Albacete (Congress of Deputies constituency) explained

Albacete
Type:Congress of Deputies
Electoral
District Label:Province
District:Albacete
Region Label:Autonomous community
Region:Castilla–La Mancha
Population:385,727 (2022)[1]
Electorate:307,988 (2023)
Towns:Albacete
Year:1977
Seats:4

Albacete is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish; Castilian: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects four deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Albacete. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[3]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish; Castilian: Voto rogado) which was abolished in 2022.[4] [5] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[3] [6] [7] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[8]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[6] [7]

Deputies

Deputies 1977–present
LegislatureElectionDistribution
Constituent1977
22
1st1979
22
2nd1982
31
3rd1986
31
4th1989
31
5th1993
22
6th1996
22
7th2000
22
8th2004
22
9th2008
22
10th2011
13
11th2015
112
12th2016
112
13th2019 (Apr)
211
14th2019 (Nov)
211
15th2023
13

Elections

2023 general election

Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)88,299 39.92 +12.472 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)76,322 34.51 +1.922 ±0
Vox (Vox)36,750 16.61 –4.060 –1
Unite (Sumar)115,834 7.16 –2.530 ±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)21,261 0.57 –0.200 ±0
Workers' Front (FO)381 0.17 New0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)325 0.15 –0.020 ±0
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero)185 0.08 –0.020 ±0
Blank ballots1,834 0.83 –0.02
Total221,191 4 ±0
Valid votes221,191 98.78 –0.02
Invalid votes2,726 1.22 +0.02
Votes cast / turnout223,917 72.70 +2.73
Abstentions84,071 27.30 –2.73
Registered voters307,988
Sources[9]

November 2019 general election

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)69,848 32.59 +0.592 ±0
People's Party (PP)58,835 27.45 +5.341 ±0
Vox (Vox)44,306 20.67 +6.191 +1
United We Can (Podemos–IU)20,771 9.69 –0.910 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)15,947 7.44 –11.260 –1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)1,651 0.77 –0.170 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)375 0.17 +0.040 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group–PCAS–TC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC)222 0.10 –0.040 ±0
European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE)197 0.09 New0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)177 0.08 –0.020 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)153 0.07 –0.010 ±0
Blank ballots1,822 0.85 +0.12
Total214,304 4 ±0
Valid votes214,304 98.80 +0.05
Invalid votes2,613 1.20 –0.05
Votes cast / turnout216,917 69.97 –6.55
Abstentions93,079 30.03 +6.55
Registered voters309,996
Sources[10]

April 2019 general election

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)75,005 32.00 +4.842 +1
People's Party (PP)51,817 22.11 –18.771 –1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)43,835 18.70 +4.131 +1
Vox (Vox)33,948 14.48 New0 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)24,855 10.60 –4.670 –1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)2,205 0.94 +0.040 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group–PCAS–TC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC)324 0.14 –0.010 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)304 0.13 New0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)224 0.10 –0.010 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)182 0.08 New0 ±0
Blank ballots1,705 0.73 +0.08
Total234,404 4 ±0
Valid votes234,404 98.75 –0.24
Invalid votes2,978 1.25 +0.24
Votes cast / turnout237,382 76.52 +5.02
Abstentions72,825 23.48 –5.02
Registered voters310,207
Sources

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)89,717 40.88 +4.072 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)59,617 27.16 –1.001 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)133,509 15.27 –2.711 +1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)31,976 14.57 –0.010 –1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)1,985 0.90 +0.220 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)430 0.20 –0.290 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)321 0.15 +0.020 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)255 0.12 New0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)233 0.11 ±0.000 ±0
Blank ballots1,430 0.65 –0.10
Total219,473 4 ±0
Valid votes219,473 98.99 –0.03
Invalid votes2,233 1.01 +0.03
Votes cast / turnout221,706 71.50 –3.78
Abstentions88,377 28.50 +3.78
Registered voters310,083
Sources

