Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016) explained

Conflict:Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)
Width:350px
Partof:the Battle of Aleppo (Syrian Civil War)
Date:28 October – 12 November 2016
Place:Aleppo, Syria
Result:Syrian Army and allies victory
  • Rebels captured the Minyan Industrial district, most of the Dahiyat Al-Assad district and half of the Minyan residential district
  • Army recaptures all areas lost during the offensive, as well as during the summer campaign[1]
Combatant1: Syrian Arab Republic


Liwa al-Quds[2]
Hezbollah[3]
Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
Ba'ath Brigades
Liwa Fatemiyoun
Liwa Zainebiyoun
Combatant2: Army of Conquest
Fatah Halab
Ansar al-Islam[4]
Jabhat Ansar al-Din
Commander1: Maj. Gen. Zaid Saleh[5]
(Head of Aleppo security committee)
Gen. Iyad Mindo[6]
(Head of Aleppo Air Force Intelligence Directorate branch)
Maj. Gen. Suheil Al Hassan[7]
(Tiger Forces chief commander)
Col. Mohammad Jaber[8]
(Desert Hawks Brigade commander)
Hadi Zahid[9]
(Quds Force operations leader in Aleppo)
Brig. Gen. Mohammad Hosseini Rafei[10]
(Imam Sajjad Brigade commander, alleged killed)
Akram al-Kaabi[11]
(leader of Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba)
Commander2: Abu Mohammad al-Julani
(leader of Jabhat Fateh al-Sham)
Abu Omar al-Turkistani[12]
(JFS and TIP senior commander)
Tawfiq Shahab al-Din[13]
(leader of Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki)
Ammar Bouqai
(leader of Jaysh al-Sunna)
Saqr Abu Quteiba
(leader of Fastaqim Union)
Ammar Sakkar[14]
(Fastaqim Union spokesman)
Abu Amr
(leader of the Levant Front)
Abu al-Baraa[15] [16]
Units1: Syrian Armed Forces

Russian Armed Forces

Date:11 November 2019 IRGC

Hezbollah

  • Lebanese Hezbollah units
  • Syrian Hezbollah units
    • National Ideological Resistance[22]
Units2: Army of Conquest

Fatah Halab

Strength1: 1,000+ regular soldiers[24]
1,200–6,500 Liwa Al-Quds fighters[25]
Strength2:2,000–6,500 fighters[26]
22 main battle tanks[27]
15 infantry fighting vehicles
Casualties1:165 killed, 200–300+ wounded (per the Inside Source)[28]
152 killed (per the SOHR)[29]
Casualties2:297 killed, 350–400+ wounded (per the Inside Source)[30]
260 killed (per the SOHR)
Casualties3:96–127 civilians killed[31]

The Aleppo offensive of October–November 2016, named the "Battle of the Hero Martyr Abu Omar Saraqib" by the Army of Conquest, refers to a military operation launched on the western outskirts of Aleppo at the end of October 2016 by rebel forces in Syria, against the Syrian government forces and its allies. The aim of the offensive was to establish a new supply line into Aleppo city, after an Army-initiated summer campaign had cut off all rebel access to Aleppo.

The rebels called the operation "the mother of all battles", or "the grand battle of Aleppo", and described it as possibly deciding the outcome of the war.[32] [33] [34]

After making early advances, the rebel offensive soon slowed and stalled.[35] By mid-November, government troops regained control of all areas lost at the start of the rebel offensive, as well as areas lost in the earlier rebel offensive during the summer campaign.[1]

The offensive

On 28 October, rebel forces outside Aleppo fired more than 150 shells, mainly BM-21 Grad rockets, at western Aleppo and the Aleppo International Airport, killing more than 15 civilians and wounding at least 100.[36] Rebel groups then announced that they had begun an offensive against the city after detonating three suicide car bombs,[37] one of which was a tank driven by a French Jabhat Fateh al-Sham suicide bomber.[38] The Army also reportedly destroyed two or four other car bombs.[36] [39]

Rebels in tanks, armored vehicles, bulldozers, makeshift mine sweepers, pick-up trucks and on motorcycles approached the city.[40] The offensive took place along a 15-kilometer stretch of the frontline.[41] Following the attack by the suicide-bombers on the western outskirts of the city, the rebels seized the Minyan Sawmills, Al-Surah Checkpoint,[42] [43] the Cardboard Factory and most of the Dahiyat Al-Assad suburb,[44] [45] while government troops withdrew to the eastern side of the district so they would not be overrun.[46]

