Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi Explained

Religion:Islam
Era:Modern era
Honorific Prefix:A'la Hazrat
Imam Ahl-e-Sunnat
Ahmad Raza Khan
Birth Date:14 June 1856
Birth Place:Bareilly, North-Western Provinces, British India
Death Place:Bareilly, United Provinces, British India
Nationality:Indian
Citizenship:British Indian
Region:South Asia
Resting Place:Shrine of Ahmad Raza Khan, Uttar Pradesh, India
Denomination:Sunni
Jurisprudence:Hanafi[1]
School Tradition:Maturidi
Movement:Barelvi
Sufi Order:Qadri
Main Interests:Islamic theology, Hadith, Tafsir, Hanafi jurisprudence, Urdu poetry, Tasawwuf, Science, Philosophy, Psychology, Astronomy
Father:Naqi Ali Khan
Mother:Hussaini Khanum
Spouse:Irshad Begum
Relations:Hassan Raza Khan (Brother)
Ibrahim Raza Khan (Grandson)(Son of Hamid Raza Khan)
Akhtar Raza Khan (Great-Grandson)
Asjad Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Subhan Raza Khan (Great- Great-Grandson)
Kaif Raza Khan (Great- Great-Grandson)
Tauqeer Raza Khan (Great Great-Grandson)
Influences:Abu Hanifa
Abdul Qadir Gilani
Mu'in al-Din Chishti
Nizamuddin Auliya
Al-Suyuti
Ibn Abidin
Qadi Iyad
Influenced:The entirety of Barelvi Movement
Successor:Hamid Raza Khan

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi Qadri (14 June 1856 – October 1921), known reverentially as A'la Hazrat, was an Indian Islamic scholar and poet who is considered as the founder of the Barelvi movement and the Razvi branch of the Qadri Sufi order.

Born in Bareilly, British India, Khan wrote on law, religion, philosophy and the sciences, and because he mastered many subjects in both rational and religious sciences he has been called a polymath by Francis Robinson, a leading Western scholar of Islam in South Asia.[2]

He was a reformer who wrote extensively in defense of Muhammad and popular Sufi practices. He influenced millions of people, and today the Barelvi movement has around 200 million followers in the region. Khan is viewed as a Mujadid or reviver of Islam by Sufis.

Biography

Family background

Khan was born on 14 June 1856[3] to an Indian Muslim family in the mohallah of Jasoli in Bareilly district, North-Western Provinces, British India.

The family belonged to the Barech tribe of Pashtuns, his ancestor Saeed-ullah Khan, a warrior who accompanied Nader Shah, having migrated from Kandahar (current-day Afghanistan) to Lahore (current-day Pakistan) while the family later settled down in Bareilly.[4]

His father, Naqi Ali Khan, was an Islamic scholar.[5] [6] [7]

The name corresponding to the year of his birth was al-Mukhtar. His birth name was Muhammad.[8] Khan used the appellation "Abdul Mustafa" ("servant of the chosen one") prior to signing his name in correspondence.[9]

Teachers

According to the official Biography written by Molana Zafar Uddin Bihari, some of his famous teachers included:[10] [11]

Spiritual order

In the year 1294 A.H. (1877), at the age of 22 years, Ahmed Raza became the Mureed (disciple) of Shah Aale Rasool Marehrawi. His Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat in several Sufi Silsilas. Some Islamic scholars received permission from him to work under his guidance.[12] [13]

Ahl-e-Sunnat Revival movement

Imam Ahmed Raza wrote extensively in defense of his views, countered the Wahabism and Deobandi movements, and, by his writing and activity, became the leader of the Ahle Sunnat movement.[14] The movement is spread across the globe with followers in Pakistan, India, South Africa[15] and Bangladesh.[16] The movement now has over 200 million followers globally.[15] The movement was largely a rural phenomenon when began but is currently popular among urban, educated Pakistanis and Indians as well as the South Asian diaspora throughout the world.[17]

The efforts of Khan and his associate scholars to establish a movement to counter the Deobandi and Ahl-i Hadith movements resulted to in the institutionalization of diverse Sufi movements and their allies in various parts of the world.[18]

Jamat Raza E Mustafa

Khan founded an organization on 17 December 1920 and named it Jamat Raza E Mustafa.[19]

Death

Ahmed Raza Khan died in October 1921 (Safar 1340 AH) at the age of 65.[20] He is buried in his hometown of Bareilly.