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)85,241 36.81 –18.282 –1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)65,205 28.16 –1.961 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)33,755 14.58 New1 +1
We Can (Podemos)32,320 13.96 New0 ±0
United Left–Popular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC)9,306 4.02 –2.150 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)1,583 0.68 +0.280 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)1,146 0.49 –4.510 ±0
Vox (Vox)538 0.23 New0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)305 0.13 New0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)251 0.11 –0.060 ±0
Liberal Party of the Right (PLD)205 0.09 New0 ±0
Blank ballots1,727 0.75 –0.58
Total231,582 4 ±0
Valid votes231,582 99.02 +0.38
Invalid votes2,300 0.98 –0.38
Votes cast / turnout233,882 75.28 –0.83
Abstentions76,792 24.72 +0.83
Registered voters310,674
Sources

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)127,995 55.09 +7.723 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)69,981 30.12 –15.621 –1
United Left of Castilla–La Mancha–The Greens: Plural Left (IUCLM–LV)14,324 6.17 +2.790 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)11,614 5.00 +3.720 ±0
Equo (Equo)2,077 0.89 New0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB)1,153 0.50 New0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)921 0.40 +0.220 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)597 0.26 +0.100 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)386 0.17 +0.110 ±0
Centre and Democracy Forum (CyD)192 0.08 New0 ±0
Blank ballots3,082 1.33 +0.20
Total232,322 4 ±0
Valid votes232,322 98.64 –0.64
Invalid votes3,193 1.36 +0.64
Votes cast / turnout235,515 76.11 –3.55
Abstentions73,941 23.89 +3.55
Registered voters309,456
Sources

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)113,609 47.37 +0.422 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)109,682 45.74 –0.522 ±0
United Left–Alternative (IU)8,104 3.38 –0.510 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)3,078 1.28 New0 ±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)443 0.18 New0 ±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD)377 0.16 New0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)372 0.16 New0 ±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB)327 0.14 –0.110 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)153 0.06 –0.030 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)151 0.06 New0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)137 0.06 New0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)130 0.05 –0.100 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)120 0.05 New0 ±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000)117 0.05 New0 ±0
National Democracy (DN)114 0.05 –0.040 ±0
Commoners' Land (TC)79 0.03 –0.040 ±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA)51 0.02 –0.020 ±0
Spanish Alternative (AES)48 0.02 New0 ±0
Blank ballots2,717 1.13 –0.73
Total239,809 4 ±0
Valid votes239,809 99.28 +0.04
Invalid votes1,741 0.72 –0.04
Votes cast / turnout241,550 79.66 +0.39
Abstentions61,678 20.34 –0.39
Registered voters303,228
Sources

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)110,338 46.95 –4.242 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)108,715 46.26 +5.062 ±0
United Left–Left of Castilla–La Mancha (IU–ICAM)9,145 3.89 –1.100 ±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB)580 0.25 New0 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)371 0.16 +0.050 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)353 0.15 New0 ±0
National Democracy (DN)223 0.09 New0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)212 0.09 New0 ±0
The Phalanx (FE)160 0.07 –0.020 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)155 0.07 –0.040 ±0
Republican Left (IR)139 0.06 New0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE)116 0.05 ±0.000 ±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA)95 0.04 New0 ±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR)49 0.02 New0 ±0
Blank ballots4,372 1.86 +0.29
Total235,023 4 ±0
Valid votes235,023 99.24 –0.08
Invalid votes1,810 0.76 +0.08
Votes cast / turnout236,833 79.27 +3.69
Abstentions61,947 20.73 –3.69
Registered voters298,780
Sources