Concurrently, a rebel attack from the southwest in the area of the 1070 Housing Project was repelled,[26] with one rebel tank destroyed[39] and the Army retaining its presence in the northeast section of the Housing Project. Rebel attacks on the nearby 3000 Housing Project and the northwestern Zahra district were also repelled.[26] [47]

In all, up to eight car bombs, some remotely controlled, were detonated or destroyed at the start of the offensive.[39] In the evening, the Army launched several surface-to-surface missiles on rebel positions in the west of the city.[48]

The next day, government forces launched a counter-attack[49] against Minyan Industrial and Dahiyat Al-Assad districts. Fighting also took place at the 1070 Housing Project.[50] Later, the rebels started shelling the Hamdaniyah district, in preparation for a new assault, and soon after a suicide car bomb exploded near the Zahra district.[51] The assault against Zahra was eventually repelled,[52] [53] while government troops managed to retake several positions in Dahiyat Al-Assad, where a second suicide car bombing of the day took place.[54] However, by the evening, the rebels managed to take control of the Minyan residential district.[55]

Over the next two days, back and forth fighting took place[56] at the Minyan district,[57] [58] [59] and as of 31 October, control of the district was divided in half.[60]

During this time, the Army had also conducted a new counter-attack against Dahiyat Al-Assad.[61] [62] The rebels also launched their own assault on the New Aleppo district[63] and the 1070 and 3000 Housing Projects, where two suicide car bombers blew themselves up.[64] A rebel tank and a technical were destroyed in the fighting at the 3000 Housing Project.[65] During the clashes, the rebels reportedly shelled a residential area of the Hamdaniyah district with chlorine gas,[66] leaving one civilian dead and 15 people injured.[67] The rebels denied this and claimed government forces had themselves used poison gas at one point of the frontline.[66] Ultimately, the rebel attack on the 3000 Housing Project as well as the nearby military complex was repelled.[68]

By 31 October, the rebel offensive had slowed due to heavy government resistance and pro-government forces had taken the initiative.[68] Three days into the offensive, the rebels were in control of the Minyan Industrial district,[26] most of the Dahiyat Al-Assad district and half of the Minyan residential district.[69] The frontline had stabilized[70] and settled into a stalemate.[56] [71] Since the start of the offensive, the rebels had used 12 suicide car bombers in their attacks.[72]

On 3 November, the rebels launched the second phase of their offensive, with a triple suicide-bombing against Army positions in the western part of the New Aleppo district and at the Minyan district,[69] in an attempt to revitalize the operation since it had made little progress after the first day.[73] They managed to advance and capture several positions.[74] The rebels also assaulted the 3000 Housing Project and the Al-Assad Military Academy.[75] During the clashes, another rebel tank was destroyed,[74] [76] as well as two Army anti-tank positions.[75] Still, the rebels were not able to break into New Aleppo[77] and their assault was repelled.[78] [79]

On 6 November, Army special forces and Hezbollah militiamen launched a counter-attack on the southwestern edge of Aleppo, advancing in the area of Al-Mutha hill and the 1070 Housing Project.[80] [81] [82] The next day, government forces broke through the rebel's first line of defense on Tal Rakhem hill,[83] making advances,[84] while also seizing six buildings in the 1070 Housing Project.[85] [86] [87] Later that day, government forces further advanced in the area and managed to impose fire control over the nearby al-Hikmah school.[88]

On 8 November, government troops fully captured the 1070 Housing Project, as well as three nearby hills. The rebels additionally withdrew from al-Hikmah school, so to regroup at the Rashiddeen 5 Suburb, but the Army had not yet reached the school due to heavy rebel shelling.[89] [90] [91] Later, government troops launched a large assault inside the Dahiyat Al-Assad and Minyan districts, recapturing Minyan and reportedly advancing inside Dahiyat Al-Assad.[89] [92] That night, the rebels managed to recapture the western half of Minyan.[93] The next day, government troops seized the strategic Hikmah school and secured the Hikmah area, while they made their first push towards the Rashiddeen 5 and Aqrab districts in southwest Aleppo.[94] [95] [96] Later, government troops made their first assault against the Rashiddeen 5 and Aqrab districts in southwest Aleppo.[97]