Books

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several hundred books in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu, including the thirty-volume fatwa compilation Fatawa Razaviyya, and Kanzul Iman (Translation & Explanation of the Qur'an). Several of his books have been translated into European and South Asian languages.[21]

Kanz ul Iman (translation of the Qur'an)

Kanzul Iman (Urdu and Arabic: کنزالایمان) is a 1910 Urdu paraphrase translation of the Qur'an by Khan. It is associated with the Hanafi jurisprudence within Sunni Islam,[22] and is a widely read version of the translation in the Indian Subcontinent. It has been translated into English, Hindi, Bengali, Dutch, Turkish, Sindhi, Gujarati, and Pashto, and also recently translated into Gojri language by Mufti Nazir Ahmed Qadri.[21]

Husam ul Haramain

Husamul Haramain or Husam al Harmain Ala Munhir kufr wal mayn (The Sword of the Haramayn at the throat of unbelief and falsehood) 1906, is a treatise which declared infidels the founders of the Deobandi, Ahl-i Hadith and Ahmadiyya movements on the basis that they did not have the proper veneration of Muhammad and finality of prophethood in their writings.[23] [24] [25] In defense of his verdict he obtained confirmatory signatures from 268 scholars in South Asia, and some from scholars in Mecca and Medina. The treatise is published in Arabic, Urdu, English, Turkish and Hindi.[26]

Fatawa Razawiyyah

Fatawa-e-Razvia or the full name Al Ataya fi-Nabaviah Fatwa Razaviah (translates to Verdicts of Imam Ahmed Raza by the blessings of the Prophet) is the main fatwa (Islamic verdicts on various issues) book of his movement.[27] [28] It has been published in 30 volumes and in approx. 22,000 pages. It contains solutions to daily problems from religion to business and from war to marriage.[29] [30]

Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish

See main article: Hadaiq e Bakhshish. He wrote na'at (devotional poetry in praise of Muhammad) and always discussed him in the present tense.[31] His main book of poetry is Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish.[32]

His poems, which deal for the most part with the qualities of Muhammad, often have a simplicity and directness.[33]

His Urdu couplets, entitled Mustafa Jaane Rahmat pe Lakhon Salaam (Millions of salutations on Mustafa, the Paragon of mercy), are recited in mosques globally. They contain praise of Muhammad, his physical appearance (verses 33 to 80), his life and times, praise of his family and companions, praise of the awliya and saleheen (the saints and the pious).[34] [35]

Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya

In 1323 Hijri (1905), Ahmad Raza went for his second Haj. Allamah Shaikh Saleh Kamal a Alim of Makkatul Mukarrama, he presented five questions to Ahmad Raza on behalf of the Ulema of Makkatul Mukarrama, this question was asked by Makkatul Mukarrama Wahabi Ulema regarding Knowledge of the knowledge of Unseen (Ilm-e-Ghaib). At that time Ahmed Raza was suffering from a high fever, despite the illness he tried to answer all the questions, he answered in such detail that the answer took the form of a book, and this book was named Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya.[36]

Beliefs

Khan saw an intellectual and moral decline of Muslims in British India.[37] His movement was a mass movement, defending popular Sufism, which grew in response to the influence of the Deobandi movement in South Asia and the Wahhabi movement elsewhere.[38]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan supported Tawassul, Mawlid,[39] [40] Muhammad's awareness of complete knowledge of the unseen, and other practices which were opposed by Salafis and Deobandis.[41] [42]

In this context he supported the following beliefs:

This concept was interpreted by Shah Abdul Aziz in Tafsir Azizi in these words: The prophet is observing everybody, knows their good and bad deeds, and knows the strength of faith (Imaan) of every individual Muslim and what has hindered his spiritual progress.[46]

