Airliner shootdown incidents have occurred since at least the 1930s, either intentionally or by accident. This chronological list shows instances of airliners being brought down by gunfire or missile attacksincluding during wartimerather than by terrorist bombings or sabotage of an airplane.
See main article: Kweilin incident. This incident is believed to be the first commercial passenger plane attacked by hostile forces.[1] On 24 August 1938 – during the Second Sino-Japanese War – the Kweilin, a DC-2 jointly operated by China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) and Pan American World Airways, carrying 18 passengers and crew, was forced down by Japanese aircraft in Chinese territory just north of Hong Kong. 15 people died when the Kweilin, which made an emergency water landing to avoid the attack, was strafed by the Japanese and sunk in a river. The American pilot Hugh L. Woods and two others survived. Three prominent Chinese bankers, Hu Yun, Xu Xinliu (Singloh Hsu), and Wang Yumei, were among the dead. It was later believed to be an assassination attempt on Chinese president Sun Yat-sen's only son, Sun Fo, who was believed by the Japanese to be aboard but missed the flight. The plane was refurbished, renamed the Chungking, and was later involved in a second shootdown incident, in 1940.[2]
OO-AUI, a Douglas DC-3-227B owned by Sabena, was hit by anti-aircraft fire over Calais on a flight from Merville to London on May 23, 1940. The pilot made a forced landing near Arques, killing the navigator and injuring 2 passengers. The surviving crew and passengers were taken POW.[3]
See main article: Kaleva (airplane). The Kaleva (registered OH-ALL) was a civilian Junkers Ju 52-3/mge passenger aircraft operated by Finnish carrier Aero O/Y which was shot down by two Soviet Ilyushin DB-3 bombers on 14 June 1940, over the Baltic Sea while en route from Tallinn, Estonia to Helsinki, Finland.[4] This occurred during the Interim Peace between Finland and the Soviet Union, three months after the end of the Winter War, and a year before the Continuation War began. A few minutes after taking off in Tallinn, the Kaleva was intercepted by Soviet DB-3s. The bombers opened fire with their machine guns and badly damaged the Kaleva, causing it to ditch into seawater in the Gulf of Finland, a few kilometers northeast of Keri lighthouse. All seven passengers and two crew members on board died.[5]
F-ARTD, a Dewoitine D.338 of Air France, was accidentally shot down by French anti-aircraft fire near Ouistreham on June 20, 1940. The sole occupant was killed.[6]
F-AQBA, another Dewoitine D.338 of Air France, was shot down by a Japanese military fighter over the Gulf of Tonkin on July 7, 1940. All 4 occupants were killed.[7]
XXV, a Junkers Ju-52/3mte of Eurasia, was attacked by 3 Japanese fighters on a delivery flight near Kunming on October 26, 1940. The plane made a forced landing in a rice field and was strafed, but both occupants survived.[8]
On 29 October 1940, the same DC-2 involved in the previous shootdown incident as Kweilin, now renamed Chungking, operated by CNAC, was destroyed by Japanese fighters at Changyi Airfield, Yunnan, China, after it made a scheduled landing and was coming to a stop.[9] Nine people died, including the American pilot Walter "Foxie" Kent and Chinese architect Chang-Kan Chien. The plane caught fire and never flew again.
La Verrier, an Air France SNCAC NC.223.4 mail plane, disappeared on the first leg of a flight from Marseille to Damascus with stopovers in Bizerte and Beirut on November 24, 1940. All 7 on board, including Jean Chiappe, are presumed to have died. No wreckage has been recovered, the plane radioed they were hit by machine-gun fire before disappearing; it has been theorized they were shot down in the nearby Battle of Cape Spartivento that occurred on the same day.[10]
PK-AFW, a Douglas DC-3-194C of KNILM, was attacked by Japanese military aircraft on January 24, 1942, during a cargo flight. The plane made a forced landing near Samarinda and all 3 occupants survived, but the plane was written off.[11]
See main article: 1942 Qantas Short Empire shootdown. The Corio, a Short Empire flying boat airliner, operated by Qantas, was shot down by Imperial Japanese Naval Air Service aircraft in the early days of the Pacific War during World War II off the coast of West Timor, Dutch East Indies, on 30 January 1942. Thirteen occupants were killed. Captain Aubrey Koch, along with another crewman and three passengers, swam to shore and were rescued.[12]
The Circe (G-AETZ), another Short S.23 Empire operated by Qantas (leased from BOAC), was evacuating civilians and military personnel from Tjilatjap to Broome on February 28, 1942, was shot down 400 km (248.5 miles) south of Tjilatjap by a Japanese bomber on maritime patrol from Denpasar. All 22 occupants, 4 crew and 18 passengers, were killed.[13]
See main article: 1942 KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown. PK-AFV, also known as the PH-ALP Pelikaan (one of the KLM airliners that diverted during the German invasion of the Netherlands), was a Douglas DC-3 airliner operated by KNILM from 1940. On 3 March 1942, while on a flight from Bandung, Netherlands East Indies, to Broome, Australia, with the well-known KLM captain Ivan Smirnov, the plane was attacked by three Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter planes; PK-AFV successfully landed on the beach near Broome with damage and an engine fire but was then strafed and the flight engineer and three passengers (including a baby) were killed. Smirnov had a consignment of diamonds, worth at the time an estimated £150,000–300,000 (in an approximate £– million), in his possession. The vast majority of these were lost or stolen following the crash.
