| al-Bara' ibn Malik البراء بن مالك | |
| Honorific Suffix: | al-Ansari |
| Birth Place: | Medina, Hejaz, Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia) |
| Death Date: | 641/642 |
| Death Place: | Shushtar, Khuzestan, Iran |
| Burial Place: | Khuzestan |
| Other Names: | Ibn Malik |
| Known For: |
|
| Relatives: | Anas ibn Malik (brother) Zaid ibn Malik (brother) Abdullah ibn Abi Talha (step-brother) Abu Talha al-Ansari (step-father) |
| Family: |
|
Al-Barāʾ ibn Mālik al-Anṣārī (Arabic: البراء بن مالك الأنصاري; died) was one of the Sahaba (companions of Muhammad), an Ansar belonging to the Banū al-Najjār branch of the Banu Khazraj. He was the brother of Anas ibn Malik.
He died around 641-642 of wounds he received during his siege in Shushtar against the Sasanian Empire.
Al-Bara' was from Banu Ghanm clan, a sub-branch of Banū al-Najjār branch belonging to the Banu Khazraj tribe.
During the time of Muhammad, al-Baraa' worked as a camel chanter.[1] [2]
Al-Bara' was said to participate in all campaigns under Muhammad, except the battle of Badr.[3] Al-Bara' also participated in the pledge of the Tree during the first pilgrimage.[4] During the battle of Hunayn, al-Bara' was given Khums or a fifth portion of the goods looted from enemies he killed personally.
Following the death of Muhammad, the Muslims began to leave Islam in groups just as they had entered it. Caliph Abu Bakr dispatched eleven armies to fight the leaders of these groups in what became known as the Ridda wars.
During the Battle of Yamama, al-Baraa' played a role when the rebels army under Musailamah Al Kadhab and his 40,000 soldiers from Banu Hanifa fortified themselves in the fortress named Garden of Death, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl and Khalid ibn al-Walid struggled to break through the high walls of the garden until al-Baraa' suggested they place him on a shield and using spears and catapults al-Baraa' into the fortress wall. The Muslims agreed with al-Baraa's plan and al-Baraa' immediately fell into the fortress as intended, killing many town guards on the wall and fortress gate inside singlehandedly and rushed towards the gate and open it alone from inside, allowing Muslim forces under Khalid ibn al Walid to swarm inside and killed 20,000 of the ex-Muslims, including their leader Musailama, killed by Wahshi and Abu Dujana al Ansari.[5] [6] During this battle, Ibn Hajar also noted a testimony of al-Bara' himself that he engaged in a duel against a huge Musaylamah warrior nicknamed Himar al Yamama (donkey of Yamama). Al-Bara managed to cut both of his opponent foots with his sword, and caused him dropped to the ground, Then al-Bara grab the man's sword and finishing him by using his own sword.[7]
Despite suffering grave injuries which numbered over 80 wounds, al-Baraa' managed to survive in the aftermath of the Yamama battle. After the battle, Khalid ibn al Walid was said to personally visit his tents where he still treating his wound and rest.[8]
See main article: Military conquests of Umar's era and Umar.
On the onset of early naval incursion against Persia which started from Oman, al-Baraa' participated the naval expedition embarked from Bahrain led by Al-Ala al-Hadhrami and Arfaja al-Bariqi to expel Sasanian Empire forces in the Island of . In the final battle of this island in the fortress of Zarah, al-Baraa' killed the Persian Marzban commander of the area in duel, and managed to seize the wealth of the said commander of 30,000 coins after the battle.[9] [10] However, caliph 'Umar saw that it was too much for single person to acquire spoils of war that huge, so the Caliph decided that al-Bara' should be given a four portions after it being divided into five, while one portion are sent for the caliphate treasury.
Later, during the Muslim conquest of Persia, al-Bara' participated in the battle of al-Qadisiyyah, where he was urged by other soldiers to pray for victory on this difficult battle, since the Muslim soldiers in that battle believed if al-Baraa' prayed, his wishes will always be granted by Allah.[11]
During Muslim conquest of Khuzestan, The highest commander of Muslim army, Abu Musa al-Ash'ari requested to the caliph to provide him with elite guards from Ansar (military) component, which was replied by Umar by sending a group of Ansaris including al-Bara' ibn Malik along with his brother, Anas.[12] [13] In the campaign on Khuzestan, the Muslims faced a particularly difficult battle on the bridge of Susa, eastern of Tigris river, as the enemy gained upper hand at the first of the battle.[14] Thus the Muslims soldiers once again came to al-Bara' asking for prayer, and after al-Bara' finished his prayer, the Muslims fight again until they managed to gained upper hand and seized victory.
