Albanian diaspora explained

The Albanian diaspora (Albanian: Mërgata Shqiptare or Diaspora Shqiptare) are the ethnic Albanians and their descendants living outside of Albania, Kosovo, southeastern Montenegro, western North Macedonia, southeastern Serbia, northwestern Greece and Southern Italy. The largest communities of the Albanian diaspora are particularly found in Italy, Argentina, Greece, Romania, Croatia, Turkey, Scandinavia, Germany, Switzerland and the United States. Other important and increasing communities are located in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Belgium, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The Albanian diaspora is large and continues to grow, with Albanians now present in significant numbers in numerous countries.

The phenomenon of migration from Albania is recorded since the early Middle Ages, when numerous Albanians immigrated to southern Italy and Greece to escape various socio-political difficulties and the Ottoman conquest. The modern Albanian diaspora has been largely formed since 1991, following the end of communism in Albania. Over 800,000 Albanians have left the country, mostly settling in Greece and Italy either permanently or as temporary workforce.[1] [2]

In regard to the Kosovo-Albanian diaspora, more than one million Albanians have left Kosovo since the late 1980s permanently, excluding those fleeing the Kosovo War, who have subsequently returned.[3] Further, important destinations for emigrating Albanians from Kosovo have been mostly Switzerland, Austria, Germany and the Nordic countries.[4]

The Albanian diaspora constitutes one of Europe's largest contemporary diasporas, with emigration constantly growing.[5] Those of Albanian descent may choose to self-identify as Albanian, adopt hybrid identities or opt to not identify with their Albanian ancestry.[6] Many contemporary Albanians who belong to the diaspora opt to declare their ethnicity as their nationality, as seen in census underreporting of ethnic Albanians primarily in North America, South America and Oceania. Due to the Albanian diaspora being large, old and complex, many Albanians abroad have intermarried, assimilated or formed transnational identities and communities.[7] These reasons, among others, serve as obstacles to identifying the true extent of the Albanian diaspora and population totals.

History

In Albania, emigration dates back to the 15th century, when many Albanians emigrated to Calabria in Southern Italy and Greece after the defeat of the country by Ottoman forces. Other popular destinations were Turkey, Bulgaria, and later the United States and South America. Following the communist take over after World War II, emigration was outlawed and violations severely punished. At the same time, Albanian birth rates in both Albania and Kosovo were among the highest in Europe (see Demographics of Albania and Kosovo), and the economies were among the weakest (especially under the Hoxha regime), leading to a huge young population in both regions and a consequently huge demand for emigration once the borders were opened in the 1990s. Two major emigration waves in the 1990s were:

The preference for Italy, Greece and Western European countries during the first waves of emigration has given way to Canada and the United States due to stricter European immigration laws.

The rate of emigration has gradually decreased during the later 2000s, with a sudden increase in 2014-15.[9]

Impact

The willingness of Albanians to emigrate has had a cultural impact which has not affected their sense of national identity. Among ethnic Albanians in Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Greece, Albanian and old Turkish names still are quite common. In Albania proper, religious names were not allowed during communism, and were barely given since the fall of the Communist dictatorship and the opening of the borders. Instead, Italian and English or Christian names, became quite common.[10] Many Albanian migrants also convert from Islam to Christianity.[11] After migration to Greece, due to the discriminatory policies of the Greek government they are forced to get baptized and change their Albanian names in their passport to Christian ones.

In Albania, it is also estimated that emigrant remittances account for 18% of GDP or $530 million annually, though declining in the late 2000s.[12] Those who have come back have opened micro-enterprises, while the proximity of Greece and Italy to Albania, where more than half of immigrants are located has contributed to continuous labor mobility.[13] Recently, during the Greek financial crisis, many Albanian emigrants have returned either temporarily or permanently to Albania.[14] The mass emigration of the 1990s to early 2000s has resulted in massive brain drain to Albania. In the period 1990–2003, an estimated 45% of Albania's academics emigrated, as did more than 65% of the scholars who received PhDs in the West in the period 1980–1990.[15] In 2006, a "brain gain" program compiled by Albanian authorities and the UNDP was put into action to encourage the skilled diaspora to contribute to the country's development, though its success remains to be seen.

On 26 November 2019, an earthquake struck Albania. Around the world, the Albanian diaspora (from Albania and other parts of the Balkans) expressed its solidarity[16] and held multiple fundraisers to send money to Albania and assist people impacted by the earthquake, raising millions.[17] [18] [19] Global pop stars with an Albanian background also appealed to fans for support and donations to the relief effort.[20] [21]

Members of the Albanian diaspora created the first IPTV platform in the US and later in Europe, designed to deliver their national video content to Albanians living in the US and other countries.[22]

Europe

Bulgaria

See main article: Mandritsa. In 1636, the Mandritsa, a typical village in Bulgaria, was found by Eastern Orthodox Albanian dairymen who supplied the Ottoman Army. They were allowed to pick a tract of land and were freed from taxes. In the 2001 census of Bulgaria, it was estimated that 278 Albanians live in the country.