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)113,406 51.19 +6.532 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party–Progressives (PSOE–p)91,270 41.20 –2.692 ±0
United Left (IU)11,062 4.99 –4.630 ±0
Liberal Independent Group (GIL)535 0.24 New0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN)474 0.21 New0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)307 0.14 +0.010 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)250 0.11 +0.040 ±0
Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS)248 0.11 –0.150 ±0
The Phalanx (FE)207 0.09 New0 ±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000)175 0.08 New0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE)121 0.05 New0 ±0
Blank ballots3,484 1.57 +0.60
Total221,539 4 ±0
Valid votes221,539 99.32 –0.18
Invalid votes1,514 0.68 +0.18
Votes cast / turnout223,053 75.58 –7.90
Abstentions72,052 24.42 +7.90
Registered voters295,105
Sources

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)105,294 44.66 +4.162 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)103,471 43.89 –2.252 ±0
United Left–Left of Castile-La Mancha (IU–ICAM)22,682 9.62 +0.290 ±0
Centrist Union (UC)617 0.26 –1.640 ±0
Regionalist Party of Castilla–La Mancha (PRCM)495 0.21 New0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)301 0.13 +0.070 ±0
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT)242 0.10 New0 ±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA)227 0.10 New0 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)156 0.07 +0.010 ±0
Blank ballots2,289 0.97 +0.14
Total235,774 4 ±0
Valid votes235,774 99.50 +0.04
Invalid votes1,191 0.50 –0.04
Votes cast / turnout236,965 83.48 +1.09
Abstentions46,886 16.52 –1.09
Registered voters283,851
Sources

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)103,057 46.14 –3.512 –1
People's Party (PP)90,453 40.50 +9.732 +1
United Left (IU)20,841 9.33 +0.920 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)4,253 1.90 –5.530 ±0
The Greens (Verdes)1,310 0.59 –0.090 ±0
The Ecologists (LE)619 0.28 –0.170 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE)456 0.20 –0.430 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)132 0.06 –0.040 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)130 0.06 New0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN)125 0.06 New0 ±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)116 0.05 New0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)0 0.00 New0 ±0
Blank ballots1,843 0.83 +0.16
Total223,335 4 ±0
Valid votes223,335 99.46 +0.08
Invalid votes1,214 0.54 –0.08
Votes cast / turnout224,549 82.39 +5.74
Abstentions47,987 17.61 –5.74
Registered voters272,536
Sources

1989 general election

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)97,904 49.65 –1.403 ±0
People's Party (PP)160,664 30.77 –1.111 ±0
United Left (IU)16,580 8.41 +3.860 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)14,651 7.43 –1.310 ±0
The Greens–Green List (LV–LV)1,336 0.68 New0 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos)1,242 0.63 New0 ±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE)891 0.45 New0 ±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2830 0.42 –0.640 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)729 0.37 +0.080 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)557 0.28 New0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)270 0.14 –0.240 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)197 0.10 New0 ±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))30 0.00 –0.140 ±0
Blank ballots1,322 0.67 ±0.00
Total197,173 4 ±0
Valid votes197,173 99.38 +0.48
Invalid votes1,236 0.62 –0.48
Votes cast / turnout198,409 76.65 +3.60
Abstentions60,446 23.35 –3.60
Registered voters258,855
Sources

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)97,838 51.05 –2.523 ±0
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)161,093 31.88 +3.021 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)16,750 8.74 +6.750 ±0
United Left (IU)28,729 4.55 –0.050 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC)2,031 1.06 New0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD)1,871 0.98 New0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)723 0.38 +0.260 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)553 0.29 –0.150 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)343 0.18 +0.110 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3261 0.14 +0.060 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)160 0.08 New0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC)0 0.00 New0 ±0
Blank ballots1,289 0.67 +0.22
Total191,641 4 ±0
Valid votes191,641 98.90 +0.99
Invalid votes2,126 1.10 –0.99
Votes cast / turnout193,767 73.05 –8.98
Abstentions71,500 26.95 +8.98
Registered voters265,267
Sources

