Akamai Technologies Explained

Akamai Technologies, Inc.
Type:Public
Revenue: (2023)
Operating Income: US$637 million (2023)
Net Income: US$548 million (2023)
Assets: US$9.90 billion (2023)
Equity: US$4.60 billion (2023)
Num Employees: (2023)
Footnotes:[1]
Module:
Child:yes
Asn:20940

Akamai Technologies, Inc. is an American delivery company that provides content delivery network[2] (CDN), cybersecurity, DDoS mitigation, and cloud services.[3] [4] Headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it operates a worldwide network of servers whose capacity it rents to customers running websites and other web services.

History

The company was named after akamai, which means 'clever,' or more colloquially, 'cool' in Hawaiian. Co-founder Daniel M. Lewin found the term in a Hawaiian-English dictionary after a colleague's suggestion.[5]

Akamai Technologies entered the 1998 MIT $50K competition with a business proposition based on their research on consistent hashing,[6] and was selected as one of the finalists.[7] By August 1998, they had developed a working prototype, and with the help of Jonathan Seelig and Randall Kaplan, they took steps to incorporate the company.[8] Akamai Technologies was incorporated on August 20, 1998.[9] In late 1998 and early 1999, a group of business professionals and scientists joined the founding team—most notably, Paul Sagan, former president of New Media for Time Inc., and George Conrades, former chairman and chief executive officer of BBN Corp. and senior vice president of US operations for IBM. Conrades became chief executive officer of Akamai in April 1999.[10] [11] The company launched its commercial service in April 1999 and was listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market from October 29, 1999.[12] On July 1, 2001, Akamai was added to the Russell 3000 Index and Russell 2000 Index.[13]

On September 11, 2001, co-founder Daniel M. Lewin died in the September 11 attacks at the age of 31 when he was stabbed by one of the hijackers aboard American Airlines Flight 11, the first plane to crash into the World Trade Center. He was seated closest to the hijackers and may have tried to stop them.[14]

In 2005, Paul Sagan was named chief executive officer of Akamai, taking over from Conrades. Sagan worked to differentiate Akamai from its competitors by expanding its breadth of services.[15] Under his leadership, it grew to $1.37 billion in revenue.[16]

In July 2007, Akamai was added to the S&P 500 Index.[17]

In 2013, co-founder Tom Leighton was elected chief executive officer, replacing Sagan.[18]

On February 9, 2021, Akamai announced it would reorganize into two internal groups, Security Technology and Edge Technology. It also re-established the role of chief technology officer, and named Robert Blumofe to that role.[19] Long-time chief security officer (CSO) Andy Ellis announced he would leave in March 2021.[20]

Akamai's headquarters are in Kendall Square. It started in Technology Square and later expanded to multiple buildings in Cambridge Center. It consolidated its offices in a purpose-built building at 145 Broadway in December 2019.[21]

Technologies

Akamai Intelligent Edge Platform

The Akamai Intelligent Platform is a distributed cloud computing platform that operates worldwide, a network of over approximately 365,000 servers in more than 135 countries.[22] These servers reside on roughly 1,350 of the world's networks, gathering real-time information about traffic, congestion, and trouble spots. Each Akamai server is equipped with proprietary software that uses complex algorithms to process requests from nearby users.

Content delivery process

The content delivery process begins with a user submitting a request to a browser. When a user enters a URL, a DNS request is triggered to Akamai's authoritative DNS[23] and an IP address is retrieved. With the IP address, the browser can then directly contact the Akamai edge server for subsequent requests.[24] In a content delivery network (CDN) structure, the domain name of the URL is translated by the mapping system[25] into the IP address of an edge server to serve the content to the user.