PK-ALO, another Douglas DC-3 of KNILM, was also attacked on March 3, 1942. While landing at Broome, Japanese A6M fighters fired at the aircraft. Pilot E.E. Hulsebos landed safely but the fighters attacked again, causing the aircraft to burn out; no one onboard was killed.[14]
I-BURA, a Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down near Sicily on March 28, 1942. It is unknown who shot down the plane and if there were any fatalities.[15]
F-AREJ, an Air France Lioré-et-Olivier H.246.1, was attacked by RAF Hawker Hurricanes on a passenger flight from Marseille to Algiers on August 13, 1942. The damaged aircraft managed to arrive at Algiers harbor but sank after landing. 4 passengers were killed.[16]
I-TELO, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down on a military flight from Tunis to Castelvetrano on November 15, 1942, killing all 4 on board. It is unknown who shot down the plane.[17]
G-AGEJ, a BOAC Lockheed 18-40 Lodestar, was shot down by a Junkers Ju 88 of Luftwaffe 10/NJG 3 piloted by lieutenant Werner Speidel on April 4, 1943, 50 kilometers (31.3 miles) NW of Skagen, on a passenger flight from Stockholm to Saint Andrews. All 7 on board were killed.[18]
I-BONI, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down on April 10, 1943. The location, fatalities (if any), and who shot down the plane is unknown.[19]
I-MAST, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down by RAF fighters on April 13, 1943, during a passenger flight over the Mediterranean. It is unknown if anyone died.[20]
I-MONC, another Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 of LATI, was shot down by enemy fighters on April 19, 1943, during a passenger flight over the Mediterranean. It is unknown if anyone died.[21]
See main article: BOAC Flight 777. BOAC Flight 777 was a scheduled civilian flight from Portela Airport, Lisbon in neutral Portugal bound for Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport, United Kingdom. The Douglas DC-3 operating the route (registered G-AGBB, ex-PH-ALI Ibis) had fled the German invasion of the Netherlands, and was owned and operated by KLM with a Dutch crew, albeit with British Overseas Airways Corporation flight numbers. On 1 June 1943, Ibis was attacked by eight German Junkers Ju 88 fighter bombers, who were not aware of the existence of the scheduled flight and the civilian status of the aircraft. Ibis crashed into the Bay of Biscay killing all aboard, including English actor Leslie Howard.[22]
J-BIOA, a Nakajima L2D of Dai Nippon Koku KK, was shot down near Sulawesi in August 1943. The exact day and fatalities (if any) are unknown.[23]
The Gripen (registered SE-BAG) was a Douglas DC-3 which was attacked by a German Junkers Ju 88 fighter-bomber over the coast of the island of Hållö, Sweden on 22 October 1943 while flying a scheduled passenger flight from Aberdeen to Stockholm.A ditching at sea was attempted but the aircraft flew against the cliffs and crashed. Of the fifteen occupants, two survived, the flight-engineer and a passenger, after they were thrown out of the rear part of the aircraft.[24]
D-AOCA, a Junkers Ju-52/3m of Deutsche Lufthansa, was shot down on April 17, 1944, during an Allied fighter sweep of Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). The plane was on scheduled service E.17 from Vienna to Athens with stops in Belgrade, Sofia, and Thessaloniki. The plane caught fire after being hit from the rear and starboard, crashing in Alt-Pasua, 26 km (16.1 miles) north of Semlin; 5 of the 7 occupants were killed.[25]
D-AMHL, a Focke-Wulf Fw 200D-2 of Deutsche Lufthansa, was intercepted and shot down by a Bristol Beaufighter Mk VIF of No. 415 Squadron RCAF from Dijon, over Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux at 20:31 on September 27, 1944, on a passenger flight from Stuttgart to Barcelona. All 9 occupants were killed.[26]
Friedrich Dahmen (D-ASHE), a Junkers Ju-52/3m of Deutsche Lufthansa, had to make a forced landing in Komárom County, Hungary, after being attacked by British Mosquito fighters during a passenger flight on October 17, 1944. Of the 9 occupants, 1 passenger was killed.[27]
D-ARHW, a Focke-Wulf Fw 200 of Deutsche Lufthansa, was shot down by a German patrol boat at 10:25 on November 29, 1944, off Målkläppen, Sweden, on a passenger flight from Berlin to Stockholm. All 10 occupants were killed.[28]
J-BKOV, a Nakajima L2D of Dai Nippon Koku KK, was shot down on a flight to Taipei on March 5, 1945. It is unknown who shot down the plane, where it departed from, and if anyone died.[29]