Raza Khan was emphatic in opposing the Shia and Hindu influences on Muslim identity. To differentiate between Muslim and infidel he categorically said:[47]

He reached judgments with regard to certain practices and faith in his book Fatawa-e-Razvia, including:[48] [49]

He wrote many books on science and physics. One of his famous books, Fauze Mubeen Dar Radde Harkate Zameen, using the Holy Qur'an as its guideline, proves that the earth is not rotating but is stationary. In the book he has discussed at length why some of the Newton's arguments are false.[50]

Religious views

Ahmadis

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the Messiah, Prophet, and Mahdi awaited by some Muslims as well as a Ummati Nabi, a subordinate prophet to Muhammad who came to restore Islam to the pristine form as practiced by Muhammad and early Sahaba.[51] [52] Khan declared Mirza Ghulam Ahmad a heretic and apostate and called him and his followers disbelievers (kuffar).[53]

Deobandis

The theological difference with the Deobandi school began when Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri objected in writing to some of the following beliefs of Deobandi scholars.

When Ahmed Raza Khan visited Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft document entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad ("The Reliable Proofs"). In this work, Ahmad Raza branded Deobandi leaders such as Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and Muhammad Qasim Nanotwi and those who followed them as kuffar. Khan collected scholarly opinions in the Hejaz and compiled them in an Arabic language compendium with the title, Hussam al Harmain ("The Sword of Two Sanctuaries"), a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese).[55] However, Deobandis claim the evidence provided to the scholars in Arabia were fabricated and that Ahmed Raza Khans takfir of them was unjust.

This work initiated a reciprocal series of fatwas between Barelvis and Deobandis lasting to the present.[55]

Shia

Ahmed Raza Khan wrote various books against the beliefs and faith of Shia Muslims and declared various practices of Shia as kufr.[56] He considered most Shiites of his day apostates because, he believed, they repudiated necessities of religion.[57]

Wahabi Movement

Ahmed Raza Khan declared Wahabis as disbelievers (kuffar) and collected many fatwas of various scholars against the Wahhabi movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who was predominant in the Arabian peninsula, just as he had done with the Ahmadis and Deobandis. Until this day, Khan's followers remain opposed to the Wahhabi and their beliefs.[58]

Permissibility of currency notes

In 1905, Khan, on the request of contemporaries from Hijaz, wrote a verdict on the permissibility of using paper as a form of currency, entitled Kifl-ul-Faqeehil fehim Fe Ahkam-e-Kirtas Drahim.[59]

Political views

Unlike other Muslim leaders in the region at the time, Khan and his movement opposed the Indian independence movement due to its leadership under Mahatma Gandhi, who was not a Muslim.[60]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan declared that India was Dar al-Islam and that Muslims enjoyed religious freedom there. According to him, those arguing the contrary merely wanted to take advantage of the provisions allowing Muslims living under the non-Muslim rule to collect interest from commercial transactions and had no desire to fight Jihad or perform Hijra.[61] Therefore, he opposed labeling British India to be Dar al-Harb ("abode of war"), which meant that waging holy war against and migrating from India were inadmissible as they would cause disaster to the community. This view of Khan's was similar to other reformers Syed Ahmed Khan and Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy.[62]

The Muslim League mobilized the Muslim masses to campaign for Pakistan,[63] and many of Khan's followers played a significant and active role in the Pakistan Movement at educational and political fronts.[12]

Legacy

Many religious schools, organizations, and research institutions teach Khan's ideas, which emphasize the primacy of Islamic law along with the adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to Muhammad.[64]

Recognition

Societal influence

Spiritual successors

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan had two sons and five daughters. His sons Hamid Raza Khan and Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri are celebrated scholars of Islam. Hamid Raza Khan was his appointed successor. After him Mustafa Raza Khan succeeded his father, who then appointed Akhtar Raza Khan as his successor. His son, Mufti Asjad Raza Khan now succeeds him as the spiritual leader.[73] He had many disciples and successors, including 30 in the Indian subcontinent and 35 elsewhere.[74] The following scholars are his notable successors:[75]

Educational influence

There are thousands of madrassas and Islamic seminaries dedicated to his school of thought across the Indian Subcontinent.