On 10 November, government troops recaptured half of the Dahiyat Al-Assad district,[98] including the Science Academy and nearby church.[99] Violent clashes continued between government troops and the rebels in the western part of the district, around the Sourah and Shair checkpoints.[100] The next day, the rebels recaptured all areas lost in Dahiyat Al-Assad,[101] [102] but a new Army attack on the district was soon under way[103] and they once again regained several areas.[104] In an attempt to stop the Army's counter-attack, the rebels sent reinforcements.[105] Concurrently, government forces recaptured the entire Minyan residential district after breaking the rebel's last line of defense.[106] [107] The Army then continued with its assault, attacking the nearby Minyan Sawmills and Carton Factory,[108] and seized the factory. Fighting continued at the sawmills and the Tires Barracks.[109] Later that evening, the Army retook control of Dahiyat Al-Assad district.[110]

On 12 November, the Army attacked and captured the Sourah checkpoint, west of Dahiyat Al-Assad, turning their attention then to the northern perimeter of the Souq Al-Jabas area.[111] [112] They also fully secured the Minyan industrial district[113] after recapturing the Minyan Sawmills.[114] By this point, government forces had regained control of all areas lost at the start of the rebel offensive, as well as areas lost in the earlier rebel offensive during the summer campaign.[35] [1] [115] [116]

Aftermath

See main article: Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016). Following the successful campaign by pro-government forces, the rebels in eastern-Aleppo were given 24 hours to surrender before the Army started an offensive to completely recapture the rebel-held districts in the east.[117]

After the offensive, food and medicine were reportedly smuggled from the YPG-held Sheikh Maqsood into rebel-held eastern Aleppo.[118]

International reactions

Amnesty International stated that the "armed opposition groups have displayed a shocking disregard for civilian lives", deploying weapons "whose use in the vicinity of densely populated civilian areas flagrantly violates international humanitarian law". The organization called the rebel groups to "end all attacks that fail to distinguish between military targets and civilians".[119]

The United Nations special envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura, expressed that he was "appalled and shocked" by the attacks targeting civilians in Aleppo.[120] He later stated that some rebel groups had been preventing civilians leaving eastern Aleppo.[121]

