Akkermansia muciniphila explained

Akkermansia muciniphila is a human intestinal symbiont, isolated from human feces. It is a mucin-degrading bacterium belonging to the genus Akkermansia, discovered in 2004 by Muriel Derrien and Willem de Vos at Wageningen University of the Netherlands.[1] [2] It belongs to the phylum Verrucomicrobiota and its type strain is MucT (=ATCC BAA-835T =CIP 107961T). It is under preliminary research for its potential association with metabolic disorders.[3] [4] [5]

Morphology

A. muciniphila is a gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, oval-shaped bacterium.

Ecology and metabolism

It colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals and can be found within the intestinal mucosal layer of the epithelial crypts as well as in the caecum. It specifically resides at the oxic-anoxic interface.[6] A. muciniphila is found in about 90% of healthy humans, makes up about 1% to 3% of the fecal microbiota and colonizes the gut during the first year of life. Its prevalence can decrease with age or in disease states.[7]

A. muciniphila is able to use mucin as its sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy, and is hence considered a specialist. It starts the mucin degradation process by removing fucose and sialic acid capping sugars from the end of the mucin O-glycan chain with fucosidases and sialidases, respectively.[8] A. muciniphila can then get access to the de-capped O-glycans and the mucin peptide chain, both of which it can utilize as an energy source. The released monosaccharides are distributed to the environment where other mucus-associated gut bacteria can utilize them. This way A. muciniphila contributes to nutrient-sharing in gut associated microbial communities. Mucin degradation can also lead to the production of beneficial products such as short chain fatty acids which aid in growth of other bacteria and maintain healthy mucus turnover. It also maintains microbial balance by competing with and inhibiting the over-growth of other mucin degrading bacteria. A. muciniphila is culturable under anaerobic conditions on medium containing porcine gastric mucin or synthetic medium containing protein source with glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine.[9]

Genomics

The circular chromosome of the type strain contains 2,664,102 base pairs and its proteome contains 5,644 unique proteins.[10]

A. muciniphila strain Urmite was sequenced in its entirety from a human feces sample.[11]

Human consumption

Oral Akkermansia muciniphila, either live or pasteurized, "are safe and well tolerated in overweight and obese individuals." However, its safety for use as a treatment during disease states is unestablished.

The European Union has recognized pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila MucT as a novel food, provided the cells are killed beyond the limit of detection.[12]