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Rahman, Tariq. "Munāẓarah Literature in Urdu: An Extra-Curricular Educational Input in Pakistan's Religious Education." Islamic Studies (2008): 197–220.
  2. Robinson, Francis (1988). Varieties of South Asian Islam. The Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations (CRER), University of Warwick. p. 8.
  3. Hayat-e-Aala Hadhrat, vol.1 p.1
  4. Book: Maheshwari . Anil . Syncretic Islam: life and times of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi . Singh . Richa . 2021 . Bloomsbury . 978-93-5435-007-8 . New Delhi . on1263343120.
  5. Book: Sanyal, Usha . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951 . Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism . 30 April 2018 . Springer Netherlands . 9789402412673 . Kassam . Zayn R. . Encyclopedia of Indian Religions . 22–24 . Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi . 10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951 . 30 April 2021 . Greenberg . Yudit Kornberg . Bagli . Jehan . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085003/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951 . 15 July 2022 . live . Springer Link.
  6. Book: Sanyal . Usha . Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism . 2018 . 978-94-024-1266-6 . Encyclopedia of Indian Religions . 22–24 . Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi . 10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951 . 28 April 2021 . https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1267-3_1951 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220222111940/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1267-3_1951 . 22 February 2022 . live.
  7. Web site: Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210626235031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095357101 . 26 June 2021 . 26 June 2021 . Oxford Reference.
  8. Ala Hadhrat by Bastawi, p. 25
  9. Man huwa Ahmed Rida by Shaja'at Ali al-Qadri, p.15
  10. Book: Bihari, Zafar'uddin . Hayat-e-Ala'hazrat . Maktaba-e-Razaviyah . Lahore . 12 . Urdu.
  11. Web site: Full text of 'The Reformer of the Muslim World By Dr. Muhammad Masood Ahmad'. archive.org. 2 August 2018 . 2020-05-08.
  12. Imam, Muhammad Hassan. (2005). The Role of the Khulafa-e-Imam Ahmed Raza Khan in the Pakistan Movement 1920–1947. Diss. Karachi: University of Karachi.
  13. Web site: Imam Raza Ahmed Khan. sunnah.org. 2 June 2020. 22 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200222231419/http://www.sunnah.org/articles/Imam_raza_ahmed_khan.htm. dead.
  14. Book: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1267-3_1951. 10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951. Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi. Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. 2018. Sanyal. Usha. 22–24. 978-94-024-1266-6. 4 June 2021. 22 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220222111940/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1267-3_1951. live.
  15. Encyclopedia: Barelvi . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions . 20 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200808064045/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095446664?rskey=cR0074&result=2&q=barelvi . 8 August 2020 . live.
  16. News: Noted Sufi heads denounce fatwa issued by Barelvis . The Times of India . 1 June 2021 . 3 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210603022816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/noted-sufi-heads-denounce-fatwa-issued-by-barelvis/articleshow/51608463.cms . live .
  17. Encyclopedia: Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah . The Oxford Dictionary of Islam . 4 September 2015 . 20 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195117/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095357101?rskey=Ih6KLH&result=3 . live .
  18. Continuity and transformation in a Naqshbandi tariqa in Britain, The changing relationship between Mazar (shrine) and dar-al-ulum(seminary) revisited Ron Geaveshttps://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/sufism-today-heritage-and-tradition-in-the-global-community/continuity-and-transformation-in-a-naqshbandi-tariqa-in-britain
