–1815, he served in Spanish Florida as an auxiliary 2nd lieutenant of the British Corps of Colonial Marines, commanded by Brevet Major Edward Nicolls of the Royal Marines.^{[1] [2]} Discharged from the military in Nassau in 1815,^{[3] [4]} the former Marine lieutenant returned to Spanish Florida in 1817 with his fellow former Marine, Brevet Captain George Woodbine, and the Scottish soldier of fortune Gregor MacGregor.^[5]

Alexander (George) Arbuthnot was an older man, a Scottish merchant, translator, and diplomatic go-between, on occasion, who had been present in Florida since 1803.^[6] Jackson's execution of Arbuthnot, Ambrister, and at least two prominent Creek-Seminole leaders (Josiah Francis and Hoemotchernucho) was perceived, both in Great Britain and elsewhere, as an act of barbarity violating the conventions of warfare.^[7]

A decade later in 1828, Jackson was elected President of the United States.

See also

• Chesapeake–Leopard affair (1807)
• Don Pacifico affair (1850)
• Trent Affair (1861)

Further reading

• Aubigné, Guillaume Merle d'; Chinard, Gilbert. 1935. La vie américaine de Guillaume Merle d'Aubigné; extraits de son journal de voyage et de sa correspondence inédite, 1809-1817, Paris, E. Droz; Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. - pp. 133–147.
• Gales, Joseph. 1834–1856. The debates and proceedings in the Congress of the United States; with an appendix containing important state papers and public documents, and all the laws of a public nature; Washington, Gales and Seaton. - "Seminole War", pp. 367–374.
• Fisher, Louis. "Military Tribunals: Historical Patterns and Lessons". Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 2004.
• Foreign Office. British and foreign state papers Volume 6, 1818-1819. Piccadilly, London: James Ridgway, 1835.
• Heidler, David and Jeanne Heidler. Old Hickory's War: Andrew Jackson and the Quest for Empire. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1996. .
• Hoefer, Jean Chrétien Ferdinand. 1862. Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours, Paris : Didot. - pp. 153–154
• Narrative of a voyage to the Spanish Main in the ship "Two Friends;" the occupation of Amelia island by McGregor, etc.--sketches of the province of East Florida; and anecdotes illustrative of the habits and manners of the Seminole Indians: with an appendix containing a detail of the Seminole war, and the execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, London, Printed for J. Miller, 1819. - pp. 196–312.
• Owsley Jr. . Frank L . 1985 . Ambrister and Arbuthnot: Adventurers or Martyrs for British Honor . Journal of the Early Republic . University of Pennsylvania Press . 5 . 3 . 289–308 . 10.2307/3122585 . subscription . 3122585.
• Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars. New York: Viking, 2001. .
• Rush, Richard. 1845. Memoranda of a residence at the court of London comprising incidents official and personal from 1819-1825, including negotiations on the Oregon question, and other unsettled questions between the United States and Great Britain, Philadelphia : Lea & Blanchard. - Chapters iv & v.
• Wright, J. Leitch Jr. "A Note on the First Seminole War as Seen by the Indians, Negroes, and Their British Advisers". The Journal of Southern History 34, no. 4 (November 1968), 565–575.

Notes and References

1. https://books.google.com/books?id=_lBou8yahDsC Niles' weekly register, Baltimore, Oct.3,1818,No.6-Vol.XV, pp 84-86
2. British and foreign state papers Volume 6, pg 434 Ambrister's Commission 'Whereas, I have thought fit to send a Detachment of the Royal Marine Corps to the Creek Nations, for the purpose of training to arms, such Indians and others as may be friendly to, and willing to fight under, the Standard of His Majesty: I ..appoint you as an Auxiliary Second Lieutenant, of such Corps of Colonial Marines...Given under my hand and seal, at Bermuda, this 25th day of July, 1814'https://books.google.com/books?id=BI8AAAAAYAAJ
3. British and foreign state papers Volume 6, p. 483, Memorial to R C Ambrister mentions that he and Nicolls sailed 'to Apalachicola, from whence he proceeded to the Creek Nation, where he served until those Forces were disbanded, upon the termination of hostilities with the Americans, when he returned to the said island of New Providence' and disembarked there from the Carron on 6 May 1815
4. Web site: Royal Marines on the Gulf Coast. 19 January 2014. Extracted information from the muster of .
5. The Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 23, No.1 (July 1944), pp. 39-44 https://www.jstor.org/pss/30145383
6. http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Arbuthnot_and_Ambrister_incident Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident Summary/bookrags.com
7. Niles' weekly register, Baltimore, 3 October 1818, No. 6, Vol. XV, pp. 84-86