Diet

Consumption of galacto-oligosaccharides increases the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the human gut.[13]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. de Vos . W.M. . Microbe Profile: Akkermansia muciniphila: a conserved intestinal symbiont that acts as the gatekeeper of our mucosa . Microbiology . 1635 . 5 . 2017 . 646–648 . 10.1099/mic.0.000444 . 28530168 . free .
  2. Derrien . M. . Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 54 . 5 . 2004 . 1469–1476 . 10.1099/ijs.0.02873-0 . 15388697 . free .
  3. 3 . Everard . Amandine . Belzer . Clara . Geurts . Lucie . Ouwerkerk . Janneke P. . Druart . Céline . Bindels . Laure B. . Guiot . Yves . Derrien . Muriel . Muccioli . Giulio G. . Delzenne . Nathalie M. . de Vos . Willem M. . Cani . Patrice D. . 28 May 2013 . Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 110 . 22 . 9066–9071 . 2013PNAS..110.9066E . 10.1073/pnas.1219451110 . 3670398 . 23671105 . free.
  4. 3 . Dao . Maria Carlota . Everard . Amandine . Aron-Wisnewsky . Judith . Sokolovska . Nataliya . Prifti . Edi . Verger . Eric O . Kayser . Brandon D . Levenez . Florence . Chilloux . Julien . Hoyles . Lesley . Dumas . Marc-Emmanuel . Rizkalla . Salwa W . Doré . Joel . Cani . Patrice D . Clément . Karine . March 2016 . Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology . Gut . 65 . 3 . 426–436 . 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308778 . 26100928 . free . Clément . K. 10044/1/24139 . free .
  5. 3 . Luo . Yuheng . Lan . Cong . Li . Hua . Ouyang . Qingyuan . Kong . Fanli . Wu . Aimin . Ren . Zhihua . Tian . Gang . Cai . Jingyi . Yu . Bing . He . Jun . Wright . André-Denis G. . 2022-10-17 . Rational consideration of Akkermansia muciniphila targeting intestinal health: advantages and challenges . npj Biofilms and Microbiomes . en . 8 . 1 . 81 . 10.1038/s41522-022-00338-4 . 2055-5008 . 9576740 . 36253412.
  6. Ouwerkerk . Janneke P. . van der Ark . Kees C. H. . Davids . Mark . Claassens . Nico J. . Finestra . Teresa Robert . de Vos . Willem M. . Belzer . Clara . Schloss . P. D. . Adaptation of Akkermansia muciniphila to the Oxic-Anoxic Interface of the Mucus Layer . Applied and Environmental Microbiology . 1 December 2016 . 82 . 23 . 6983–6993 . 10.1128/AEM.01641-16. 27663027 . 5103097 . 2016ApEnM..82.6983O .
  7. Iwaza . Rim . Wasfy . Reham Magdy . Dubourg . Grégory . Raoult . Didier . Lagier . Jean-Christophe . 2022 . Akkermansia muciniphila: The state of the art, 18 years after its first discovery . Frontiers in Gastroenterology . 1 . 10.3389/fgstr.2022.1024393 . 2813-1169. free .
  8. Shuoker . Bashar . Pichler . Michael J. . Jin . Chunsheng . Sakanaka . Hiroka . Wu . Haiyang . Gascueña . Ana Martínez . Liu . Jining . Nielsen . Tine Sofie . Holgersson . Jan . Nordberg Karlsson . Eva . Juge . Nathalie . Meier . Sebastian . Morth . Jens Preben . Karlsson . Niclas G. . Abou Hachem . Maher . 2023-04-01 . Sialidases and fucosidases of Akkermansia muciniphila are crucial for growth on mucin and nutrient sharing with mucus-associated gut bacteria . Nature Communications . en . 14 . 1 . 1833 . 10.1038/s41467-023-37533-6 . 2041-1723. 10067855 .
  9. van Passel . Mark W. J. . Kant . Ravi . Zoetendal . Erwin G. . Plugge . Caroline M. . Derrien . Muriel . Malfatti . Stephanie A. . Chain . Patrick S. G. . Woyke . Tanja . Palva . Airi . de Vos . Willem M. . Smidt . Hauke . 3 March 2011 . The Genome of Akkermansia muciniphila, a Dedicated Intestinal Mucin Degrader, and Its Use in Exploring Intestinal Metagenomes . PLOS ONE . 6 . 3 . e16876 . 2011PLoSO...616876V . 10.1371/journal.pone.0016876 . 3048395 . 21390229 . free.
  10. Aggarwal . Vidushi . Sunder . Sushant . Verma . Smita Rastogi . 2022-12-01 . Disease-associated dysbiosis and potential therapeutic role of Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucus degrading bacteria of gut microbiome . Folia Microbiologica . en . 67 . 6 . 811–824 . 10.1007/s12223-022-00973-6 . 1874-9356 . 9122250 . 35596115.
  11. Caputo . Aurélia . Dubourg . Grégory . Croce . Olivier . Gupta . Sushim . Robert . Catherine . Papazian . Laurent . Rolain . Jean-Marc . Raoult . Didier . 2015 . Whole-genome assembly of Akkermansia muciniphila sequenced directly from human stool . Biology Direct . 10 . 1 . 5 . 10.1186/s13062-015-0041-1 . 4333879 . 25888298 . free .
  12. Turck . Dominique . Bohn . Torsten . Castenmiller . Jacqueline . De Henauw . Stefaan . Hirsch-Ernst . Karen Ildico . Maciuk . Alexandre . Mangelsdorf . Inge . McArdle . Harry J . Naska . Androniki . Pelaez . Carmen . Pentieva . Kristina . Siani . Alfonso . Thies . Frank . Tsabouri . Sophia . Vinceti . Marco . Cubadda . Francesco . Frenzel . Thomas . Heinonen . Marina . Marchelli . Rosangela . Neuhäuser-Berthold . Monika . Poulsen . Morten . Prieto Maradona . Miguel . Schlatter . Josef Rudolf . van Loveren . Henk . Ackerl . Reinhard . Knutsen . Helle Katrine . Safety of pasteurised Akkermansia muciniphila as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 . EFSA Journal . September 2021 . 19 . 9 . e06780 . 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6780 . 34484452 . 8409316.
  13. Tian . Ruocen . Yu . Leilei . Tian . Fengwei . Zhao . Jianxin . Chen . Wei . Zhai . Qixiao . 2024-05-07 . Effect of inulin, galacto-oligosaccharides, and polyphenols on the gut microbiota, with a focus on Akkermansia muciniphila . Food & Function . 15 . 9 . 4763–4772 . 10.1039/d4fo00428k . 2042-650X . 38590256.

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