Greece

After the fall of communism throughout Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a large number of economic refugees and immigrants from Greece's neighbouring countries, Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania, as well as from more distant countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Armenia and Georgia, arrived in Greece, mostly as illegal immigrants, to seek employment. The vast majority of the Albanians in Greece is estimated to be between 65–70% of the total number of immigrants in the country. According to the 2001 census, there are 443,550 holders of Albanian citizenship in Greece, with the total of Albanian immigrants in Greece numbering well over 650,000.[23]

Albanians in Greece are by far the most integrated, legal and settled community: Even before emigration, southern Albanians, primarily Orthodox Albanians were pressured to adopt assimilationist policies when moving to Greece. These included Hellenisation of their names, and adoption of new hybrid identities.[24]

Italy

The Albani were an aristocratic Roman family, members of which attained the highest dignities in the Roman Catholic Church, one, Clement XI, having been Pope. They were ethnic Albanians who originally moved to Urbino from the region of Malësi e Madhe in Albania.[25] and had been soldiers of Skanderbeg against the Ottoman Empire. Though eventually assimilated in their Italian environment, Clement XI's Albanian antecedents were evident in his having commissioned, during his reign as a Pope, the famous Illyricum Sacrum. Today it is one of the main sources of the field of Albanology, with over 5000 pages divided in several volumes written by Daniele Farlati and Dom. Coletti.

There is an Albanian community in southern Italy, known as Arbëreshë, who had settled in the country in the 15th and the 16th century, displaced by the changes brought about by the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Some managed to escape and were offered refuge from the repression by the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily (both under Aragonese rule), where the Arbëreshë were given their own villages and protected.[26] The Arbëreshë were estimated as numbering 250 000 in 1976.[27] Italian statistics place them much lower at 100,000.[28]

After the breakdown of the communist regime in Albania in 1990, Italy had been the main immigration target for Albanians leaving their country.

This was because Italy had been a symbol of the West for many Albanians during the communist period, because of its geographic proximity. Italy reacted to the migration pressure by introducing the "Martelli" law, stipulating that any immigrant who could prove that he or she had come into the country before the end of 1989 be granted a two-year residency permit.From March 1997, Italy instituted a strict patrol of the Adriatic in an attempt to curb Albanian immigration.As a result, many Albanian immigrants in Italy do not have a legal status. Out of an estimated 450,000 Albanian immigrants in Italy in 1998, only some 82,000 were registered with authorities. In total there are 800,000 Albanians in Italy.[29]

The Italian Government has housed significant numbers of Albanians from Kosovo in the Arbëresh settlements, most notably in the zone of Lungro in Calabria and Piana degli Albanesi in Sicily.

Turkey

See main article: Albanians in Turkey. Turkey has about six million citizens of full or partial Albanian descent,[30] and most still feel a connection to Albania. There is also a strong Turkish minority in Kosovo.

Albania was the last nation in southeastern Europe to claim independence from the Ottoman Empire, on 28 November 1912.

Many Albanians emigrated to Turkey between 1950 and 1970. In that period, Islam in Yugoslavia was repressed, and both Albanians and Muslim Slavs were encouraged to declare themselves Turkish and emigrate to Turkey. In the 1990s, Turkey received a wave of Kosovar refugees, fleeing from conflict. Today, the number of ethnic Albanians Turkey has about 5 million citizens of full or partial Albanian descent[31]

Germany

See main article: Albanians in Germany. There are an estimated 300,000 Albanians living in Germany. They mostly migrated to Germany from Kosovo during the 1990s.

Switzerland

See main article: Albanians in Switzerland.

There are an estimated 250,000 ethnic Albanians in Switzerland, most of them from Kosovo, a sizeable minority arriving from North Macedonia.[32] Albanians have migrated to Switzerland since the 1960s,[33] but bulk of immigration took place during the 1990s, especially during 1998–1999.They account for about 2% of total Swiss population, making them the third largest immigrant community in Switzerland, after the Italian and German ones. The Albanian language is the second largest immigrant language spoken in Switzerland, following Serbo-Croatian. About 40,000 have been naturalized as Swiss citizens during the 1990s and 2000s, while an estimated 150,000 remain registered as nationals of either Serbia and Montenegro (carrying passports issued during the existence of that country, 1992–2006), the Republic of Kosovo (34,000 Kosovar passports registered with the Swiss authority by August 2010), North Macedonia, or Albania.

United Kingdom

See main article: Albanians in the United Kingdom.

