Al-Mughayyir, Ramallah Explained

al-Mughayyir
Translit Lang1:Arabic
Translit Lang1 Type:Arabic
Translit Lang1 Info:المغيّر
Type:Municipality type D (Village council)
Pushpin Map:Palestine
Pushpin Map Caption:Location of al-Mughayyir within Palestine
Coordinates:32.0194°N 35.3461°W
Grid Name:Palestine grid
Grid Position:183/158
Subdivision Type:State
Subdivision Name:State of Palestine
Subdivision Type1:Governorate
Subdivision Name1:Ramallah and al-Bireh
Established Title:Founded
Unit Pref:dunam
Population Footnotes:[1]
Population Total:2872
Population As Of:2017
Population Density Km2:auto
Blank Name Sec1:Name meaning
Blank Info Sec1:The caves[2]

al-Mughayyir (Arabic: المغيّر) is a Palestinian village in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located 27 kilometers Northeast of Ramallah and 34 kilometers Southeast of Nablus, in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the village had a population of 2,872 inhabitants in 2017.

Location

Al Mughayyir is located 18.6km (11.6miles) north-east of Ramallah. It is bordered by Fasayil to the east, Turmus'ayya and Khirbet Abu Falah to the west, Duma and Jalud to the north, and Kafr Malik and al-Auja to the south.[3]

History

The PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) found here "ancient cisterns, and a rock-cut winepress near the village, which is well built of hewn stone."[4]

Potsherds from the Byzantine/Umayyad and Mamluk eras have been found here.[5]

Ottoman period

In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine, appearing in the 1596 tax-records as Mugayyir, located in the Nahiya of Jabal Qubal, part of Nablus Sanjak. The population was 7 households and 9 bachelors, all Muslim. They paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 4500 akçe.[6] Potsherds from the early Ottoman era have also been found here.[5]

In 1838 Edward Robinson noted al-Mughayyir was located in the Beitawy district, east of Nablus,[7] while in 1852, he described the village as being of "considerable size", and built of hewn stones. He further noted that the villagers were "quite civil, and readily answered all our inquiries."[8]

In 1870 Victor Guérin found it largely deserted by its inhabitants, for lack of drinking water. He especially noticed a small mosque, which had a number of regularly cut stones that seem ancient. There were also several caves, dug in rock, that also seemed old.[9] In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as "a small village of stone houses, on a ridge, with olives to the west, and beautiful corn-land in the Merj Sia. There is also corn-land on the north."[10]

British Mandate period

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, al-Mughayyir had a population of 179, all Muslims,[11] increasing in the 1931 census when the village had a population of 204, still all Muslims, in a total of 41 houses.[12]

In the 1945 statistics, al-Mughayyir (including Khirbat Jib'it) had a population of 290 Muslims,[13] with total of 33,903 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[14] Of this, 361 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 6,908 used for cereals,[15] while 34 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[16]

Jordanian period

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, al-Mughayyir came under Jordanian rule.

The Jordanian census of 1961 found 365 inhabitants.[17]

1967-present

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, al-Mughayyir has been under Israeli occupation.

Impact of the Israeli occupation

According to the Oslo II Interim Agreement signed between the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and Israel in September 1995, al-Mughayyir village was divided into politically classified area 'B' and area 'C'. Approximately 1,934 dunums (5.9% of the village's total area) is classified as area B, where the Palestinian National Authority has control over civil matters and Israel continues to have overriding responsibility for security. Area B constitutes most of all inhabited Palestinian areas, including municipalities, villages and some refugee camps. The majority of the village's population resides in Area B which forms a small part compared to the village's total area. The rest of the village's area, constituting 31,121 dunums (94.1% of the total area) is classified as Area C, where Israel retains full control over security and administration related to the territory. In Area C, Palestinian building and land management is prohibited except through consent or authorization by the Israeli Civil Administration. Most of the lands lying within Area C are agricultural areas and open spaces, in addition to Israeli military camps.[18] According to villagers 75% of its land has been confiscated for Israeli settlements, military bases and natural reserves.[19]

On 12 November 2014, the al-Mughayyir mosque was damaged extensively when it was torched, reportedly by settlers in what was believed to be a price-tag attack.[20] According to Haaretz journalist Chaim Levinson, it was the tenth such mosque subject to arson in Israel and the West Bank since June 2011, and no investigation has ever led to an indictment.[21]

On the November 25, 2018, another price tag attack left eight cars damaged, and graffiti stating "Death to the Arabs", "Revenge", and "Price Tag".

2019 death

On January 26, 2019, 38-year-old local resident Hamdy Taleb Na'asan was shot in the back and killed, and 10 other Palestinians were wounded. The Israeli army believed that Israeli settlers from Adei Ad had fired the shots. The head of the al-Mughayyir village council told Haaretz: "We're not entirely sure who was hit by military fire and who was hit by settler (shooting), but there undoubtedly are some hit by the settlers, who had attacked the houses unprovoked."[22] The Israeli settlers gave conflicting stories about how the disturbances started, but ended by telling that according to an Israeli hiker, claiming to stabbed, the altercation began some 200 meters from Adei Ad when three Arabs ambushed him and attempted to drag him to the village. The Israeli army expressed "doubts" that the teen was stabbed, while the Aa-Mughayyir villagers flatly denied it, and Yesh Din also said the settlers initiated the disturbances.[23] [24] [25]

2020 death

In December 2020, Ali Ayman Abu Aliya, 13 years old, was killed during protests at the village against "the construction of a Jewish settlement in the occupied West Bank". Abu Aliya was hit in the abdomen during clashes with the Israeli army, where the army had used 0.22-inch calibre Ruger ammunition. The UN Middle East envoy, Nickolay Mladenov, described the killing as "shocking and unacceptable".[26] According to the DCIP; "Ali did not present any threat to Israeli forces at the time he was killed".[27] [28]

Tree wars

According to The Economist in October 2009, 200 olive trees belonging to villagers from al-Mughayyir were felled by settlers from the illegal settler outpost at Adei Ad, near Shvut Rachel. October is harvest time for olives and is often a time of "tension between Palestinian farmers and Jewish settlers", and The Economist tied the destruction of trees to the settlers' 'price tag policy.