Akamai delivers web content over its Intelligent Platform by transparently mirroring elements such as HTML, CSS, software downloads, and media objects from customers' servers. The Akamai server is automatically chosen depending on the type of content and the user's network location. The servers are located in more than 200 countries and territories.[26] Receiving content from a server nearer to the user allows for faster downloads and less vulnerability to network congestion. Akamai claims to provide better scalability by delivering the content over the last mile from servers close to end-users, avoiding the middle-mile bottleneck of the Internet.[27] The Download Delivery product line includes HTTP downloads for large downloadable objects, a customizable application for consumers, and analytics tools with metrics that monitor and report on the download process.[28]

Peer-to-peer networking

In addition to using its own servers, Akamai delivers certain content from other end-users' computers, in the form of peer-to-peer networking.[29] [30]

Network Operations Command Center

Akamai's Network Operations Command Center (NOCC) proactively monitors and troubleshoots all servers in the global Akamai network[31] and generates real-time statistics, providing a view of Internet traffic conditions on Akamai's servers and customers' websites.

State of the Internet

Akamai releases The State of the Internet, a quarterly a report based on data gathered from its Intelligent Platform, with statistics including connection speeds, broadband adoption, attack traffic, network connectivity, and mobile connectivity.[32] [33]

Internet visualization tools

Akamai's data visualization tools display how data is moving across the Internet in real-time, including global web conditions, malicious attack traffic, and Internet connectivity.[34] Their net-usage indices also monitor global news consumption, industry-specific traffic, and mobile trends.[35] Akamai also offers the Internet Visualization application, allowing users to see real-time data on their mobile devices.[36]

OPEN Initiative

On October 9, 2013, Akamai announced its Open Initiative at the 2013 Akamai Edge Conference. OPEN allows customers and partners to develop and customize how they interact with the Akamai Intelligent Platform. Its key components include system and development operations integration, real-time big data integration, and a single-point user interface.[37]

Plume Partnership

In January 2021, Akamai partnered with Plume, combining the Akamai Security and Personalization Services (SPS) mobile security suite and real-time threat intelligence with Plume's Consumer Experience Management (CEM) Platform.[38]

Primary domains

In addition to about 60 other domains, Akamai Technologies' primary domains include:

Corporate

Content delivery domains

DNS servers

Customers

On July 21, 1999, at Macworld Expo New York, Apple and Akamai announced a strategic partnership to build Apple's new media network, QuickTime TV (QTV), based on QuickTime Streaming Server.[40] Both companies later announced that Apple had made a $12.5 million investment in the company the previous month.[41] Apple continues to use Akamai as their primary CDN[42] for a wide range of applications, including software downloads from Apple's Website, QuickTime movie trailers, and the iTunes Store.[43]

In September 1999, Microsoft and Akamai formed a strategic relationship to incorporate Windows Media technology in Akamai's FreeFlow service, and to facilitate the porting of the FreeFlow product to the Windows platform; this relationship exists to this day.[44] Microsoft Azure offers Akamai (along with Verizon) as options for its "standard" CDN service.[45]

Arabic news network Al-Jazeera was an Akamai customer from March 28, 2003 to April 2, 2003, when Akamai decided to end the relationship,[46] which the network's English-language managing editor claimed was due to "political pressure".[47]

In June 2008, The NewsMarket teamed with Akamai to accelerate dynamic content and applications to global media ahead of the Beijing Olympics.[48]

The BBC iPlayer uses Akamai to stream its recorded and live programs, focused through an XML playlist.

The entire China Central Television website, including its streaming video, has been hosted on Akamai's edge servers since late 2009.[49] [50] Hulu uses Akamai for hosting video.[51] MIT OpenCourseWare utilizes Akamai's EdgeSuite for its CDN.[52]

Trend Micro uses Akamai for their Housecall antivirus application.

Valve's Steam service uses Akamai's CDN for storing screenshots and icons uploaded by users.

Akamai provided streaming services to ESPN Star (India) during the course of the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011.[53]

Rackspace's Cloud Files use Akamai's CDN for storing its customer's files.