Notes and References

  1. http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=54435 Regime forces Re-gain control and advance over rebels in Aleppo city
  2. Web site: IRGC commander killed on eve of Aleppo battle. The Long War Journal. Amir Toumaj. 28 October 2016. 28 October 2016.
  3. Web site: prisoners of Hezbollah and nujaba with Jayesh Al Fatih. Qasioun News. 28 October 2016. 28 October 2016. 19 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019190233/http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/40799/prisoners_of_Hezbollah_and_nujaba_with_Jayesh_Al_Fatih. dead.
  4. Web site: Jihadists and other rebels launch new offensive in Aleppo. The Long War Journal. Thomas Joscelyn. 30 October 2016. 30 October 2016.
  5. Web site: Aleppo will be secured 'very soon': regime figure. Albin. Szakola. 22 September 2016. NOW.. 23 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160923173023/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567371-aleppo-will-be-secured-very-soon-regime-figure. 23 September 2016. dead.
  6. Web site: Notorious Aleppo intelligence chief moved from post. Albin. Szakola. 26 September 2016. NOW.. 27 September 2016. 3 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181003112743/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567381-notorious-aleppo-intelligence-chief-moved-from-post. dead.
  7. Web site: Prominent Syrian Army commander arrives in Aleppo. Leith Fadel. 29 October 2016. al-Masdar News. 29 October 2016. 30 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161030142736/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent-syrian-army-commander-arrives-aleppo/. dead.
  8. Web site: Elite pro-government forces arrive in Aleppo. Leith Fadel. 25 October 2016. al-Masdar News. 25 October 2016. 21 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181121015839/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/elite-pro-government-forces-arrive-aleppo/. dead.
  9. Web site: IRGC's Commander perished in #Aleppo. El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 8 November 2016. 11 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002045/http://en.eldorar.com/node/3683. 5 March 2017. dead.
  10. Web site: (IRGC) Loses more Generals in #Aleppo 's battles. El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 30 October 2016. 31 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002031/http://en.eldorar.com/node/3608. 5 March 2017. dead.
  11. Web site: Iraqi militia chief claims Israel bombed group in Syria. Albin. Szakola. 27 September 2016. NOW.. 28 September 2016. 19 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019121108/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567389-iraqi-militia-chief-claims-israel-bombed-group-in-syria. dead.
  12. Web site: Uighur jihadist fought in Afghanistan, killed in Syria. Caleb Weiss. Long War Journal. 14 February 2017. 22 February 2017.
  13. Web site: Who's involved in the rebels' Aleppo offensive? The cliff-notes. The New Arab. 28 October 2016.
  14. Web site: Syrian rebels launch Aleppo offensive to break siege. Associated Press. 28 October 2016. 28 October 2016. https://archive.today/20161029142442/http://www.hickoryrecord.com/news/world/ap/syrian-rebels-launch-aleppo-offensive-to-break-siege/article_83593ea9-58a1-5e63-8994-a642441e84d1.html. 29 October 2016. dead.
  15. Web site: The Trotskyist León Sedov Brigade in the Syrian Revolution. Cody. Roche. 5 December 2017. Medium. 5 November 2018. https://archive.today/20190227195944/https://medium.com/@badly_xeroxed/the-trotskyist-le%C3%B3n-sedov-brigade-in-the-syrian-revolution-bf6ebf5ae851. 27 February 2019. unfit.
  16. Web site: Revolutionaries for Hire - Mattia Salvia. 24 July 2018. The Baffler. 5 November 2018.
  17. Web site: The Local Defence Forces: Regime Auxiliary Forces in Aleppo. Syria Comment. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. 23 May 2016.
  18. Web site: Shiite Armed-Militias Geographical Distribution in Aleppo . Qasioun News . 29 October 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171019190600/http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/40873/Shiite_Armed_Militias_Geographical_Distribution_In_Aleppo . 19 October 2017.
  19. Web site: Russian troops head to Aleppo City. Leith. Fadel. 29 August 2016. al-Masdar News. 30 August 2016. 9 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181009120836/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-troops-head-aleppo-city/. dead.
  20. https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-special-forces-seen-as-key-to-aleppo-victory-1481884200
  21. Web site: Studies: Iranian-backed militias' loses in #Aleppo for six months. El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 9 November 2016. 11 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002027/http://en.eldorar.com/node/3688. 5 March 2017. dead.
  22. Web site: Syrian Hezbollah Militias of Nubl and Zahara'. Syria Comment. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. 15 August 2016.
  23. Web site: The Path of Jihad from Caucasus to Syria . Syrian War Daily . Joško Barić . 20 March 2017 . 16 January 2018.
  24. Web site: Syria rebels keep up offensive on western Aleppo. Associated Press. WSOCTV. 30 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305085633/http://www.wsoctv.com/news/syria-tv-rebel-shelling-in-aleppo-kills-3-children-1-adult/462051528. 5 March 2017. dead.
  25. Web site: Thousands of pro-government reinforcements sent to west Aleppo: reports. al-Masdar News. Leith Fadel. 3 November 2016. 3 November 2016. 5 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305001458/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/thousands-pro-government-reinforcements-sent-west-aleppo-reports/. dead.
