Alexander Esenin-Volpin Explained

Native Name:Александр Сергеевич Есенин-Вольпин
Birth Name:Alexander Sergeyevich Esenin-Volpin
Birth Date:12 May 1924
Birth Place:Leningrad, USSR
Death Place:Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Fields:Mathematics
Occupation:Soviet mathematician, human rights activist, dissident, poet
Nationality:Russian
Citizenship:Soviet Union, United States
Alma Mater:Moscow State University
Workplaces:Boston University

Alexander Sergeyevich Esenin-Volpin (also written Ésénine-Volpine and Yessenin-Volpin in his French and English publications; Russian: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Есе́нин-Во́льпин|p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪtɕ jɪˈsʲenʲɪn ˈvolʲpʲɪn|a=Alyeksandr Syergyeyevich Yesyenin-Vol'pin.ru.vorb.oga; May 12, 1924March 16, 2016) was a Russian-American poet and mathematician.

A dissident, political prisoner and a leader of the Soviet human rights movement, he spent a total of six years incarcerated and repressed by the Soviet authorities in psikhushkas and exile.[1] [2] In mathematics, he is known for his foundational role in ultrafinitism.

Life

Alexander Volpin was born on May 12, 1924, in the Soviet Union. His mother, Nadezhda Volpin, was a poet and translator from French and English. His father was Sergei Yesenin,[3] a celebrated Russian poet, who never knew his son. Alexander and his mother moved from Leningrad to Moscow in 1933.

His first psychiatric imprisonments took place in 1949[4] for "anti-Soviet poetry", in 1959 for smuggling abroad samizdat, including his Свободный философский трактат (Free Philosophical Tractate), and again in 1968.

Esenin-Volpin graduated from Moscow State University with a “candidate” dissertation in mathematics in the spring of 1949. After graduation, Volpin was sent to the Ukrainian city of Chernovtsy to teach mathematics at the local state university. Less than a month after his arrival in Chernovtsy he was arrested by the MGB, sent on a plane back to Moscow, and incarcerated in the Lubyanka prison. He was charged with "systematically conducting anti-Soviet agitation, writing anti-Soviet poems, and reading them to acquaintances."[5]

Apprehensive about the prospect of prison and labor camp, Volpin faked a suicide attempt in order to initiate a psychiatric evaluation.[6] Psychiatrists at Moscow's Serbsky Institute declared Volpin mentally incompetent, and in October 1949 he was transferred to the Leningrad Psychiatric Prison Hospital for an indefinite stay. A year later he was abruptly released from the prison hospital, and sentenced to five years exile in the Kazakh town of Karaganda as a "socially dangerous element." In Karagada, he found employment as a teacher of evening and correspondence courses in mathematics.

In 1953, after the death of Joseph Stalin, Volpin was released due to a general amnesty. Soon he became a known mathematician specializing in the fields of ultrafinitism and intuitionism.

The Glasnost demonstration

In 1965, Esenin-Volpin organized a legendary "glasnost meeting" ("митинг гласности"), a demonstration at Pushkin Square in the center of Moscow demanding an open and fair trial for the arrested writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel. The leaflets written by Volpin and distributed through samizdat asserted that the accusations and their closed-door trial were in violation of the 1936 Soviet Constitution and the more recent RSFSR Criminal Procedural Code.

The meeting was attended by about 200 people, many of whom turned out to be KGB operatives. The slogans read: "Требуем гласности суда над Синявским и Даниэлем" (We demand an open trial for Sinyavski and Daniel) and "Уважайте советскую конституцию" (Respect the Soviet constitution).[7] The demonstrators were promptly arrested.

In the following years, Esenin-Volpin became an important voice in the human rights movement in the Soviet Union. He was one of the first Soviet dissidents who took on a "legalist" strategy of dissent. He proclaimed that it is possible and necessary to defend human rights by strictly observing the law, and in turn demand that the authorities observe the formally guaranteed rights. Esenin-Volpin was again hospitalized in February 1968 as one of those protesting most strongly against the trial of Alexander Ginzburg and Yury Galanskov (Galanskov-Ginzburg trial).[8]

After his 1968 psychiatric confinement, 99 Soviet mathematicians sent a letter to the Soviet authorities asking for his release.[9] This fact became public and the Voice of America conducted a broadcast on the topic; Esenin-Volpin was released almost immediately thereafter.[3] Vladimir Bukovsky was quoted as saying that Volpin's diagnosis was "pathological honesty".[10]

In 1968, Esenin-Volpin circulated his famous "Памятка для тех, кому предстоят допросы" (Memo for those who expect to be interrogated) widely used by fellow dissidents.[11]

In 1969, he signed the first Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights, drafted by the Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR.[12] In 1970, Volpin joined the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR and worked with Yuri Orlov, Andrei Sakharov and other activists.