Akamai's other customers include Adobe Systems, Airbnb, AMD, AutoTrader.com, COS, ESPN, The Great Courses, Hewlett-Packard, Hilton Worldwide, IBM, J. C. Penney, Jehovah's Witnesses, MTV Networks, NASA, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, NBC Sports, Pearson Education, Red Bull GmbH, Red Hat, Sony PlayStation and Yahoo!.[54]

Nintendo uses Akamai's Media Delivery Solutions for the Nintendo Switch Online service, and in their mobile apps such as Super Mario Run.[55]

Acquisitions

Litigation

See main article: articles and Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.. One of Akamai's patents covers delivering electronic data using a CDN. Internet Web site proprietors (content providers) contract with Akamai to deliver their sites' content to individual Internet users. The patented method permits large files, such as video and music files, to be accessed more quickly.

Akamai's patent was written in a way that called for or permitted actions by multiple persons or entities, such as the content-provider customer and the company providing the CDN service.[98] Akamai's competitor Limelight operated its allegedly infringing service in that manner—it performed most steps of the patented process, and its customers performed a so-called tagging step. Akamai sued Limelight for patent infringement, but the court ruled that a method patent could be infringed upon only when a single actor performed all the steps, overturning a $40 million jury verdict in Akamai's favor.

The case reached the Supreme Court, which returned it to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit; however, with an invitation to re-evaluate its rule, if it chose to do so, that all the steps of a method had to be performed by a single actor for there to be infringement. On remand, the Federal Circuit considered the matter en banc (all active circuit judges) and modified its rule. It now held that a patent could also be directly infringed upon if "an alleged infringer conditions participation in an activity or receipt of a benefit upon performance of a step or steps of a patented method and establishes the manner or timing of that performance". On that basis, the Federal Circuit reinstated the $40 million jury verdict, saying that "Akamai presented substantial evidence demonstrating that Limelight conditions its customers' use of its CDN upon its customers' performance of" the steps that Limelight does not itself perform. It was considered a substantial change in patent law.

Controversies

In 2013, the Securities and Exchange Commission charged a former executive at Akamai Technologies for illegally tipping non-public information about the company's financial predicament as part of the insider trading scheme operated by now-imprisoned Galleon Management hedge fund founder Raj Rajaratnam.[99]

The National Security Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation have reportedly used Facebook's Akamai CDN to collect information on Facebook users.[100] This report appears to show intelligence analysts intercepting communications between Facebook and its CDN provider, but does not indicate Akamai as being complicit in this process.

According to researchers from the Universities of Cambridge and California-Berkeley, University College London, and International Computer Science Institute-Berkeley, Akamai has been blocking access to web sites for visitors using Tor.[101] [102] This feature, known as 'network lists,' is optional for and implemented by customers of Akamai, and is a feature common to many major IT vendors that provide network security feeds, such as Emerging Threats, which provides such a feed for free.[102]

Key scientific publications

These papers in scientific conferences and journals describe Akamai's technology in greater detail:

Notable people

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Akamai Technologies, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K Annual Report . . February 28, 2024.
  2. J. Dilley, B. Maggs, J. Parikh, H. Prokop, R. Sitaraman, and B. Weihl. Web site: Globally Distributed Content Delivery, IEEE Internet Computing, September/October 2002, pp. 50–58 .
  3. Web site: Hendy . Nina . March 3, 2020 . How to avoid falling victim to a cyber attack . April 16, 2020 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en.
  4. News: March 17, 2020 . Akamai Stock Finds Support On Video Streaming Surge Investor's Business Daily . en-US . Investor's Business Daily . April 16, 2020.
  5. Web site: 2014-04-28 . How these nine Mass. tech companies got their names . 2022-06-17 . Boston Business Journal.
  6. . 2015 . Algorithmic nuggets in content delivery . ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review . 45 . 3.
  7. Web site: May 13, 1998 . Two teams win top prize in MIT $50K contest . June 11, 2014 . MIT News.
  8. News: Akamai Technologies Inc . Reuters . dead . June 11, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141018154226/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=AKAM.O . October 18, 2014.
  9. Web site: Company History . www.akamai.com.
  10. Web site: Akamai Technologies, Inc. History . June 9, 2014 . fundinguniverse.com.
  11. News: Conrades to resign from Akamai . Boston Business Journal . January 5, 2005 . January 11, 2015.
  12. Web site: AKAMAI TECHNOLOGIES INC (AKAM) IPO . June 16, 2014 . NASDAQ.
  13. Web site: July 17, 2001 . Akamai Technologies, Inc. Added to the Russell 3000 Index and Russell 2000 Index . June 20, 2014 . February 4, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140204042116/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Akamai+Technologies%2c+Inc.+Added+to+the+Russell+3000+Index+and+Russell...-a076580202 . dead .
  14. News: Leopold . Todd . September 11, 2013 . The legacy of Danny Lewin, the first victims of 9/11 . CNN . July 22, 2014.
  15. News: Frier . Sarah . Womack . Brian . April 26, 2012 . Akamai Says CEO Sagan to Leave; Profit Less Than Estimates . Bloomberg . May 29, 2014.
  16. Web site: Akamai Technologies, Inc. (AKAM) Income Statement . May 29, 2014 . Yahoo! Finance.
  17. Web site: Frier . Sarah . Mulier . Thomas . July 10, 2007 . Akamai Names Leighton CEO After Eight-Month Search . November 17, 2020 . DataCenterKnowledge.
  18. Web site: Frier . Sarah . Mulier . Thomas . December 17, 2012 . Akamai Names Leighton CEO After Eight-Month Search . https://archive.today/20140925205929/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-12-17/akamai-chief-scientist-leighton-to-become-ceo-after-sagan-exit . dead . September 25, 2014 . June 19, 2014 . BloombergBusinessweek.
  19. News: Gagliordi . Natalie . 9 February 2021 . Akamai tops Q4 expectations, announces reorganization and new CTO . ZDNet . 10 February 2021.
  20. 1359249973330731013 . csoandy . Thread : Andy Ellis on Twitter....
  21. Web site: Akamai Opens New HQ In Cambridge . www.wbur.org. November 2019 .
  22. Web site: Facts & Figures Akamai . April 16, 2020 . www.akamai.com . en-US.
  23. Kyle Schomp, Onkar Bhardwaj, Eymen Kurdoglu, Mashooq Muhaimen, and Ramesh K. Sitaraman. Web site: Akamai DNS: Providing Authoritative Answers to the World's Queries, ACM SIGCOMM conference, Aug 2020. .
  24. Web site: Zakas . Nicholas C. . November 29, 2011 . How content delivery networks (CDNs) work . NCZOnline.
  25. Web site: End-User Mapping: Next Generation Request Routing for Content Delivery, by F. Chen, R. Sitaraman, and M. Torres, ACM SIGCOMM conference, Aug 2015. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170812155713/http://people.cs.umass.edu/~ramesh/Site/PUBLICATIONS_files/eum_embedded.pdf . 2017-08-12 . 2019-10-31.
  26. Web site: June 6, 2022. Countries in which Akamai maintains Server Points of Presence . October 12, 2022.