The history of Albanians in Britain began in the 16th century with the arrival of mercenary stratioti cavalry who served the English king in his wars against the Kingdom of Scotland.[34]

The 2021 UK Census recorded 67,957 people born in Albania resident in England, with 715 people in Wales, and 142 people in Northern Ireland.[35] The number of residents of England born in Kosovo was 30,427, with 90 recorded in Wales and 60 in Northern Ireland.

Albania has one embassy in the UK, located in London.[36]

Portugal

See main article: Immigration to Portugal.

Neither Albania nor Portugal have an embassy in their respective countries. Albania has 3 honorary consulates in Porto, Funchal (Madeira island) and Lisbon, while Portugal has an honorary consulate in Tirana.[37] [38] [39] The history of diplomatic relations of Albania and Portugal dates back to 1922, when Portugal recognized Albania's independence on May 25, 1922. Many Portuguese enterprises are active in Albania.[40] As of 2022 there are an estimated 160 people of recent Albanian immigrant background living in Portugal, the majority being foreign nationals.[41] They are highly integrated and around 70 have acquired Portuguese citizenship in 2008-2021.[42] The most famous Portuguese-Albanian is perhaps former footballer Eduard Abazaj. Albanians mostly migrated to Portugal in recent years and they mainly live in Lisbon.[43] During the last years there have been some problems dealing with drug trafficking,[44] [45] illegal migration (more than 500 people travelling with forged documents detected since 2010),[46] [47] Albanian mafia[48] and robberies.[49] [50] [51] Despite these problems, the vast majority of the Albanians residing in Portugal is well integrated. Moreover, many of those involved in crime aren't even Portuguese residents.

Americas

Canada

See main article: Albanian Canadians.

As defined by the Statistics Canada in 2011, there were 28,270 Canadians claiming an Albanian ancestry.[52] There have been Albanian settlers in Canada since at least the early 20th century, following internal pre-war revolutionary upheavals. The majority of the Albanian immigrants settled in either Montreal or Toronto but also in Calgary and Peterborough.

After the inter-ethnic conflict between ethnic Albanians in Kosovo and Serbian military and police forces, many Albanians left Kosovo as refugees. Some have come to Canada, and in 1999 the Canadian government created a program to offer safe haven to 7000 Kosovar Albanian refugees. They continue to appreciate their ethnic heritage and their Albanian national history, even though their ancestors may have left Albania several decades ago. Those Albanians from Albania proper are active in their business and social organisations.

United States

See main article: Albanian Americans. Albanians began to settle in the USA in the late 19th-20th centuries from Southern Albania, Greece, Turkey, Southern Italy and Kosovo, and in the 1990s from Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and refugees of war. The largest Albanian American (incl. Kosovar Albanian) populations are in New York City, Boston, Detroit, Jacksonville, and Chicago. Another Albanian American community in Southern California such as the Los Angeles area. The Inland Empire (Riverside/San Bernardino) area of California includes Kosovars who entered the United States at the March Joint Air Reserve Base in Riverside. The Albanian-American population is currently 113,661 or 0.04% of the US population.

Oceania

Australia

See main article: Albanian Australians. The 2016 Australian census counted 4,041 people born in Albania or Kosovo and 15,901 claimed Albanian ancestry, either alone or with another ancestry.[53] Albanians migrated to Australia from southern Albania during the interwar period (early 1920s-late 1930s) mainly from Korçë and its surrounding rural areas.[54] [55] They worked in hard labour jobs and farming, settled in northern Western Australia, Queensland and later Shepparton in Victoria were a successful community was established.[56] Post-war, refugees mainly from Albania and a few from southern Yugoslavia arrived.[57] In the 1960s-1970s, Albanians from southwestern Yugoslavia (modern North Macedonia) arrived and settled in Melbourne's working class and manufacturing suburbs, mainly in Dandenong and others in the western and northern suburbs.[58] During the aftermath of the Kosovo war (1999), some Kosovo Albanian refugees on temporary asylum were officially allowed to permanently remain in Australia.[59] [60] In the early twenty first century, Dandenong and Shepparton in Victoria are places with the highest concentrations of Albanians.[61] There are also Albanian communities in Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory.[62]

New Zealand

See main article: Albanian New Zealanders. Albanian migration to New Zealand occurred mid twentieth century following the Second World War.[63] [64] A small group of Albanian refugees originating mainly from Albania and the rest from Yugoslavian Kosovo and Macedonia settled in Auckland. During the Kosovo crisis (1999), up to 400 Kosovo Albanian refugees settled in New Zealand.[65] [66] In the twenty first century, Albanian New Zealanders number 400-500 people and are mainly concentrated in Auckland.[67] [68]