Emigration

In May 1972, he emigrated to the United States, but his Soviet citizenship was not revoked as was customary at the time. He worked at Boston University. In 1973 he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.[13]

Abroad he again alarmed the Soviet authorities in 1977 by threatening to sue them for spreading rumours that he was mentally ill.[14]

In 2005, Esenin-Volpin participated in "They Chose Freedom", a four-part television documentary on the history of the Soviet dissident movement.

He died on March 16, 2016, aged 91.[15] [16]

Mathematical work

His early work was in general topology, where he introduced Esenin-Volpin's theorem. Most of his later work was on the foundations of mathematics, where he introduced ultrafinitism, an extreme form of constructive mathematics that casts doubt on the existence of not only infinite sets, but even of large integers such as 1012.He sketched a program for proving the consistency of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory using ultrafinitistic techniques in, and .

Mathematical publications

Further reading

External links

Russian language links

Audio-visual material

Notes and References

  1. http://old.memo.ru/history/diss/ig/docs/igdocs.html Документы Инициативной группы по защите прав человека в СССР
  2. http://facecollection.ru/people/aleksandr-esenin-volpin Александр Есенин-Вольпин - биография и семья
  3. Book: Zdravkovska. Smilka. Duren. Peter. Golden years of Moscow mathematics. 1993. AMS Bookstore. 0-8218-9003-4. 221.
  4. Book: Gilligan, Emma . Defending human rights in Russia: Sergei Kovalyov, dissident and human rights commissioner, 1969–2003 . 2004 . RoutledgeCurzon . 0-415-32369-X . 20 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160511093536/https://books.google.com/books?id=QlJNt_10xxAC . 2016-05-11 .
  5. 66 . 4 . 630–663 . Nathans . Benjamin . The Dictatorship of Reason: Aleksandr Vol'pin and the Idea of Human Rights under Developed Socialism . Slavic Review . 2007 . 10.2307/20060376 . 20060376 . 159974080 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150907202452/https://www.history.upenn.edu/sites/www.history.upenn.edu/files/nathans_dictatorship-of-reason.pdf . 2015-09-07 .
  6. Irina Kirk, Profiles in Russian Resistance (New York, 1975)
  7. http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/books/ALEXEEWA/Chapter16a.htm Text
  8. https://chronicleofcurrentevents.net/2013/09/28/1-3-repression-in-response-to-protests-about-trial/ A Chronicle of Current Events (1.3, item 2), 30 April 1968, "Repressive measures".
  9. Text of the letter . math.ru. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  10. Web site: NRS | Kayak Gear, Raft Supplies, SUPs & Boating Equipment. https://web.archive.org/web/20050218163732/http://www.nrs.com/print/191104_222319_50567.html. 2005-02-18.
  11. http://www.warning.dp.ua/bezop78.htm Text
  12. Yakobson, Anatoly . Yakir, Pyotr . Khodorovich, Tatyana . Podyapolskiy, Gregory . Maltsev, Yuri . An Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights . . 21 August 1969 . 13 . 3 . etal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151007004956/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1969/aug/21/an-appeal-to-the-un-committee-for-human-rights/ . 7 October 2015 .
  13. Web site: Humanist Manifesto II . American Humanist Association . October 9, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121020110719/http://www.americanhumanist.org/humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_II . October 20, 2012 .
  14. https://bukovskyarchive.wordpress.com/2016/07/03/26-january-1977-st-4218/ The Bukovsky Archives, 26 January 1977 (St 42/18).
  15. News: Aleksandr Yesenin-Volpin, Prominent Soviet-Era Dissident, Dies Aged 91 . 2016-03-16 . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . en . 2016-03-17 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316232555/http://www.rferl.org/content/aleksandr-yesenin-volpin-dissident-dead-soviet/27616399.html . 2016-03-16 .
  16. Web site: Early Soviet dissident Alexander Esenin-Volpin dies at 91 . GlobalPost . . 2016-03-17 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160324125240/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6746978/2016/03/16/early-soviet-dissident-alexander-esenin-volpin-dies-91 . 2016-03-24 .