  19. Web site: About Jamat Raza e Mustafa . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221025020345/https://www.jamatrazaemustafa.org/about.php?id=about-us . 25 October 2022 . 27 October 2022 . Jamat Raza -E- Mustafa.
  20. Book: Usha Sanyal . Usha Sanyal . 1996 . Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920 . Oxford University Press . 269 . 978-0-19-563699-4.
  21. Maarif Raza, Karachi, Pakistan. Vol.29, Issue 1–3, 2009, pages 108–09
  22. Book: Paula Youngman Skreslet . Rebecca Skreslet . 2006 . The Literature of Islam: A Guide to the Primary Sources in English Translation . Rowman & Littlefield . 232– . 978-0-8108-5408-6 . 10 October 2016 . 9 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221227/https://books.google.com/books?id=E2wqYq2299YC&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
  23. Book: Thomas K. Gugler. 2011. When Democracy is Not the Only Game in Town: Sectarian Conflicts in Pakistan. https://books.google.com/books?id=6w7JVOlDIokC&pg=PA282. Stig Toft Madsen. Kenneth Bo Nielsen. Uwe Skoda. Trysts with Democracy: Political Practice in South Asia. Anthem Press. 282. 978-0-85728-773-1. 18 March 2016. 9 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221228/https://books.google.com/books?id=6w7JVOlDIokC&pg=PA282#v=onepage&q&f=false. live.
  24. Book: Usha Sanyal. Usha Sanyal. 1996. Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920. Oxford University Press . 231 . 978-0-19-563699-4.
  25. Web site: The Assertion of Barelvi Extremism . Ismail Khan . 19 October 2011 . Hudson Institute . 28 July 2015 . 6 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150706092918/http://www.hudson.org/research/9848-the-assertion-of-barelvi-extremism . live .
  26. Book: Arshad Alam. 2013. The Enemy Within: Madrasa and Muslim Identity in North India. https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA124. Filippo Osella. Caroline Osella. Islamic Reform in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. 124. 978-1-107-03175-3. 18 March 2016. 9 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221109/https://books.google.com/books?id=ipU-cTz5_JYC&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q&f=false. live.
  27. Web site: Jamia Rizvia of Bareilly to be upgraded to a university. milligazette.com. 9 November 2012. 4 September 2015. 13 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181113193948/http://www.milligazette.com/news/4249-jamia-rizvia-of-bareilly-to-be-upgraded-to-a-university. live.
  28. Book: Maulana Shakir Noorie. What is Sacrifice?: Qurbani kya hai?. 10 October 2008. Sunni. 12–. GGKEY:G6T13NU1Q2T.
  29. Web site: Dargah Ala Hazrat: Fatva Razabia is encyclopedia of Fatvas. 18 December 2014. jagran. 4 September 2015. 1 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015404/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-dargah-ala-hazrat-fatva-razabia-is-encyclopedia-of-fatvas-11887041.html. live.
  30. Book: David Emmanuel Singh. Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response. 2012. Walter de Gruyter. 978-1-61451-246-2. 32.
  31. Book: Ian Richard Netton. 2013. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. 978-1-135-17960-1. 88.
  32. Web site: sharah Hadaiq e Bakhshish - Books Library - Online School - Read – Download – eBooks – Free – Learning – Education – School – College – University – Guide – Text Books – Studies. Muhammad Shahrukh. Raza. 22 November 2012. 6 September 2015. 15 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170415175129/http://bookslibrary.net/details.php?book_id=606&book=sharah-hadaiq-e-bakhshish. live.
  33. Book: Contributions to Indian Sociology. 1993. Mouton.
  34. Web site: Salaam by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan. 19 December 2007. 24 November 2016. 1 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160401115055/http://wulfrunasufiassociation.com/articles/other-authors/salaam-by-imam-ahmed-raza-khan/. live.
  35. Web site: Salaam by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan. Siddiq Osman. Noormuhammad. 24 November 2016. 24 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170424195851/http://www.iqra.net/Salaams/salaams7.html. live.