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)103,328 53.57 +14.863 +1
People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (AP–PDP)155,666 28.86 +24.001 +1
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)16,755 8.69 –30.270 –2
Communist Party of Spain (PCE)8,874 4.60 –7.790 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)3,846 1.99 New0 ±0
New Force (FN)21,388 0.72 –1.500 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)855 0.44 New0 ±0
Spanish Solidarity (SE)457 0.24 New0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)240 0.12 New0 ±0
Communist Unity Candidacy (CUC)3193 0.10 –0.100 ±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))149 0.08 New0 ±0
Falangist Movement of Spain (MFE)141 0.07 New0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)129 0.07 –0.100 ±0
Communist Movement (MC)0 0.00 New0 ±0
Communist League–Internationalist Socialist Workers' Coalition (LC (COSI))0 0.00 New0 ±0
Socialist Party (PS)40 0.00 –1.300 ±0
Blank ballots861 0.45 +0.24
Total192,882 4 ±0
Valid votes192,882 97.91 –1.17
Invalid votes4,110 2.09 +1.17
Votes cast / turnout196,992 82.03 +10.52
Abstentions43,163 17.97 –10.52
Registered voters240,155
Sources

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)65,883 38.96 +0.862 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)165,465 38.71 –1.522 ±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE)20,945 12.39 +4.360 ±0
Democratic Coalition (CD)28,224 4.86 –4.580 ±0
National Union (UN)33,753 2.22 –0.690 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh)2,205 1.30 New0 ±0
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)4455 0.27 –0.730 ±0
Workers' Communist Party (PCT)338 0.20 New0 ±0
Republican Left (IR)311 0.18 New0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)286 0.17 New0 ±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)284 0.17 New0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC)241 0.14 New0 ±0
Communist Organization of Spain (Red Flag) (OCE–BR)195 0.12 New0 ±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR)165 0.10 New0 ±0
Blank ballots359 0.21 –0.07
Total169,109 4 ±0
Valid votes169,109 99.08 +0.32
Invalid votes1,569 0.92 –0.32
Votes cast / turnout170,678 71.51 –9.76
Abstentions68,004 28.49 +9.76
Registered voters238,682
Sources

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)64,603 38.10 n/a2 n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)56,332 33.22 n/a2 n/a
People's Alliance (AP)16,005 9.44 n/a0 n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE)13,623 8.03 n/a0 n/a
Centre-Left of Albacete (CIA)11,879 7.01 n/a0 n/a
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)4,939 2.91 n/a0 n/a
Democratic Left Front (FDI)1,698 1.00 n/a0 n/a
Blank ballots474 0.28 n/a
Total169,553 4 n/a
Valid votes169,553 98.76 n/a
Invalid votes2,137 1.24 n/a
Votes cast / turnout171,690 81.27 n/a
Abstentions39,559 18.73 n/a
Registered voters211,249
Sources

Notes and References

  1. Boletín Oficial del Estado . 305 . 21 December 2022 . es . Real Decreto 1037/2022, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2022 . 0212-033X . 178928–178933.
  2. Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política] ]. Law . 1 . es . 4 January 1977 . 27 December 2016.
  3. Constitución Española] ]. es . 29 December 1978 . 27 December 2016.
  4. Web site: Reig Pellicer . Naiara . 16 December 2015 . Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote . cafebabel.co.uk . 17 July 2017.
  5. News: Araque Conde . Pilar . 8 June 2022 . El Congreso acaba con el voto rogado: diez años de trabas burocráticas para los residentes en el extranjero . es . Público . Madrid . 31 July 2022.
  6. Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales . Royal Decree-Law . 20 . es . 18 March 1977 . 14 December 2019.
  7. Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General . Organic Law . 5 . es . 19 June 1985 . 30 January 2020.
  8. Web site: Gallagher . Michael . 30 July 2012 . Effective threshold in electoral systems . Trinity College, Dublin . https://web.archive.org/web/20170730092518/http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php . 22 July 2017. 2017-07-30 .
  9. Boletín Oficial del Estado . 209 . 1 September 2023 . es . Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla . 0212-033X . 122201–122274.
  10. Web site: Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales . es . . 15 April 2022.

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