Table

CountryAlbanian population PercentageSource
bgcolor=#BEE9C3 colspan=4 align=center
Albania (2011 census)[69]
(2011 census, nationality)[70] Kosovo Albanians
(2021 census)[71] Albanians in North Macedonia
Greece (2011 census, Albanian citizenship, excludes naturalised citizens)[72] Albanians in Greece
Montenegro (2011 census)[73] Albanians in Montenegro
Serbia (2011 census – boycotted)[74] Albanians in Serbia
—5,492,542——
bgcolor=#BEE8C2 colspan=4 align=centerOther countries
Turkey300,000 to 3 million Turks are of Albanian origin (2007)[75] Albanians in Turkey
Italy (2015 statistics, Albanian citizenship) to 700,000 Albanian descents from south Albania [with Arbereshe, dual citizens and undocumented] [76] Albanians in Italy
Germany300,000 (2010)[77] Albanians in Germany
United States (2006-2010 ACS)[78] Albanian Americans
Switzerland (2015 statistics)[79] Albanians in Switzerland
Argentina[80]
Canada (2011 survey)[81] Albanians in Canada
United Kingdom (2011 census)[82] [83] [84] Albanians in the United Kingdom
Austria (2001 census)[85] Albanians in Austria
France (2011 census)[86] Albanians in France
Croatia (2011 census)[87] Albanians of Croatia
Australia (2016 census)[88] Albanian Australians
Finland10,990 (2018 statistics, mother tongue)[89]
Belgium (2010 statistics, Albanian/Kosovar citizenship)[90] Albanians in Belgium
Slovenia (2002 census)[91] Albanians in Slovenia
Slovakia5,851 (2001)[92]
Sweden (2013 statistics, Albanian/Kosovar citizenship)[93]
Denmark (2017 statistics, Albanian/Kosovar citizenship)[94]
Ukraine (2001 census)[95] Albanians in Ukraine
Bosnia and Herzegovina (2013 census)[96] Albanians in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Luxembourg (2016 statistics, Albanian/Kosovar citizenship)[97]
Ireland (2011 census, mother tongue)[98]
Spain1,787[99] Albanians in Spain
Netherlands (2013 statistics, Albanian/Kosovar citizenship)[100] Albanians in the Netherlands
Norway (2020 statistics, Albanian/Kosovar citizenship)[101]
Czech Republic (2011 census)[102]
Hungary (2011 census)[103] Albanians in Hungary
Romania (2002 census)[104] Albanians in Romania
Poland (2011 census)[105]
Bulgaria (2011 census)[106] Albanians in Bulgaria
New Zealand (2013 census)[107] Albanian New Zealanders
Portugal (foreign citizens only, 2022)0%
(2014 census)[108]
Latvia (2019 statistics)[109]
Lithuania (2011 census)[110]
Uzbekistan (1989 census)[111]
Estonia (2011 census)[112]
Iceland (2011 census, Albanian citizenship)[113]
Turkmenistan (1995 census)[114]
Belarus (2009 census)[115]
Faroe Islands (2011 census, mother tongue)[116]
—1,507,694 to 4,710,211——

Return migration

Emigration has been one of the main causes that has driven the decline of the number of Albanian population during 2002-2011. The phenomenon of migration in Albania Immigration has been common. In most cases it has been taken by males. Gender difference in the last census period (2001-2011) is not that pronounced. According to INSTAT during this period about 481.000 Albanians left and 243,000 of them were male. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Developing countries most preferred destination for emigrants were Italy and Greece, followed by United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Germany. Italy is the country of destination preferred by 47 percent of immigrants, followed by Greece with 43 percent of emigrants, and the United States (US) coming up as a third destination.

Regarding the return, data Population and Housing Census 2011 show that about 139,827 Albanians were returned to Albania in the period 2001-2011, mostly male. Returnees are relatively young and working age. Employment and family reasons dominate among the reasons to return. In this sense, the return migration captured in the census is a snapshot of continuous circular migration. The National Research survey demonstrates that a total of 133,544 Albanian immigrants aged 18 years and above are turning in Albania in 2009-2013, of which 98,414 men and 35,130 women. This is a big difference report of returnees by sex, where men are over represented compared with women, 73.7% and 26.3% respectively. Since 2009 there has been a growing trend of returns, while the majority of the returns occurred in 2012 and 2013 (53.4 percent). Returns, dominated voluntary returns (94 percent) occurred in Greece, 70.8 percent to 23.7 percent followed by Italy and other countries like the UK, Germany, etc. Therefore, it can be argued that returns in Albania are mainly a consequence of the global financial crisis of 2009 that hit the market. The survey findings show that the main reasons for emigration from Albania have been unemployment in the country and opportunities for better employment abroad along with opportunities for higher incomes. No significant gender difference in immigration is a reason, besides family reunion that seems to have been the main reason for migration. On return, the main reasons include loss of employment in the country immigration, the longing for family and country, as well as problems faced by the family in Albania. Other reasons for return include better employment opportunities in Albania, investment plans or health problems.[117]