  36. Web site: Al Daulatul Makkiyah Bil Maadatil Ghaibiya . Mufti Zahid Hussain Al-Qadiri . A brief history of Al Daulatul Makkiyah Bil Maadatil Ghaibiya by Mufti Zahid Hussain Al-Qadiri . Youtube . 25 November 2016 . Noori Amjadi . 27 October 2022 . 27 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221027053031/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0L0oadr2TU&gl=US&hl=en . live .
  37. Book: Marshall Cavendish Reference. Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. 2011. Marshall Cavendish. 978-0-7614-7929-1. 113.
  38. Book: Francis Robinson. Francis Robinson. 2002. Perso-Islamic culture in India. https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PA131. Robert L. Canfield. Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. 131. 978-0-521-52291-5.
  39. Web site: Alahazrat as a Mujaddid . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240201110357/https://alahazrat.net/personalities/alahazrat-imam-ahmed-raza-khan-personalities/alahazrat-as-a-mujaddid/ . 1 February 2024 . 1 February 2024.
  40. Anil Maheshwari, Syncretic Islam: Life and Times of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi, Bloombury, 2021
  41. Book: Abdulkader Tayob. Inga Niehaus. Wolfram Weisse. Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa. 19 April 2024 . Waxmann Verlag. 978-3-8309-7554-0. 64.
  42. Book: Abdulkader Tayob. Inga Niehaus. Wolfram Weisse. Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa. 19 April 2024 . Waxmann Verlag. 978-3-8309-7554-0. 76.
  43. Tariq Rahman . Tariq Rahman . Images of the 'Other' in Pakistani Textbooks . Pakistan Perspectives . July–December 2002 . 7 . 2 . 46 . 18 March 2023 . 8 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408001001/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYfwAAAAIAAJ&q=Barlevi%20nur%20bashar . live .
  44. Book: Akbar S. Ahmed . Akbar S. Ahmed . 1999 . First published 1993 . Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World . I.B. Tauris Publishers . 118, 174 . 978-1-86064-257-9.
  45. Book: N. C. Asthana . A.Nirmal . 2009 . Urban Terrorism : Myths And Realities . Pointer Publishers . 67 . 978-81-7132-598-6 . 10 October 2016 . 9 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221124/https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
  46. Web site: The Prophet is Hazir o Nazir. Mufti Abubaker Siddiq Ash-Shazli Sahab. 29 June 2013. Kanzul Islam. 2 June 2020. 1 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210301152920/http://www.kanzulislam.com/various-fatwa/mufti-abubaker-siddiq/english-fatwa/the-prophet-is-hazir-o-nazir/. dead.
  47. Book: Jalal, Ayesha . Partisans of Allah : Jihad in South Asia . Harvard University Press . 2008 . 1 . 146 . 9780674028012 . English . 26 August 2023 . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216082724/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xv-HUeCGxG0C . live .
  48. Book: Yoginder Sikand. 2005. Bastions of The Believers: Madrasas and Islamic Education in India. Penguin Books Limited. 978-93-5214-106-7. 73. 10 October 2016. 9 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221229/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtkvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT73#v=onepage&q&f=false. live.
  49. Book: Sita Ram Sharma. Politics and government of communalism. 1998. APH Publishing Corporation. 978-81-7024-933-7.
  50. Web site: Fauz-e-Mobeen : Internet Archive . 10 May 2024 .
  51. Web site: My Claim to Promised Messiahship – The Review of Religions. reviewofreligions.org. January 2009. 9 February 2015. 21 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151021230235/http://reviewofreligions.org/1599/my%E2%80%88claim-to-promised-messiahship/. live.
  52. Book: Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. 2018. Elucidation of Objectives: English Translation of Taudih-e-Maram : a Treatise. Islam International. 978-1-85372-742-9. 9 February 2024. 9 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221129/https://books.google.com/books?id=9UNvF3JcnK0C. live.
  53. Aziz, Zahid. (2008). A survey of the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement: history, beliefs, aims and work . Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam (AAIIL), UK. p. 43, .
  54. Book: Ingram Brannon D.. 2018. Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam. University of California Press. 7, 64, 100, 241. 978-0-520-29800-2. 14 June 2020. 9 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240209221203/https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ&q=Imkan-i+Kizb#v=snippet&q=Imkan-i%20Kizb&f=false. live.