  26. Web site: Battle for Aleppo Summary: Day 1. The Inside Source. 29 October 2016. 29 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161102214418/http://www.insidesourcenews.com/single-post/2016/10/29/Battle-for-Aleppo-Summary-Day-1. 2 November 2016. dead.
    https://forum.krstarica.com/showthread.php/750242-Rat-u-Siriji-i-Iraku-vesti-i-analize/page694
  27. Web site: Over 2,000 'Moderates' Shell Aleppo Using 45 Vehicles - Russian MoD. 5 November 2016.
  28. https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/797772005026037760 https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/797327204489129984
  29. http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=54460 209 killed yesterday including 70 regime forces
  30. https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/797445401578045440 https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/797326922434740224
  31. Web site: Moscow: Terrorists Launch Attack in Aleppo during First Humanitarian Pause, Kill 127 People. 5 November 2016.
  32. Web site: Syrian rebels launch Aleppo counterattack.
  33. Web site: Islamists rebels hit Syrian Army convoy bound for Aleppo, dozens killed - ARA News. 30 October 2016. 30 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161030143826/http://aranews.net/2016/10/islamists-hit-syrian-army-convoy-near-aleppo-dozens-killed/. 30 October 2016. dead.
  34. Web site: Syrian rebels push West against Assad forces in Aleppo. . 1 November 2016. 8 November 2016.
  35. Web site: Syrian army and allies make gains in Aleppo. 12 November 2016. Reuters.
  36. Web site: Syria monitor group says rebel shelling kills more than 15 in west Aleppo. Reuters. 28 October 2016.
  37. http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=53401 3 suicide car attacks target regime forces in Aleppo leading to violent clashes
  38. Web site: Syrian rebels 'start Aleppo offensive'. BBC. 28 October 2016.
  39. Web site: Rebels Launch Huge Battle For West Aleppo!. The Inside Source. 28 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161028215034/http://www.insidesourcenews.com/single-post/2016/10/28/Rebels-Launch-Huge-Battle-For-West-Aleppo. 28 October 2016. dead.
  40. Web site: Syrian rebels launch Aleppo counter-attack to break siege. 28 October 2016. Reuters.
  41. http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=53420 Rebels advance over regime forces in Aleppo
  42. Web site: Jaysh Al-Fateh launches massive offensive to break Aleppo siege. Leith. Fadel. 28 October 2016. 28 October 2016. 15 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180715000531/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jaysh-al-fateh-launches-massive-offensive-break-aleppo-siege/. dead.
  43. http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=53411 15 killed while 100 injured by missiles targeted western Aleppo
  44. http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=53434 The Factions win the first round of the grand battle of Aleppo and control most of al-Assad Suburb
  45. Web site: Opposition captures a group of Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba mercenaries in Aleppo. 28 October 2016. Orient News. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305005314/http://orient-news.net/en/news_show/125981/0/Opposition-captures-a-group-of-Hezbollah-Harakat-al-Nujaba-mercenaries-in-Aleppo. 5 March 2017. dead.
  46. Web site: Jaysh Al-Fateh seizes large suburb in west Aleppo. Leith. Fadel. 28 October 2016. 28 October 2016. 14 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180714223345/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jaysh-al-fateh-seizes-large-suburb-west-aleppo/. dead.
  47. Web site: Battle for Aleppo heats up as the Syrian Army stops Islamist offensive in its tracks. Chris. Tomson. 28 October 2016. 29 October 2016. 14 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180714194503/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-aleppo-heats-syrian-army-stops-islamist-offensive-tracks/. dead.
  48. InsideSourceInt. The Inside Source. 792165832570773504. 29 October 2016.
    1. Syria // #Aleppo // SAA launched several large Surface to surface missiles onto rebel positions across Western Aleppo just now.
    .
  49. Web site: Syrian government forces launch counter-offensive against Aleppo rebels. . 29 October 2016. 30 October 2016.
  50. http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=53471 Regime forces attempt to regain control of areas they lost in the first round of Aleppo battle
  51. https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/792315412020989952 https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/792315154503393280
  52. Web site: Islamist rebels attack along the entire frontline in western Aleppo - Map update. Chris. Tomson. 29 October 2016. 30 October 2016. 30 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161030080414/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/islamist-rebels-attack-along-entire-frontline-western-aleppo-map-update/. dead.
  53. InsideSourceInt. The Inside Source. 792355541876039681. 29 October 2016.
    1. Syria // #Aleppo // Rebel attack on the Zahra front has been halted. Dozen rebel casualties at least.
    . 31 October 2016.
  54. http://www.syriahr.com/2016/10/29/جمعية-الزهراء-تشهد-المعارك-الأعنف-وال/ جمعية الزهراء تشهد المعارك الأعنف والأضخم وضربات جوية وصاروخية مكثفة ترافق الاشتباكات المتواصلة في ثاني أيام معركة حلب
  55. Web site: Aleppo Battle: Syrian Army regains Minyan amid intensifying battles. Map Update. Zen. Adra. 30 October 2016. 31 October 2016. 31 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161031085117/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/aleppo-battle-syrian-army-regains-minyan-amid-intensifying-battles-map-update/. dead.
  56. Web site: Regime, rebel forces grind into third day of fight for Aleppo city. 30 October 2016 . 31 October 2016.