In her 2009 publication entitled Tree Flags, legal scholar and ethnographer Irus Braverman describes how Palestinians identify olive groves as an emblem or symbol of their longtime, steadfast agricultural connection (tsumud) to the land.[29] [30] [31]

"More than 80,000 Palestinian farmers derive a substantial portion of their annual income from olives. Harvesting the fruit, pressing the oil, selling and sharing the produce is a ritual of life."[32]

In January 2019, twenty-five 35-year-old olive trees were cut down by vandals who left vehicle tracks leading to the nearby Israeli outpost of Mevo Shiloh, but no disciplinary action was taken by Israeli authorities.[33]

April 2024 settler rampage

On April 12, during the April 2024 Israeli settler rampages following the Killing of Benjamin Achimeir, settlers surrounded the village and about 500 of them (according to the head of the village council) broke into it, burning houses and vehicles, including a fire engine that was called to deal with the fires, and attacking residents with shots and stones.[34] A resident of the village, 26-year-old Jihad Abu Alia was killed and 25 residents were injured in the attack.[35] According to eyewitnesses, military forces arrived at the scene but did not try to stop the attack. The next day the village was attacked again and three of its residents were injured, one of them seriously[36]

Families

Principal families in the village include Na'san, Abu Aliya, al-Hajj Muhammad, Abu Na'im, and Abu Assaf.

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. February 2018 . Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 . Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) . . 64–82 . 2023-10-24.
  2. Palmer, 1881, p. 258
  3. http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Al%20Mughayyir_vp_en.pdf Al Mughayyir Village Profile
  4. Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 402
  5. Finkelstein et al, 1997, pp. 750-1
  6. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 132
  7. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 128
  8. Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. 292
  9. Guérin, 1875, pp. 17 -18
  10. Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 387
  11. Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Nablus. p. 25
  12. Mills, 1932, p. 63
  13. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 19
  14. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 60
  15. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 107
  16. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 157
  17. Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 26
  18. Web site: ARIJ town profile. Vprofile.arij.org . 2013-11-14.
  19. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=739391 'Israeli settlers torch mosque in Ramallah-area village,'
  20. http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_protection_of_civilians_weekly_report_2014_11_22_english.pdf 'Protection of Civilians: 11– 17 NOVEMBER 2014,'
  21. Chaim Levinson, 'Ten torched mosques, zero indictments,' Haaretz 13 November 2014
  22. https://archive.today/20190126233937/https://www.haaretz.com/misc/article-print-page/.premium-one-palestinian-said-killed-5-wounded-in-clashes-with-idf-settlers-near-ramallah-1.6873968 Palestinian shot dead by settler in West Bank clashes, IDF officials believe
  23. https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Palestinians-IDF-clash-in-second-day-of-violence-near-al-Mughayer-578866 Palestinians, IDF clash in second day of violence near al-Mughayer
  24. https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/One-Palestinian-killed-by-Israeli-settlers-fire-during-altercations-578741 Palestinian killed in violent altercation with settlers over Shabbat
  25. https://www.haaretz.com/misc/article-print-page/.premium-no-settlers-questioned-after-palestinian-shot-dead-in-the-west-bank-1.6876978 No settlers questioned after Palestinian shot dead in the West Bank
  26. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/07/israel-launches-investigation-into-shooting-of-palestinian-child Israel to investigate shooting of Palestinian child
  27. https://www.dci-palestine.org/israeli_forces_shoot_kill_16_year_old_palestinian_boy Israeli forces shoot, kill 16-year-old Palestinian boy
  28. https://www.dci-palestine.org/israeli_forces_shoot_and_kill_15_year_old_palestinian_boy Israeli forces shoot and kill 15-year-old Palestinian boy
  29. Planted Flags: Trees, Land, and Law in Israel/Palestine . 23 January 2015 . Yale Agrarian Studies Colloquium . Buffalo, New York . 54 . 28 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130131223002/http://www.yale.edu/agrarianstudies/colloqpapers/13braverman.pdf . 2013-01-31 . dead .
  30. News: The deep roots of the Palestine-Israel conflict: Palestinians have tended olive groves for decades, but Israelis are staking a claim by planting their own trees . 23 January 2015 . Bethan . Staton . 21 January 2015 . Israel/Palestine .
  31. Book: Braverman, Irus . 2009 . Planted Flags: Trees, Land, and Law in Israel/Palestine . Cambridge University Press . 978-0521760027 .
  32. News: In West Bank, Palestinians gird for settler attacks on olive trees . 23 January 2015 . William . Booth . 22 October 2014 . Kfar Yassug, West Bank.
  33. https://www.haaretz.com/misc/article-print-page/.premium-the-sadists-who-destroyed-a-decades-old-palestinian-olive-grove-can-rest-easy-1.6870077 The sadists who destroyed a decades-old Palestinian olive grove can rest easy
  34. Web site: الاحتلال يقتحم قرية المغير شمال شرق رام الله . Wafa.
  35. Web site: Laurence . Peter . West Bank: Palestinian man killed after Israeli boy goes missing . BBC.
  36. Web site: Nasser . Nasser . West Bank sees biggest settler rampage since war in Gaza began as Israeli teen’s body is found . AP.