  27. Web site: August 19, 2011 . Inside Akamai and the scary future of streaming video, GigaOm. . https://web.archive.org/web/20121211015527/http://gigaom.com/video/inside-akamai-and-the-scary-future-of-streaming-video/ . December 11, 2012 . March 12, 2012.
  28. Web site: January 26, 2018 . Download Delivery . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180118025837/https://www.akamai.com/us/en/products/media-delivery/download-delivery.jsp#download_delivery_overview . January 18, 2018 . January 26, 2018 . Akamai Technologies . mdy-all.
  29. Web site: Ben Homer . January 26, 2010 . Akamai Using P2P for Enhanced Video Delivery . https://web.archive.org/web/20130515021051/http://www.onlinevideowatch.com/akamai-using-p2p-for-enhance-video/ . May 15, 2013 . September 2, 2011 . Online Video Watch.
  30. Web site: Akamai NetSession Interface – Design Principles . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192947/http://www.akamai.com/html/misc/akamai_client/netsession_interface_design.html . October 29, 2013 . September 2, 2011 . Akamai Technologies.
  31. Web site: Weiss . David . September 25, 2013 . Akamai Gets a New Network Operations Command Center . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140824162001/http://www.avnetwork.com/installs/0009/akamai-gets-a-new-network-operations-command-center/91729 . August 24, 2014 . September 23, 2014 . AV Network.
  32. Web site: June 26, 2014 . Akamai Releases First Quarter, 2014 'State of the Internet' Report .
  33. http://www.akamai.com/dl/whitepapers/akamai-soti-q214.pdf?campaign_id=F-MC-22494&curl=/dl/whitepapers/akamai-soti-q214.pdf&solcheck=1&WT.mc_id=soti_Q214& Q2 2014 Report Akamai's State of the Internet
  34. Web site: June 7, 2007 . Akamai Introduces First-of-Its-Kind, Real-Time View into Health of the Internet . September 23, 2014 . StreamingMedia.com.
  35. Web site: March 23, 2009 . Visualizing the internet with Akamai . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140723204408/http://datavisualization.ch/showcases/visualizing-the-internet-with-akamai/ . July 23, 2014 . September 23, 2014 . DataVisualization.ch.
  36. Web site: Catone . Josh . June 7, 2007 . Akamai Releases Internet Traffic Visualizations . September 23, 2014 . Readwrite.com.
  37. Web site: October 9, 2013 . Akamai Unveils Open Platform Initiative at Akamai Edge 2013 Customer Conference . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141022063941/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/akamai-releases-first-quarter-2014-103000375.html . October 22, 2014 . September 23, 2014 . Yahoo! Finance . mdy-all.
  38. Web site: Teresa Cottam . 27 January 2021 . Akamai and Plume Create New Solution for Households and SMEs . Omnisperience.
  39. News: Young . Jeff . Wolfe . Steven J. . October 18, 2000 . Akamai Unveils EdgeSuite, the Next Generation of Intelligent Content Services . Akamai Technologies . March 31, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140122233515/http://www.akamai.com/html/about/press/releases/2000/press_101800b.html . January 22, 2014 . Press release.
  40. http://www.akamai.com/html/about/press/releases/1999/press_072199.html July 21, 1999 – Apple and Akamai Create High Quality Network for Internet Streaming
  41. http://www.akamai.com/html/about/press/releases/1999/press_081899c.html August 18, 1999 – Apple and Akamai Reveal Apple Investment to Cement Strategic Agreement
  42. http://www.akamai.com/html/customers/customer_list.html Customer List
  43. http://www.akamai.com/html/about/press/releases/2003/press_042903.html April 29, 2003 – Akamai and Apple Extend Commitment to Deliver Industry Leading Internet Streaming Content and Software Downloads
  44. http://www.akamai.com/html/about/press/releases/1999/press_092799.html Microsoft and Akamai Form Strategic Relationship to Enhance Internet Content Delivery
  45. Web site: Overview of the Azure Content Delivery Network (CDN) . March 7, 2017 . Microsoft Azure > Documentation . azure-cdn-features.
  46. Web site: Akamai ends Al Jazeera server support . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121104060757/http://news.cnet.com/1200-1035-995546.html . November 4, 2012 . April 2, 2009 . news.cnet.com.