Notable people

See also

References

Sources

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Data on immigrants in Greece, from Census 2001. https://web.archive.org/web/20090325222928/http://www.migrantsingreece.org/transpartner/Tables.pdf. dead. 25 March 2009. 18 December 2022.
  2. Istituto nazionale di statistica: La popolazione straniera residente in Italia
  3. Web site: Ende der Geduld. Focus.de. 28 August 2017. 16 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190416182441/https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/kosovo-ende-der-geduld_aid_169033.html. dead.
  4. 150,000 Albanians resided in Switzerland as of 2000 (6% of the total population of Switzerland). Eidgenössiche Volkszählung 2000: Sprachenlandschaft in der Schweiz
  5. Barjaba, Joniada. "Albanian Diaspora across the World." Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies: 173.
  6. Mai, Nicola, and Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers. "Albanian migration and new transnationalisms." Journal of ethnic and migration studies 29, no. 6 (2003): 939-948.
  7. Demmers, Jolle. "Diaspora and conflict: Locality, long-distance nationalism, and delocalisation of conflict dynamics." Javnost-The Public 9, no. 1 (2002): 85-96.
  8. Book: Gjonça, Arjan. Communism, Health and Lifestyle: The Paradox of Mortality Transition in Albania, 1950-1990. 28 August 2017. Greenwood Publishing Group. 28 August 2017. Google Books. 9780313315862.
  9. Web site: Erebara. Gjergj. Germany to Curb Mass Migration from Albania. 30 July 2015.
  10. Web site: Craze For Foreign Names Alarms Albanian Patriots. 28 July 2016. 2017-10-31.
  11. Web site: Griechenlands verborgene Albaner. Wiener Zeitung. 2013-07-16. Armand Feka. 2016-03-02. Er lächelt und antwortet in einwandfreiem Griechisch: ‚Ich bin eigentlich auch ein Albaner.‘. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304152025/http://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/europa/europastaaten/562145_Griechenlands-verborgene-Albaner.html. 2016-03-04. dead.
  12. Web site: THE ROLE OF REMITTANCES FROM ALBANIAN EMIGRANTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE IN THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMY. ILIR GEDESHI. Seedcenter.gr. 2017-08-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234728/http://www.seedcenter.gr/projects/MNE/1stconfer/1stconf_papers/Gedeshi.pdf. 2016-03-03. dead.
  13. Web site: European Web Site on Integration - European Commission. Ec.europa.eu. 28 August 2017.
  14. Web site: Albanian expats leaving Greece in droves (SETimes.com) . 2011-07-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110712051923/http://setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2011/06/21/feature-06 . 2011-07-12 . dead .
  15. Web site: Albania: Looking Beyond Borders. 1 August 2004. Migrationinformation.org. 28 August 2017.
  16. News: Koleka. Benet. Rescuers keep working in Albanian town as death toll hits 40. Euronews. 28 November 2019. 28 November 2019. dmy-all.
  17. News: Mero. Armand. Agolli. Ilirian. Sulo. Pëllumb. Albania Death Toll Rises to 30 as State of Emergency Declared. Voice of America (VOA). 27 November 2019. 28 November 2019. dmy-all.
  18. News: Mbi 13 milionë dollarë ndihma, brenda 3 ditëve, për pasojat e tërmetit. Gazeta Impakt. 28 November 2019. 29 November 2019. dmy-all. sq.
  19. News: Kostreci. Keida. Albania Search, Rescue Operation For Earthquake Survivors Ends. Voice of America (VOA). 30 November 2019. 30 November 2019. dmy-all.
  20. News: Albania quake toll hits 51 as search for survivors ends. Deutsche Welle. 30 November 2019. 30 November 2019. dmy-all.
  21. News: Pop stars rally for Albania following deadly earthquake. Al Jazeera. 29 November 2019. 30 November 2019. dmy-all.
  22. Web site: Setplex helps TVALB spread Albanian content . setplex.com . 2021-06-28.
  23. Managing Migration: The Promise of Cooperation. By Philip L. Martin, Susan Forbes Martin, Patrick Weil
  24. Book: Lars Brügger, Karl Kaser, Robert Pichler, Stephanie Schwander-Sievers. Umstrittene Identitäten. Grenzüberschreitungen zuhause und in der Fremde. Die weite Welt und das Dorf. Albanische Emigration am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts = Zur Kunde Südosteuropas: Albanologische Studien. Bd. 3. Böhlau-Verlag. Vienna. 2002. 3-205-99413-2.
  25. Book: Herbermann, Charles George . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Knights of Columbus, Catholic Truth Committee . 1913 . Robert Appleton Company. The New York Public Library . 255 . 12 May 2010.
  26. Web site: Le migrazioni delgi arbereshe . Arbitalia.it . 2017-08-28 .
  27. Web site: Albanian, Arbëreshë. Ethnologue.com. 28 August 2017.
  28. Book: Toso, Fiorenzo . Lingue d'Europa. La pluralità linguistica dei Paesi europei fra passato e presente . 2006 . Baldini & Castoldi. Roma . 9788884908841. 90 . October 30, 2014.