    • Siraj Khan, Blasphemy against the Prophet, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture (Editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker),, pp. 59–67 *R Ibrahim (2013), Crucified Again,, pp. 100–101
  56. Book: Sampark: Journal of Global Understanding. 2004. Sampark Literary Services. 10 October 2016. 9 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240209222245/https://books.google.com/books?id=tixuAAAAMAAJ. live.
  57. Fatawa-e-Razavia, Fatwa on Sunni marriage with shia, Book of Marriage; vol.11/pg345, Lahore edition
  58. Web site: Kafirs . https://web.archive.org/web/20180820113208/https://mujarabamliyat.com/ . 20 August 2018 . dead . 28 July 2015.
  59. Web site: Phamphlet on Currency . dawateislami.net . https://web.archive.org/web/20160404015214/http://www.dawateislami.net/bookslibrary/353. 4 April 2016. dead.
  60. R. Upadhyay, Barelvis and Deobandis: "Birds of the Same Feather" . Eurasia Review, courtesy of the South Asia Analysis Group. 28 January 2011.
  61. Book: Ayesha Jalal. Ayesha Jalal. 2009. Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Harvard University Press. 146. 978-0-674-03907-0.
  62. Book: M. Naeem Qureshi. Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924. 1999. BRILL. 90-04-11371-1. 179. 10 October 2016. 9 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240209222302/https://books.google.com/books?id=czKYZPyoyx0C&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false. live.
  63. Book: Ingvar Svanberg. David Westerlund. 2012. Islam Outside the Arab World. Routledge. 220. 978-1-136-11322-2.
  64. Usha Sanyal. Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century . Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press
  65. Web site: Shaykh Yaqoubi Advocates Imam Ahmed Raza as a Mujaddid from Indian Subcontinent !!!!. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/b92u3Rh7oUc. 2021-12-12 . Sunni Talk. Takbeer TV. 21 June 2010. 19 August 2011.
  66. Arafat, 1970, Lahore.
  67. Weekly Uffaq News Paper, Karachi. 22–28 January 1979.
  68. Web site: Assunnah Trust . Aala Hazrat - An Adept Mathematician, Scientist and Economist . Scribd . 28 August 2022 . 28 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220828105231/https://www.scribd.com/document/479858249/Aala-Hazrat-An-Adept-Mathematician-Scientist-and-Economist . live .
  69. Book: Zafar-ud-din . Hayat e Ala Hazrat . Kashmir International Publishers . 2nd . 265–272 . Urdu.
  70. Razavi. June 2020. Anjuman Tehreek e AhleSunnat. Anwar e Qadriya.
  71. Web site: Ala Hazrat Express/14312 Live Running Train Status. runningstatus.in. 28 July 2015. 9 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151109034527/http://runningstatus.in/status/14312. live.
  72. http://postagestamps.gov.in/CommemorativePostageStamps.aspx Commemorative Stamps, India
  73. News: Mufti Asjad Raza conferred with 'Qadi Al-Qudaat' title Bareilly News. The Times of India. 20 April 2019. 14 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230814112300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/mufti-asjad-raza-conferred-with-qadi-al-qudaat-title/articleshow/68677678.cms. live.
  74. Shah Ahmed Rida Khan – The "Neglected Genius of the East" by Professor Muhammad Ma'sud Ahmad M.A. P.H.D. – Courtesy of "The Muslim Digest", May/June 1985, pp. 223–230
  75. Sanyal, Usha (1998)
  76. Web site: 19th Jumada al-Aakhir Allamah Zafar al-Din Bihari (Alayhir Rahmah). www.ahlesunnat.net. 23 April 2021. 23 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210423060807/http://www.ahlesunnat.net/media-library/downloads/regularupdates/zafaraldin.htm. live.
  77. Web site: Ashrafiya Islamic Foundation. Ashrafiya Islamic Foundation. 23 April 2021. 15 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220115180930/https://ashrafiya.webs.com/. dead.
  78. Web site: Hazrat Allama Hashmat Ali Khan Rizvi. 2021-05-17. www.ziaetaiba.com. 14 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200814172012/https://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/scholar/hazrat-allama-hashmat-ali-khan-rizvi. dead.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.