  57. Web site: Syrian Army retakes crucial district in western Aleppo. Chris. Tomson. 29 October 2016. 30 October 2016. 30 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161030080047/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-retakes-crucial-district-western-aleppo/. dead.
  58. http://www.syriahr.com/2016/10/30/قوات-النظام-تعاود-التقدم-في-منطقة-منيا/ قوات النظام تعاود التقدم في منطقة منيان بأطراف حلب الغربية وقصف بمئات القذائف استهدف المدينة وجبهات القتال اليوم
  59. https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/792477127119474688 https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/792839597105348608 https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/793078797520076800
  60. Web site: Syrian Army, Hezbollah attempt to recapture lost territory in west Aleppo. Leith. Fadel. 31 October 2016. 5 November 2016. 2 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161102164019/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-hezbollah-attempt-recapture-lost-territory-west-aleppo/. dead.
  61. Web site: Syrian Army begins counter-assault at key suburb in southwest Aleppo. Leith. Fadel. 30 October 2016. 30 October 2016. 30 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161030141231/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-begins-counter-assault-key-suburb-southwest-aleppo/. dead.
  62. InsideSourceInt. The Inside Source. 792498244777488384. 29 October 2016.
    1. Syria // #Aleppo // Fresh reports of elite SAA units beginning to counter at AlAssad are true. Heavy clashes beginning to ignite once more.
    . 31 October 2016.
  63. InsideSourceInt. The Inside Source. 792528951683932161. 30 October 2016.
    1. Syria // #Aleppo // Fierce clashes erupt as rebels begin storming 'New Aleppo' .
    . 31 October 2016.
  64. https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/792662740435292160 https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/792659479691005952
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    1. Syria // #Aleppo // Rebel tank taken out near the 3000 apartment area alongside a mounted technical.
    . 31 October 2016.
  66. Web site: Aleppo fighting spreads amid accusations of gas attack. Suleiman Al-Khalidi and Tom. Perry. 31 October 2016.
  67. Web site: Aleppo Update: Rebels use poisonous gas as battles intensify. Zen. Adra. 30 October 2016. 31 October 2016. 31 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161031154106/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/aleppo-update-rebels-use-poisonous-gas-battles-intensify/. dead.
  68. Web site: Syria: Rebel assault to break Aleppo siege slows. 31 October 2016.
  69. Web site: 2nd phase of battle for Aleppo begins as suicide bombers attack the Syrian Army. Chris. Tomson. 3 November 2016. 5 November 2016. 14 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180714234930/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/2nd-phase-battle-aleppo-begins-suicide-bombers-attack-syrian-army/. dead.
  70. InsideSourceInt. The Inside Source. 793235200452857856. 31 October 2016.
    1. Syria // #Aleppo // Front lines have stabilised, no notable change in territorial control over the last day.
    . 5 November 2016.
  71. Web site: Aleppo's Hamdaniyah district unwilling frontline in newest assault on regime-held west. 5 November 2016. 4 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075001/http://syriadirect.org/news/aleppo%E2%80%99s-hamdaniyah-district-unwilling-frontline-in-newest-assault-on-regime-held-west/. dead.
  72. http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=53595 Jaish al-Fateh announces the end of the first round and issues a "recommendations", Muhaysini incites for fighting
  73. Web site: Rebels step up Aleppo offensive with three car bombs. Reuters. 5 November 2016.
  74. Web site: No Russian air presence in Aleppo despite massive jihadist attack. Leith. Fadel. 3 November 2016. 5 November 2016. 4 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104145829/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/no-russian-air-presence-aleppo-despite-massive-jihadist-attack/. dead.
  75. Web site: Islamist rebels rain missiles over residential neighbourhoods in western Aleppo. Chris. Tomson. 3 November 2016. 5 November 2016. 4 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104151912/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/islamist-rebels-rain-missiles-residential-neighbourhoods-western-aleppo/. dead.
  76. InsideSourceInt. The Inside Source. 794117910545321984. 3 November 2016.
    1. Syria // #Aleppo // Rebel tank taken out in Al Assad suburb.
    . 5 November 2016.
  77. InsideSourceInt. The Inside Source. 794140451691298816. 3 November 2016.
    1. Syria // #Aleppo // Rebels have not entered New Aleppo as of now. Situation is tense and clashes are ongoing.
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  86. InsideSourceInt. The Inside Source. 795603039474229249. 7 November 2016. You heard it here first, hours ago. SAA made some advances in the 1070 area.. 8 November 2016.
  87. http://www.syriahr.com/2016/11/07/قوات-النظام-تحقق-تقدماً-في-أطراف-مشروع-1/ قوات النظام تحقق تقدماً في أطراف مشروع 1070 شقة ومزيد من الشهداء في قذائف على القسم الغربي من المدينة
  88. http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=54120 Regime's Helicopters and warplanes raid Aleppo city and its western countryside and violent clashes at the outskirts and western outskirts of the city
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  95. http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=54235 Attempts by the regime to advance in western Aleppo after taking over al-Hekma school
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  119. Web site: Syria: Armed opposition groups must end unlawful attacks in western Aleppo. Amnesty International. 31 October 2016.
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