  47. Web site: April 8, 2003 . Al Jazeera Denied Akamai Services . https://web.archive.org/web/20131107204300/http://tech.mit.edu/V123/N17/17aljazeera.17n.html . November 7, 2013 . April 2, 2009 . Tech.mit.edu.
  48. Web site: June 9, 2008 . The NewsMarket partnered with Akamai to Accelerate Dynamic Content and Applications to Global Media Ahead of Beijing Olympics . https://web.archive.org/web/20140219035829/http://www.akamai.com/html/about/press/releases/2008/press_060908.html . February 19, 2014 . Akamai Technologies.
  49. http://www.robtex.com/dns/www.cctv.com.html www.cctv.com
  50. Web site: Site report for www.cctv.com . What's that site running? | Netcraft.
  51. http://www.hulu.com/about/media_faq#technology About
  52. Web site: Free Online Course Materials FAQ: Technology MIT OpenCourseWare . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029214730/http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-technology/ . October 29, 2013 . June 14, 2010.
  53. http://teck.in/espnstar-com-breaks-india-online-cricket-match-streaming-record.html espnstar.com Breaks India Online Cricket Match Streaming Record
  54. Web site: Customer List . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140209110234/http://www.akamai.com/html/customers/customer_list.html . February 9, 2014 . October 22, 2014 . Akamai Technologies.
  55. Web site: August 28, 2017 . Akamai Supports The Worldwide Simultaneous Release Of Nintendo's New Game Console And App . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171027031336/https://www.akamai.com/us/en/about/news/press/2017-press/akamai-supports-the-worldwide-simultaneous-release-of-nintendos-new-game-console-and-app.jsp . October 27, 2017 . Akamai Technologies . mdy-all.
  56. Web site: January 18, 2000 . Akamai to Acquire Network24 Communications . September 23, 2014 . StreamingMedia.com.
  57. Web site: Akamai Annual Report 2000 . Akamai Technologies, Inc..
  58. News: Richtymyer . Richard . February 7, 2000 . Akamai buys InterVu . CNN Money . September 23, 2014.
  59. Web site: Akamai Annual Report 2005 . Akamai Technologies, Inc..
  60. Web site: Kawamoto . Dawn . November 20, 2006 . Akamai to buy Nine Systems . September 23, 2014 . CNET News.
  61. Web site: Akamai Annual Report 2006 . Akamai Technologies, Inc..
  62. Web site: Gross . Grant . February 5, 2007 . Akamai to acquire Netli for about $170 million . September 23, 2014 . NetworkWorld.
  63. Web site: Arrington . Michael . April 12, 2007 . Payday for Red Swoosh: $15 million from Akamai . September 23, 2014 . Tech Crunch.
  64. Web site: Akamai Annual Report 2009 . Akamai Technologies, Inc..
  65. Web site: Kaplan . David . October 21, 2008 . Branching Out, Akamai Acquires Ad Targeter Acerno For $95 Million . September 23, 2014 . Tech Crunch . October 6, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115936/https://gigaom.com/2008/10/21/419-branching-out-akamai-acquires-ad-targeter-acerno-for-95-million/ . dead .
  66. Web site: Akamai Annual Report 2010 . Akamai Technologies, Inc..
  67. Web site: Boutin . Paul . June 10, 2010 . Akamai acquires mobile services company Velocitude . September 23, 2014 . VentureBeat.
  68. Web site: Akamai Annual Report 2012 . Akamai Technologies, Inc..
  69. Web site: Huang . Gregory T. . February 8, 2012 . Akamai Buys Blaze as Web Optimization Heats Up in Boston . September 23, 2014 . Xconomy.
  70. Web site: Wauters . Robin . December 22, 2011 . Done Deal – Akamai Buys Rival Cotendo For $268 Million . September 23, 2014 . Tech Crunch.
  71. News: McCarthy . Maureen . September 14, 2012 . Akamai Technologies snaps up FastSoft . Boston Business Journal . September 23, 2014.
  72. Web site: Whittaker . Zack . November 13, 2012 . Akamai expands digital content delivery network, acquires Verivue . September 23, 2014 . ZDNet.
  73. Web site: Akamai Annual Report 2013 . Akamai Technologies, Inc..
  74. Web site: Dignan . Larry . November 11, 2013 . Akamai buys Velocious Networks . September 23, 2014 . ZDNet.