Later, during the Siege of Shushtar, al-Baraa' once again gave important contribution as he and Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi lead a small team of 35 soldiers to sneak from the waterway under the impenetrable fortress wall that has been besieged for almost one year,[15] and killing many guards on the city gate before opened the gate and allowed the Muslims army under Abu Musa al-Ash'ari storm the city and subdue the town.[16] According to his own word that has been recorded in Siyar A'lam Nubala chronicle written by Al-Dhahabi[17] and in Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah chronicle which written by Ibn al-Athir, al-Bara' ibn Malik singlehandedly slayed at least 100 Sassanid soldiers during this battle alone.[18] [19]
Muslim chroniclers recorded two versions regarding when al-Bara' fallen on the battle:
Chroniclers say al-Baraa' was thin and was extremely brave on the battlefield.Caliph Umar ibn al Khattab told his generals never to give al-Baraa' any command position, as his reckless bravery would expose his own soldiers to danger.[25] Umar valued al-Bara' military ability, according to modern writer Khalid Muhammad Khalid who said in his book, Rijala Hawla Rasulullah Shalallahu 'Alaihi Wassalam, that during the Muslim conquest of Khuzestan, when Suhayl ibn Adiyy was sent by Abu Musa al-Ash'ari to invade Ahwaz, Umar specifically instructed Abu Musa to include al-Bara' in the Suhayl invading force.[26]
Anas ibn Malik said that al-Bara' had a beautiful voice and loved reciting poems frequently, until Anas persuade his brother to recite Qur'an instead of poetry.
Chroniclers said that Muhammad once praised al-Baraa' as a pious figure whose prayers would always be answered by God, despite his low social status.[27]
During the battle of the bridge of Susa in Iran, the Muslim soldiers came to al-Bara' to seek his prayer to win the battle.
al-Bara' is viewed highly in the Islamic scholarly community in general, as Companions of the Prophet, collectively named al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ (pious ancestors), they are regarded as their as daily religious role model. This view was outlined by Ibn Taymiyyah, both in their figure as a guideline and in practicing Islamic religious observances.[28] Ibn Taymiyyah further observes the special rank within the Companions from the Ansar, which are according to him, vital for the faith, as he quoted the hadith, "love for the Ansar is a sign of Iman, while hatred against them is a sign of hypocrisy".
Scholars of Islamic Fiqh jurisprudence have taken notes regarding al-Bara' case when his managed to seize massive amount of a spoils of war during the battle in Darin island, after he managed to subdue Sassanid fortress and killing the commander, which immediately ruled by Umar the spoils from the enemy seized by al-Bara' should be divided by five, whereas four portions be given to al-Bara, while one portion are separated to be combined to the total amount spoils of the battle. incident has discussed about the rulings in Sunni jurisprudence on the later era about how every single soldier has a right for a Khums, or four of a fifth portion of spoils of war, according to his performance deeds in the battlefield.
Averroes from Maliki school remarked this record in his book Bidayat al Mujtahid Wa Nihayat al Muqtashid which he got from the tradition of Ibn Abi Shaybah and Ibn Sirin, that the case of al-Bara' divided share were the first case in Islam history, and has become guidelines by later jurists to measure the rights of soldiers regarding spoils of war.[29] While Ibn Mawaz, another Maliki scholar, has denied this al-Bara' tradition regarding spoils of war, as he though he never knew such Hadith existed.
However, Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam, a Shafiite scholar and Mamluk general in 12th AD century who led Baibars army against Louis IX of France crusaders and Ilkhanate Mongol, dismissed Ibn Mawaz's claim and has argued with another tradition that this practice has been done before as Muhammad during the battle of Hunayn, and Muhammad even gave the fifth spoils to al-Bara',[30] the very same person who were given the fifth by Umar in Darin island battle.[31]
Since Madhhab Sahabi (opinion of the Companions of the Prophet) were accepted as one of the jurisprudence source in Islam,[32] The historical act of al-Bara' to seek martyrdom in Jihad by plunging himself inside enemy castle in the Battle of Yamamah, where the enemy barricaded themselves, are translated by Islamist factions with Extremism view that the Terrorism act using Suicide attack with IED were allowed in modern analogy (Qiyas).[33] Thus, leading some extremist movements such as Free Syrian Army, ISIS[34] Kurdistan Ansar as Sunna Group,[35] and Al-Qaeda in various regions to form a suicide squad which they named, in curiously similar theme, as "al-Bara Ibn Malik Martyrs' Brigade" in accordance to their apparent attempt to associate their acts with al Bara' in Yamama.[36]