  29. http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1998/Chronology.html Chronology of Albanian Immigration to Italy
  30. Book: Christopher Deliso. The Coming Balkan Caliphate: The Threat of Radical Islam to Europe and the West. 19 September 2012. 2007. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-275-99525-6. 38–.
  31. Web site: Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı! . 6 June 2008 . 8 September 2010 . tr . https://web.archive.org/web/20090209021046/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16 . 2009-02-09 . live .
  32. News: The Albanian fund-raising machine . BBC News . 2001-05-28 . 2010-04-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20021217133250/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1356196.stm . 2002-12-17 . live .
  33. Web site: Switzerland Faces Common European Challenges. 1 February 2005. Migrationinformation.org. 28 August 2017.
  34. Higham, Robin D. S. (1972). A Guide to the Sources of British Military History. Routledge & Kegan Paul. .
  35. Web site: Country of birth (extended) - Office for National Statistics . 2024-01-15 . www.ons.gov.uk.
  36. Web site: Consular affairs Albanian Embassy in the United Kingdom . 2024-01-15 . ambasadat.gov.al.
  37. Web site: Ambasada e Republikës së Shqipërisë në Portugali . ambasadat.gov.al.
  38. Web site: Albânia . 2023-06-24 . Portal das Comunidades Portuguesas . pt-pt.
  39. Web site: CORPO DIPLOMÁTICO ACREDITADO EM LISBOA .
  40. Web site: Albania- Operadorers Logísticos . 2023-06-24 . www.portugalglobal.pt.
  41. Web site: SEFSTAT – Portal de Estatística . 2023-06-24 . sefstat.sef.pt.
  42. Web site: Product - Products Datasets - Eurostat . 2023-06-24 . ec.europa.eu.
  43. Web site: Albanians in Portugal-2020 .
  44. Web site: Albanian Drug Dealers' Group Dismantled in Portugal . 2023-06-24 . ALBANIA DAILY NEWS . en.
  45. Web site: Dalby . Chris . 2023-04-20 . 'Clan Farruku' Arrests Highlight Albanians' Latin America Cocaine Connections . 2023-06-24 . InSight Crime . en-US.
  46. Web site: Penela . Rita . Redes de tráfico humano passavam por Portugal e cobravam até 15 mil euros por pessoa . 2023-06-24 . Observador . pt-PT.
  47. Web site: Albaneses escolhem Portugal como porta de saída da Europa . 2023-06-24 . Jornal Expresso . pt-PT.
  48. Web site: A violenta máfia albanesa chegou a Portugal . 2023-06-24 . Jornal Expresso . pt-PT.
  49. Web site: Gomes . Joaquim . 2022-11-15 . Albaneses que roubaram casas de luxo no Minho (e o carro à GNR) começam a ser julgados . 2023-06-24 . O Minho . pt-PT.
  50. Web site: PSP atenta a organizações criminosas albanesas . 2023-06-24 . Jornal SOL . pt.
  51. Web site: Polaco . Graça . 2023-03-30 . Quatro albaneses e um ourives português acusados por assaltos a residências e associação criminosa . 2023-06-24 . TVC TELEVISÃO . pt-PT.
  52. Web site: 2011 National Household Survey: Data tables . Statistics Canada . en . 8 May 2013 . 11 February 2014. Statistics Canada .
  53. Web site: TableBuilder.
  54. Volz. Martin. Tropical tapestry - North Queensland is home to a diverse range of communities of people who choose to live amid the forests and fruit. Big Issue Australia. 342. 2009. 19.
  55. Web site: Vullnetari. Julie. September 2007. Albanian Migration and Development: State of the art review. IMISCOE (International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion). 14 September 2019. 17.
  56. Book: Amath, Nora. We're serving the community, in whichever form it may be": Muslim Community Building in Australia. Peucker. Mario. Ceylan. Rauf. Muslim Community Organizations in the West: History, Developments and Future Perspectives. 2017. Springer. 9783658138899. https://books.google.com/books?id=FgynDgAAQBAJ&dq=Albanian+Australians&pg=PA99. 99.
  57. Book: Domachowska, Agata. Albania. Mazurkiewicz. Anna. East Central European migrations during the Cold War: A handbook. 2019. De Gruyter. 9783110607536. https://books.google.com/books?id=7XacDwAAQBAJ&dq=albanians+dandenong&pg=PA15. 15.
  58. Web site: After World War II. Immigration Museum. 16 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135044/http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/whatson/past-exhibitions/kurbet/after-world-war-ii/. 4 March 2016. live. dmy-all.
  59. Book: Jupp, James. The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins. 2001. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 9780521807890. 166–167.
  60. Web site: Recent arrivals. Immigration Museum. 2 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20160115234904/http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/whatson/past-exhibitions/kurbet/recent-arrivals/. 15 January 2016. live. dmy-all.
  61. Ahmeti. Sharon. 2017. Albanian Muslims in Secular, Multicultural Australia. Ph.D.. University of Aberdeen. 25 August 2020. 41-42, 44, 55-56, 202, 213, 232-233, 260, 263, 267.
  62. Book: Haveric, Dzavid. Muslims making Australia home: Immigration and Community Building. 2019. Melbourne University Publishing. 9780522875829. 27, 126, 139, 144, 153–154, 159–160, 199.
