Al-Ma'muni Explained

ʿAbū Ṭālib ʿAbd al-Salām ibn al-Ḥasan al-Maʾmūnī (Arabic: ابو طالب المأموني; after 953 CE in Baghdad – 993) was an Arab poet, noted for his epigrammatic writing.[1]

Life

Al-Maʾmūnī's name indicates that he was descended from the caliph al-Maʾmūn. Though born in Baghdād, he soon moved to Rayy, where he studied with Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād; falling out with some of Ibn ʿAbbād's circle, he moved to Nīshāpūr, joining the court of Abu ’l-Ḥusayn al-ʿUtbī and his successor Abū Naṣr in Bukhārā through the patronage of Ibn Sīmjūr, a Sāmānid commander. There he met al-Tha'ālibī, who was later to write a biography and record the lion's share of al-Maʾmūnī's surviving verse. Although al-Tha'ālibī reports that al-Maʾmūnī aspired to win (or regain?) the ʿAbbāsid caliphate, this clearly never transpired, and he died of hydropsy in 383/993.

Works

While he wrote in other forms, al-Maʾmūnī's oeuvre is most noted for its short, ekphrastic epigrams, showing Persian influence and characteristic of the Perso-Arabic literary concept of waṣf ('description') on themes such as buildings, utensils (for example, writing implements, scissors, baskets), fruits, and foods. The following, 'fī al-tannūr' ('on a baking oven') is an example (albeit attested only in one manuscript):[2] (Here the conceit is that an unbaked piece of bread looks like the moon, and when baked it is like the sun.)

Another example is this five-line verse in three-foot rajaz lines:

Epigram topics

Epigram topics (according to 1983 Beirut edition)!first page!topic (Arabic)!topic (transliterated)!topic (translation)!metre!number (Bürgel translation)!topic (Bürgel)
iv 195المنارةlighthouseṭawīl
iv 196الْكُرْسِيّal-kursīchairmujtathth1Auf den Thronstuhl
iv 196الْكُرْسِيّal-kursīchairmutaqārib2/3Auf den Thronstuhl
iv 196طست الشمعṭast al-shamʿcandleholderkāmil4Auf den Kerzenhalter
iv 197طست الشمعṭast al-shamʿcandleholderṭawīl5Auf den Kerzenhalter
iv 197النَّارal-narfiresarīʿ23Auf das Feuer
iv 197الْحمامal-ḥammāmbathṭawīl35Auf das Bad
iv 197السطل والكرنيبal-saṭl wa-l-kirnībbucket and basinrajaz6Auf den Schöpfeimer und das Waschbecken
iv 198حجر الْحمامḥajar al-ḥammāmstone of the bathsarīʿ18Auf den "Badestein"
iv 198الليفal-līfpalm-fibrerajaz19Auf die Palmfasern
iv 198المنشفةal-minshafatowelmunsariḥ20Auf das Taschentuch
iv 198الزنبيلal-zanbīlpalm-fibre basketwāfir7Auf den Palmfaserkorb
iv 199كوز أَخْضَر محرقkūz akhḍar muḥarraqburnt, green jugkāmil8Auf einen grünen gebrannten Krug
iv 199الشرابيةal-sharābīyawine-jug stand (?)sarīʿ9Auf den Weinkrugständer
iv 199الجليدal-jalīdicebasīṭ39Auf das Eis
iv 199مَاء بجليدmāʾ bi-jalīdwater with icerajaz40Auf Wasser mit Eis
iv 199جلابkaʾs jullābcup of jallabrajaz41Auf einen Becher Rosenwassers
iv 200جلابkaʾs jullābcup of jallabṭawīl42Auf einen Becher Rosenwassers
iv 200السكنجبينsakanjabīnsekanjabinṭawīl43Auf das Oxymel (Sauerhonig)
iv 200الفقاعةal-fuqqāʿabarley-water (foam-bubble)munsariḥ44Auf den Gerstensaft
iv 200الفقاعةal-fuqqāʿabarley-water (foam-bubble)rajaz45Auf den Gerstensaft
iv 201الأترج المربىal-utrujj al-murabbācitron marmaladerajaz46Auf das Orangengelee
iv 202الإهليج المربيal-ihlīlaj al-murabbāon jellied myrobalanssarīʿ47Auf gelierte Myrobolanen
iv 202الترنجبينal-taranjubīnmannarajaz48Auf das Manna
iv 202برنية زجاجglass globesṭawīl
iv 202برنية زجاجglass globesmujtathth
iv 203كعاب الغزال فِي برنية زجاجkiʿāb al-ghazāl fī barniyyat zujājgazelle ankles in a glass jugbasīṭ51Auf die "Gazellenknõchel" in einer Glasschale
iv 203كعاب الغزال فِي برنية زجاجkiʿāb al-ghazāl fī barniyyat zujājgazelle ankles in a glass jugṭawīl52Auf die "Gazellenknõchel" in einer Glasschale
iv 203كعاب الغزال فِي برنية زجاجkiʿāb al-ghazāl fī barniyyat zujājgazelle ankles in a glass jugṭawīl53Auf die "Gazellenknõchel" in einer Glasschale
iv 203بَنَادِق القند الخزائني فِي برنية زجاجbanādiq al-qand al-khazāʾinī fī barniyyat zujāj? in a glass jugbasīṭ54Auf Bolzen von Speicherkandis in einer Glasschale
iv 203أعمدة القند الخزائنaʿmidat al-qand alkhazāʾinīsticks of candied sugarhazaj55Auf Stäbchen von Speicherkandis
iv 204اللوز الرطبal-lawz al-raṭbfresh almondsṭawīl56Auf die "feuchten" Mandeln
iv 204اللوز الْيَابِسal-lawz al-yābisdried almondsbasīṭ57Auf die trockenen Mandeln
iv 204الْجَوْز الرطبal-jawz al-raṭbfresh nutskāmil58Auf die "feuchten" Nüsse
iv 204الزَّبِيب الطَّائِفِيal-zabīb al-ṭāʾifīraisins of the ṭāʾifī typemunsariḥ59Auf die ṭāʾifischen Rosinen
iv 204[القشمش][al-qishmish]currants or currant-juicerajaz60.Auf die Korinthen bzw. Korinthensaft
iv 205الْعنَّابal-ʿunnābjujubemujtathth61Auf die Brustbeeren
iv 205الباقلاء الْأَخْضَal-bāqilāʾ al-akhḍargreen broad beansrajaz62Auf die grünen Saubohnen
iv 205الباقلاء المنبوتal-bāqilāʾ al-manbūtgerminating broad beanssarīʿ63Auf die keimenden Saubohnen
iv 205الْبِطِّيخal-biṭṭīkhmelonṭawīl64Auf die Melone
iv 206الْبِطِّيخ الْهِنْدِيّal-biṭṭīkh al-hindīIndian melonṭawīl65Auf die indische Melone
iv 206الكمثرىal-kum(m)athrāpearwāfir66Auf die Birne
iv 206رمانةrummānapomegranatesarīʿ67Auf einen Granatapfel
iv 206[الإناء][al-ināʾ]jarkāmil68Auf ein Gefäß
iv 207الْملح المطيبal-milḥ al-muṭayyabspiced saltsarīʿ69Auf das gewürzte Salz
iv 207خبز الأبازيرal-khubz al-abāzīrspiced breadsarīʿ71Auf das Gewürzbrot
iv 207الرقَاقal-ruqāqflatbreadsarīʿAuf das Fladenbrot
iv 207الرقَاقal-ruqāqflatbreadmutaqārib72Auf das Fladenbrot