However, this view were rejected by contemporary Islamic scholars,[37] particularly those in line with the view of Abdullah Ibn Jibreen,[38] Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz and Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen,[39] three of prominent Saudi Arabia Muftis and clerics, opined that the act of al-Baraa' cannot be analogized as an act suicide bombings particularly for three different reasons:
The Fatwa by Abdu al-Aziz ibn Baz were particularly aimed to deny the ruling from Yusuf al-Qaradawi who viewed that the Martyrdom act of al-Bara' in battle and Ashabul Ukhdud in Yemen were viewed the same as suicide bombers in modern time.[41]
Modern day grand Mufti of Saudi Sheikh Abdulaziz al-Sheikh, further strengthened his predecessors view by issuing Fatwa particularly disallow terrorism act of suicide bombing. Like the Salafi scholars before him, Abdulaziz al-Sheikh similarly saying suicide bombers does not represent the jurisprudential analogy with al-Bara' martyrdom, thus dismissing claim from proponents of modern-day practice of terrorism using suicide bombing as Jihad.[42]
In 20th AD modern era, there are several places and institutes which named over al-Bara ibn Malik, such as Al Bara' Bin Malik Mixed Elementary School in Saudi Arabia.[43] While in Qatar, al-Bara' ibn Malik were also used as street name.[44]
Web site: al-Bara' bin Malik (البراء بن مالك بن النضر (رضي الله عنه . muslimscholars.info . 27 December 2021 . [1] - Mahmood Ahmad Gadanfar, Great Women of Islam, DarusSalam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2001 [2] - Safiur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, When the Moon Split, DarusSalam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1998 [3] - Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari (vol. XXXIX) - Biographies of the Prophet's Companions/Successor, SUNY Press, 1998 (vol. 39) [4] - Trans: Muhammed Abdul Haq Ansari, an Introduction to the Principles of Tafseer, Al-Hidaayah publishing, 1414 AH/1993 CE [5] - Abdul Aziz Ash-Shanawi, Advisors of Prophet (pbuh), DarusSalam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2004 [6] - Shaykh Abdul Ghaffar Hassan Rehmaanee, The compilation of Hadeeth, The Clear Path, 2002 [7] - Reaserch Division (trans:Sameh Strach), Child Companions around the Prophet(pbuh), DarusSalam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2003 [8] - Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, Ar Raheeq Al Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar], DarusSalam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, [9] - 'Abdul Ghani Al-Maqdisi (translated), Short Biography of The Prophet (saw) & His Ten Companions, DarusSalam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2004 [10] - Ibn Hajar Al-'Asqalani, Bulugh Al-Maram Attainment of the Objective, DarusSalam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2002 [11] - Ibn Ishaq (trans:A. Guillaume), The Life O f Muhammad (SAW), Sirat Radul Allah, Oxford University Press, 1955(2003 16th Impre [12] - Ibn Sa'd (translated by: Aisha Bewley), The Women of Medina (Kitab Al-Tabaqat Al-Kabir vol. 8), Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. London, 1995 [13] - Saeed Ansari Nadvi (Trans.:Qazi M. Saeed), Biographies of the Women Companions of the Holy Prophet, Darul Ishat, Karachi Pakistan, 2003 (revised 1st Ed [14] - Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd (Urdu Translation Vol 2), Darul Ishat, Karachi Pakistan, 2003 [15] - Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd (Urdu Translation Vol 3), Darul Ishat, Karachi Pakistan, 2003 [16] - Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd (Urdu Translation Vol 4), Darul Ishat, Karachi Pakistan, 2003 [17] - Ibn Hajar, الإصابة في تمييز الصحابة, دار الجيل, Online Resource [18] - Muhammad ibn Ahmed ibn 'Usman Dhabhi, سير أعلام النبلاء, مؤسسة الرسالة, 1422 AH/2000 CE [19] - Al-Bukhari, al-Tarikhul Kabir: التاريخ الكبير, رواة/عام, Online Resource [20] - Ibn Hibban, al-Thiqat: ثقات ابن حبان, رواة/الثقات من الرواة, Online Resource [21] - Muhammad ibn Sa'd Translated by Aisha Bewley, The Men of Medina, Volume I (al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 7), Ta-ha Publishers Ltd., ISBN 1 897940 91 2 [22] - Muhammad ibn Sa'd Translated by Aisha Bewley, The Men of Medina, Volume II (al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 5), Ta-ha Publishers Ltd., ISBN 1 897940 62 9 [23] - Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyyah, Zad-ul Ma'ad - Provisions of the Hereafter, Islamic Learning Media Publications, 2003 [24] - Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Ash-Shaybani, The Muwatta of Imam Muhammad, Turath Publishing, 2004 [25] - Dr. Salah Zaimeche, Muslim Historians, FSTC Limited, 2007 [26] - Ibn Hajr - ابن حجر العسقلاني, Tahzeeb al-Tahzeeb - تهذيب التهذيب, Online Resource, [27] - Ibn Hajr - ابن حجر العسقلاني, Taqrib al-Tahzeeb - تقريب التهذيب, Online Resource, [30] - Akbar Shah Najeebabadi, The History of Islam, DarusSalam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, April 2001 . English, Arabic.