  63. Pratt. Douglas. Antipodean Ummah: Islam and Muslims in Australia and New Zealand. Religion Compass. 5. 12. 2011. 744. 10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00322.x.
  64. Book: Kolig, Erich. New Zealand's Muslims and multiculturalism. 2010. Brill. 9789047440703. 23.
  65. Book: Miller, Raymond. New Zealand Government & Politics. 2006. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-558492-9. 653.
  66. Drury. Abdullah. Pratt. Douglas. Islam in New Zealand – A Mixed Reception: Historical Overview and Contemporary Challenges. Journal of College of Sharia and Islamic Studies. 39. 1. 2021. 165. 10.29117/jcsis.2021.0290. 237845218 . free. 10576/22316. free.
  67. Drury. Abdullah. Mazharbeg: An Albanian in Exile. Waikato Islamic Studies Review. 6. 1. 2020. 7, 18.
  68. News: Abdyli. Sabit. Si u vendosën shqiptarët në Zelandën e Re. How Albanians settled in New Zealand. Diaspora Shqiptare. 20 July 2021. 12 December 2021. dmy-all. sq.
  69. Web site: 1.1.13 Resident population by ethnic and cultural affiliation. Statistics of Albania. 15 July 2014. 71. sq. https://web.archive.org/web/20170808015849/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf. 2017-08-08. dead.
  70. Web site: Tab1.1. Population of Kosovo by ethnicity, gender and type of area. Statistics of Kosovo. 11. 2014-07-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20140427201130/http://ask.rks-gov.net/rekos2011/repository/docs/Population%20by%20gender%2C%20ethnicity%20at%20settlement%20level.pdf. 2014-04-27. dead.
  71. Web site: Tabel 3: Total population of the Republic of Macedonia according to ethnic affiliation. Statistics of Macedonia. 34. mk.
  72. Web site: Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population - Housing Census . Statistics of Greece . 15 July 2014 . 9 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131225192921/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/nws_SAM01_EN.PDF . 25 December 2013 .
  73. Web site: Table CG1. Population by age and etnicity. Statistical Office of Montenegro. 15 July 2014.
  74. Web site: Становништво према националној припадности. Statistics of Serbia. 15 July 2014. https://archive.today/20130416155245/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210. 2013-04-16. dead.
  75. News: Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı! . Milliyet . 2008-06-06 . 2008-06-07 . tr . https://web.archive.org/web/20090209021046/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16 . 2009-02-09 . live .
  76. Web site: Cittadini non comunitari regolarmente presenti . istat.it . 3 October 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141113203531/http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854 . 13 November 2014 .
  77. [Hans-Peter Bartels]
  78. Web site: 2006-2010 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables. https://archive.today/20200212214434/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_SF4_B01003&prodType=table. dead. 12 February 2020. Government of the United States of America. 15 July 2014.
  79. Web site: Les langues principales les plus fréquentes de la population résidente permanente âgée de 15 ans ou plus, 2015. 13 January 2018.
  80. Web site: Archived copy . 2016-07-09 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf . 2016-09-16 .
  81. Web site: Data tables, 2016 Census. Statistics of Canada. 25 October 2017. 17 December 2019.
  82. Web site: QS211EW - Ethnic group (detailed). nomis. Office for National Statistics. 15 July 2014.
  83. Web site: Ethnic Group - Full Detail_QS201NI. 15 July 2014.
  84. Web site: Scotland's Census 2011 - National Records of Scotland, Language used at home other than English (detailed). Scotland Census. 15 July 2014. 15 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200215021127/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2A_Language_detailed_Scotland.pdf. dead.
  85. Web site: [ftp://www.statistik.at/pub/neuerscheinungen/vzaustriaweb.pdf Tabelle 14: Bevölkerung nach Umgangssprache, Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland ]. Statistics of Austria . 27 April 2013 . 75 . de .
  86. Web site: 1. Population by ethnicity - detailed classification, 2011 census. Statistics of France. 15 July 2014.
  87. Web site: 1. Population by ethnicity - detailed classification, 2011 census. Statistics of Croatia. 15 July 2014.
  88. Web site: 2016. Australia - Ancestry. 29 July 2017.
  89. Web site: Population 31.12. by Region, Language, Age, Sex, Year and Information . 17 December 2019 . 29 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150205/http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/?rxid=9af0098e-f789-45c1-bb28-0819837048a2 . dead .
  90. Web site: Population par nationalité, sexe, groupe et classe d'âges au 1er janvier 2010. Statistics of Belgium. 15 July 2014. fr. https://web.archive.org/web/20111222192722/http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp. 2011-12-22. dead.