iv 208الْجُبْن وَالزَّيْتُونal-jubn wa-l-zaitūnwhite cheese and olivesṭawīl73Auf den Weißkäse und die Oliven
iv 208البوراني والبطيخal-būrānī wa-l-biṭṭīkhborani and melonṭawīl74Auf "Būrānī" und Melonen
iv 209العجةal-ʿujjaomelettemunsariḥ75Auf die Omelette
iv 209الجوذابةal-jūdhābagrain pudding baked under dripping meatrajaz76Auf das Reisfleisch
iv 209الشواء السوقيal-shiwāʾ al-sūqīgrill in the marketṭawīl77Auf das "Basargebratene"
iv 209سَمَكَة مشويةsamaka mashwiyyagrilled fishsarīʿ78Auf einen gebratenen Fisch
iv 209سَمَكَة مشويةsamaka mashwiyyagrilled fishsarīʿ79Auf einen gebratenen Fisch
iv 210السفودal-saffūdskewersṭawīl80Auf den Bratspieß
iv 210الهريسةal-harīsaharissamunsariḥ81Auf die Harīsa (Fleisch und Weizengrütze)
iv 210مَاء الْخَرْدَلmāʾ al-khardalmustard waterkhafīf82Auf den Senf
iv 210الْبيض المفلقal-baiḍ al-mufallaqbroken eggs (but the correct subject is a mixed dish)rajaz83Auf ein Mischgericht
iv 211الْبيض المفلقal-baiḍ al-mufallaqbroken eggsrajaz84Auf "gespaltene" Eier
iv 211أَقْرَاص السّحُورaqrāṣ al-saḥūrloaves at suhurrajaz85Auf die Fladen des Fastenbrotes
iv 211اللوزينج الْيَابِسa-lawzīna al-yābisjdry nougatṭawīl86Auf den "trockenen" Nougat
iv 211اللوزينج الْفَارِسِa-lawzīna al-fārisīPersian nougatṭawīl87Auf den persischen Nougat
iv 211الخبيصal-khabīṣkhabeessarīʿ88Auf al-Khabiṣ (eine Dattelspeise)
iv 212الفالوزج الْمَعْقُودal-fālūzaj al-maʿqūdsweet based on flour, water and honeysarīʿ89Auf das gelierte Fālūzaj (eine Mandelspeise)
iv 212مشاش الْخَلِيفَةmushāsh al-khalīfathe caliphateṭawīl90Auf das "Kalifenmark"
iv 212أَصَابِع زَيْنَبaṣābiʿ ZainabZaynab's fingerṭawīl91Auf die "Finger der Zainab"
iv 212أَصَابِع زَيْنَبaṣābiʿ ZainabZaynab's fingerṭawīl92Auf die "Finger der Zainab"
iv 212عدَّة من المطعومات??khafīf93Auf die Diät
iv 213الْمَدِينَةal-mudyaslaughter-knifesarīʿ94Auf das Schlachtmesser
iv 213مجمع الأشنان بِمَا فِيهِ من المحلب والخلالmajmaʿ al-ushnān bi-mā fīhi min al-maḥlab wa-l-klilālOn the pot of the potash with its ingredients sour cherry and "sweet herbs"mujtathth95Auf das Sammelgefäß der Pottasche mit ihren Ingredienzien Weichselkirsche und "süßen Kräutern". Oder: Auf das Sammelgefäß der Pottasche samt dem, was dazu gehört an [Zahnstochern aus] Weichselkirsche und Speiseresten (d. h., was zwischen den Zähnen hængenbleibt).
iv 214طين الْأكلedible claysarīʿ
iv 214الْجَمْر والمدخنةal-jamr wa-l-midkhanaembers in chimneymutaqārib24Auf die Glut und den Rauchfang
iv 214جمر خبا بعد اشتعالهjamrin khabā baʿda shtiʿālihiembers extinguished after burningkhafīf25Auf Glut, die verlöschte, nachdem sie aufgeflammt
iv 214الْبردal-baradhailṭawīl26Auf den Hagel
iv 214التدرجal-tadrujpheasantkhafīf97Auf den Fasan
iv 215المحبرةal-miḥbarainkwellrajaz13Auf das Tintenfaß
iv 215المقلمة والأقلامal-miqlama wa-l-aqlāmpens and pen-boxṭawīl14Auf das Federkästchen und die Federn
iv 215السكين المذنبal-sikkīn al-mudhannabpen-knifewāfir15Auf das Federmesser
iv 216المقطal-miqaṭṭcutterṭawīl16Auf den "Spitzer"
iv 216المحراك وَهُوَ الملتاقal-miḥrāk wa-huwa al-milyāqpokerrajaz17Auf den "Schürer"
iv 216الاصطرلابal-asṭurlābastrolabekhafīf27Auf das Astrolab
iv 216الاصطرلابal-asṭurlābastrolabesarīʿ28Auf das Astrolab
iv 216المقراضal-miqrāḍscissorsrajaz10Auf die Schere
iv 217مشطي عاج وآبنوسmushṭai ʿāj wa-ābunūstwo combs, one of ivory and one of ebonybasīṭ21Auf zwei Kämme, einen aus Elfenbein und einen aus Abenholz
iv 217المنقاشal-minqāshchiselsarīʿ22Auf den "Meißel"
iv 217الزربطانةal-zarbaṭānablowpipeṭawīl29Auf das Blasrohr
iv 217القفصal-qafaṣcagehajaz30Auf den Käfig
iv 218قَارُورَة المَاءqārūrat al-māʾflask of waterrajaz31Auf die "Wasserflasche"
iv 218اللبدal-libdwool matmutaqārib11Auf die Wollmatte
iv 218قضيب الفولqaḍīb al-fūluncertain: literally 'bean-pole'munsariḥ32(?) Wörtlich "Bohnenrohr"
Epigrams included by Bürgel but not in the Beirut edition:

Style

Al-Maʾmūnī's style is a good example of the general tendencies of Arabic poetry of the 4th/10th centuries, which, like the New Persian poetry that was emerging at the same time, tended towards florid and sophisticated forms resembling later European mannerism; no verse was complete without incorporating some conceit (Persian nukte). Thus al-Maʾmūnī uses ostentatiously artful language and unusual words, sometimes creating a purposefully comical contrast between the banality of the content and the pathos of the expression. In Bürgel's estimation, al-Maʾmūnī's language is sometimes rather strained, as in epigram 45 (in Bürgel's numbering, on barley-water), but at other times manages to sound both natural and fresh, as in epigram 7 (on a palm-fibre basket). Though not much inclined to use hyperbole or the device of repeating the same word in different meaning, al-Maʾmūnī is fond of word-play and sound-play, making extensive use of assonance and alliteration. He often deploys antithesis, ranging from simple opposites such as standing and sitting (e.g. poems 1, 2, 3, 94), black and white (e.g. 73), or gold and silver (76, 78, 83, 84) to complex forms (and, in 11 and 18, joking pseudo-antitheses).

Metaphor is central to al-Maʾmūnī's epigrams, which often have a riddlic quality: while in some poems, the subject is named explicitly at the outset, others start with the metaphor, challenging the audience to guess the subject matter before being explicit. While all his descriptions are short and pointed and characterised by fantastical metaphors, each poem almost always contains one or more lines that make a literal statement about the subject, for example that the throne has iron posts and a leather cover (epigram 1), that the bucket is made in Damascus and that its handle creaks (6), or that there are brown and white feathers in the pen box (14).

Personification of inanimate objects is a key technique, sometimes achieved using the terms dhū/dhāt ('owner'), and ibn/ibna ('son/daughter'). Al-Maʾmūnī values harmonious choices of metaphors in his epigrams, for example using only tree-based metaphors in poem 4, and uses a rich array of linguistic techniques to express his comparisons: the usual particles ka kaʾanna, kaʾannamā, mithl and li; verbs from the roots sh-b-h (form IV) and ḥ-k-y (forms I and III); first-person verbs reflecting his personal perspective such as khaltu, ḥasibtu, raʾaitu, taʾammaltu; and direct "A = B" juxtaposition of his comparisons without particles. Al-Maʾmūnī's favoured form of metonymy is synecdoche, especially via adjectives, which also contributes to the riddlic character of the verse. He makes extensive use of the technique that the Persian critic of Arabic literature al-Jurjānī called tafṣīl ('going into details'), whereby a natural unity is dissolved into a fantastic multiplicity: for example, epigram 64, on the melon, says that "Arabic: لَهَا حلَّة من جلّنار وسوسن * مغمَّدة بالآس غِبَّ غمام" ('she has a garment made of pomegranate flowers and lilies, covered with myrtles after rain'). Much more rarely, he uses the opposite device of presenting a multiplicity as a whole (as in epigram 73, on white cheese and olives). Like riddles, al-Maʾmūnī's epigrams frequently deploy comparison through subtraction: thus the candle-holder (epigram 4) is "Arabic: وحديقةٍتهتزُّ فيها دَوْحَةٌ * لم يُنْمِها تُرَبٌ وﻻ أمطار" ('like a garden in which a large tree trembles which neither earth nor rain enabled to grow').

Primary sources

The main source for al-Maʾmūnī and his work is the Kitāb Yatīmat al-dahr fī mahāsin ahl al-ʿasṛ by Abū Manṣūr al-Thaʿālibī (who had met al-Maʾmūnī and had access to at least some of his verse in manuscript):

Some verses appear elsewhere, including the Nihāyat al-arab by al-Nuwayri and the Asrār al-balāgha by al-Jurjānī.

Other editions and translations

Notes and References

  1. Bürgel, J.C., 'al-Maʾmūnī', in Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. by P. Bearman and others, 2nd edn, 12 vols (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2005), .
  2. Wolfhart Heinrichs, review of Johann Christoph Bürgel, Die ekphrastischen Epigramme des Abū Talib al-Ma'mūnī: literaturkundliche Studie über einen arabischen Conceptisten, Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch-Historische Klasse, 14 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965), Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 121 (1971), 166-90 (p. 177).