  75. Web site: Lunden . Ingrid . December 2, 2013 . Akamai Buys DDoS Prevention Specialist Prolexic For $370M To Ramp Up Security Offerings For Enterprises . September 23, 2014 . TechCrunch.
  76. News: Castellanos . Sara . March 2, 2015 . Akamai Technologies acquires Colorado domain name system tech firm Xerocole . September 20, 2015.
  77. Web site: Media Delivery Solutions for Streaming Video and Software Delivery - Akamai . www.akamai.com.
  78. Web site: Akamai Acquires Octoshape to Optimize Streaming Video - 040615 - Akamai . www.akamai.com.
  79. Web site: Bloxx - Real Time Web & Email Filtering . www.bloxx.com.
  80. Web site: Akamai Acquires Bloxx for Cloud Security - Akamai . www.akamai.com.
  81. Web site: Concord: Concord.io . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161217041717/http://concord.io/ . December 17, 2016 . January 6, 2017.
  82. Web site: Akamai Acquires Data Processing Provider Concord Systems - Akamai . www.akamai.com.
  83. Web site: Secure Application Access - Akamai . www.akamai.com.
  84. Web site: Akamai Acquires Soha Systems for Secure Remote Access to Enterprise Applications - Akamai . www.akamai.com.
  85. Web site: Bot Manager - Akamai . www.akamai.com.
  86. Web site: about/news/press/2016-press/akamai-acquires-cyberfend.jsp . www.akamai.com.
  87. News: March 29, 2017 . Akamai agrees to acquire SOASTA . Reuters . October 11, 2017.
  88. News: October 11, 2017 . Akamai agrees to acquire Nominum . Reuters . October 11, 2017.
  89. Web site: Akamai Completes Acquisition Of Customer Identity Access Management Company Janrain Inc. . December 6, 2020 . www.Akamai.com.
  90. Web site: Akamai Technologies Announces Acquisition Of ChameleonX - Quick Facts Markets Insider . March 20, 2020 . markets.businessinsider.com . Insider Inc. and finanzen.net GmbH (Imprint) . RTTNews.
  91. Web site: Akamai Technologies Announces Acquisition Of ChameleonX - Quick Facts . March 20, 2020 . www.nasdaq.com . Nasdaq, Inc . en . RTTNews.
  92. Web site: Akamai Technologies Advances 5G Security Strategy With Acquisition Of Asavie .
  93. Web site: Akamai Technologies Acquires Inverse Inc., Adds To Zero Trust Security Platform . 2021-06-22.
  94. Web site: Mirchevska . Sara . 2021-10-04 . Akamai Technologies Acquires Guardicore in A$600 Million Worth Deal . HostAdvice.
  95. Web site: 2022-02-15 . Akamai To Acquire Linode to Provide Businesses with a Developer-friendly and Massively-distributed Platform to Build, Run and Secure Next Generation Applications . Akamai.
  96. Web site: Akamai to Acquire API Protection Startup Noname Security for $450 Million . SecurityWeek . 2024-05-07 . 2024-05-16.
  97. Web site: Akamai doubles down on API security with Noname acquisition . SDxCentral . 2024-06-27 . 2024-07-24.
  98. It is usually possible, however, to write such method patent claims in a way that all steps are performed by a single actor, for example, by replacing a step of sending a signal to the person performing the other steps with a step, instead, of receiving that signal. See, e.g., Michael Dzwonczyk Bulletproofing Method Claims for Post-Limelight Enforcement (Feb. 2014). Dzwonczyk asserts that the patent claim "could easily have been rewritten as a single-actor method claim that would not require the performance of any step by a second actor," and provides a rewritten version. See also Harold Wegner, Akamai II: Direct Infringement Déjà Vu (Aug. 2014) at 20-21, to similar effect.
  99. Web site: September 20, 2013 . SEC Charges Former Technology Company Executive for Role in Rajaratnam Insider Trading Scheme . VentureBeat.
  100. Web site: Harrison Weber . May 15, 2014 . Facebook & Akamai respond to NSA slides alleging massive CDN vulnerability . VentureBeat.
  101. Web site: Lisa Vaas . February 29, 2016 . Tor users being actively blocked on some websites . naked security.
  102. Web site: TorRules < Main < EmergingThreats . doc.emergingthreats.net.

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