  91. Web site: Population by ethnic affiliation, Slovenia, Census 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002. Statistics of Slovenia. 15 July 2014.
  92. Web site: Development of prices in production area in July 2017. Portal.statistics.sk. 2017-08-28.
  93. Web site: Foreign citizens by country of citizenship, age and sex. Year 1973 - 2013. Statistics of Sweden. 15 July 2014.
  94. Web site: Population at the first day of the quarter by region and time: 2014Q2. Statistics of Denmark. 16 December 2018.
  95. News: The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue. 9 July 2012. Ukrainian Census (2001).
  96. Web site: 1. Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti - detaljna klasifikacija. 16 December 2018.
  97. Web site: Population par nationalités détaillées 2011 - 2016 . Statistics of Denmark. 11 September 2016.
  98. Web site: Population Usually Resident and Present in the State who Speak a Language other than English or Irish at Home 2011 to 2016 by Birthplace, Language Spoken, Age Group and Census Year. Central Statistics Office. 16 December 2018.
  99. Web site: Population and housing censuses 2001. Ine.es. 28 August 2017.
  100. Web site: Population; sex, age, origin and generation, 1 January. Statistics of the Netherlands. 15 July 2014.
  101. Web site: Table: 05183: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents. Statistics of Norway. 4 June 2014.
  102. Web site: Tab. 614a Obyvatelstvo podle věku, národnosti a pohlaví. Statistics of the Czech Republic. 15 July 2014. cs.
  103. Web site: Tables (STADAT) - Themes . 17 December 2019.
  104. Web site: 3. Populatia pe sexe si medii la recensamantul din 2002 . 15 July 2014 . ro . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090503104249/http://recensamant.ro/datepr/tbl4.html . May 3, 2009 .
  105. Web site: Tabl. 28. ludność według rodzaju i złożoności identyfikacji narodowo- -etnicznych w 2011 roku . Glowny Urzad Statysty. pl. 262. 15 July 2014.
  106. Web site: Етнически малцинствени общности . 13 January 2019.
  107. Web site: 2013 Census totals by topic – tables (Excel, 59 sheets, 1.54MB). Statistics of New Zealand. 4 March 2014.
  108. Web site: Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence . 16 December 2018.
  109. Web site: Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības (Datums=01.07.2019). 17 December 2019. lv. 25 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190725151433/https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD01072019.pdf. dead.
  110. Web site: 2 lentelė. Gyventojai pagal tautybę . Statistics Lithuania . 15 July 2014 . 8 . Statistics Lithuania . lt . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084546/http://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f . April 9, 2014 .
  111. Web site: ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР . http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=4 . Demoscope.ru . 8 January 2012 . Demoscope . ru . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120106212632/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=4 . 6 January 2012 .
  112. Web site: PCE04: Enumerated Permanent Residents by Ethnic Nationality and Sex, 31 December 2011. pub.stat.ee. 15 July 2014.
  113. Web site: Population by country of citizenship, sex and age 31 Dec. 2011. Statistics Iceland. 14 January 2015.
  114. Web site: ru:Итоги всеобщей переписи населения Туркменистана по национальному составу в 1995 году.. http://asgabat.net/turkmenistan/itogi-vseobschei-perepisi-naselenija-turkmenistana-po-nacionalnomu-sostavu-v-1995-godu.html. asgabat.net. 31 July 2012. ru. https://web.archive.org/web/20130313015500/http://asgabat.net/turkmenistan/itogi-vseobschei-perepisi-naselenija-turkmenistana-po-nacionalnomu-sostavu-v-1995-godu.html. 2013-03-13. dead.
  115. Web site: ru:Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь . http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.11-0.pdf . Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь . 1 August 2012 . ru . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101030210223/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.11-0.pdf . October 30, 2010 .
  116. Web site: Filipinsk og teilenskt vunnu fram sum móðurmál . 10 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180729171357/http://www.hagstova.fo/fo/folkateljing/folkid-111111/filipinsk-og-teilenskt-vunnu-fram-sum-modurmal . 29 July 2018 . dead .
  117. Return Migration and Reintegration in Albania. Filipi. Gjergji. 2013. Galanxhi. Emira. Nesturi. Majlinda. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114530/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/255790/migracioni_i_kthimit_dhe_ri-integrimi_2013_.pdf. 2016-03-04. dead.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Albanian diaspora".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.