D-ANAJ, a Junkers Ju-52/3m of Deutsche Lufthansa, was shot down by the Soviets during an evacuation flight on April 20, 1945, in the forest at Glienig. Of the 20 occupants (3 crew and 17 passengers, including a woman), only 2 passengers survived. Among the dead was film director Hans Steinhoff. This plane was the last Deutsche Lufthansa flight to leave Berlin before WW2 ended, headed for Enns with a stop in Prague.[30]
On April 29, 1948, a Pan Am Douglas DC-3A (registration unknown) was shot at by riflemen shortly after takeoff from San Jose, Costa Rica, with several bullets hitting the fuselage, a tire blowing out, and a propeller being hit. Despite this substantial damage, the plane safely continued to its destination and was later repaired. All 12 occupants survived. A communist leader who was a passenger on the flight is suspected to have been the attackers' target.[31]
HS-PC103, a Douglas C-47 of Thai airline Pacific Overseas Airlines, is believed to have been shot down off the west coast of Sumatra by Dutch pilots on October 25, 1948. The plane's route and fatality count (if any) is unknown.[32]
F-OABJ, a Douglas C-47 of Aigle Azur, crashed during a passenger flight (route unknown) near Đông Khê, present-day Vietnam, on November 27, 1949. All 10 occupants were killed. It is speculated that the plane was shot down by the Viet Minh during a supply-drop flight.[33]
On July 24, 1950, LR-AAN, a Douglas C-47A-40-DL of Air Liban, was shot at by an Israeli Spitfire on a flight from Jerusalem to Beirut over the Israel-Lebanon border area. The plane landed safely despite substantial damage and was later repaired. Of the 28 occupants, 3 passengers were killed.[34]
F-BELI, a Douglas C-54 of Air France, was shot at by 2 Soviet MiG-15 on April 29, 1952, near Berlin. The aircraft was hit 89 times, wounding 3 passengers and forcing engines no. 3 and 4 to be shut down. The plane made a safe landing at Berlin-Tempelhof and was later repaired. Soviets claimed the C-54 had strayed out of the international air corridor.[35]
F-BEIB, a Douglas C-47 of Société des Transports Aériens d'Extrême-Orient (STAEO), was shot down by communist guerrillas during a passenger flight take off in Phan Thiet on May 4, 1952. Of the 14 occupants, only 1 crew member was killed. The plane was written off.[36]
PI-C38, a Douglas DC-3 of Philippine Air Lines, was on a passenger flight from Laoag to Aparri on December 30, 1952, when an armed man forced himself into the cockpit shortly after takeoff. The man, armed with a .45 pistol, demanded to be taken to Amoy, China. The captain put the plane into a dive, but the hijacker kept his balance and fatally shot him. The co-pilot regained control of the aircraft, and the plane's steward was fatally shot through the cockpit door when he came up to see what was happening. The co-pilot flew towards China over the China Sea at 6,000 feet until a pair of Chinese Nationalist T-6 Harvard aircraft appeared, spraying machine gun fire at the DC-3 over Chinmen Island. The plane turned back and was forced to land at Quemoy by more Chinese Nationalist aircraft; the hijacker was arrested upon landing. The captain and steward were the only fatalities of the 10 occupants.[37]
On July 27, 1953, an Ilyushin Il-12 (registration unknown) of Aeroflot was shot at in North Korean airspace flying from Port Arthur to Vladivostok and crashed onto Chinese territory at 12:30, killing all 21 occupants. The plane was spotted by USAF Capt. Ralph S. Parr Jr. in his F-86F Sabre during an escort mission near Chunggang-jin; Parr made several passes and mistakenly identified the aircraft as North Korean. In downing the IL-12 he obtained double-ace status. One long burst brought down the plane, crashing 4 km (2.5 miles) from Mao-erh-shan in what was the final aircraft shot down before the armistice was signed later the same day.[38] [39]
See main article: 1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown. VR-HEU, a Douglas C-54 Skymaster airliner operated by Cathay Pacific Airways[40] en route from Bangkok to Hong Kong on 23 July 1954, was shot down by People's Liberation Army Air Force Lavochkin La-11 fighters off the coast of Hainan Island; 10 of the 19 on board died.[41] [42] [43]
See main article: El Al Flight 402. El Al Flight 402, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation (registered 4X-AKC), was a passenger flight from Vienna, Austria, to Tel Aviv, Israel, via Istanbul, Turkey, on 27 July 1955. The aircraft strayed into Bulgarian airspace, refused to land, and was shot down by two Bulgarian Air Force MiG-15 fighters several kilometers away from the Greek border near Petrich, Bulgaria. All 7 crew and 51 passengers on board the airliner died.[44] [45]
TI-1022, a Curtiss C-46 Commando of Aerolineas Nacionales, left San Jose, Costa Rica, at 06:21 on June 1, 1959, for a farm airstrip near Volcán, Panama, to carry a meat shipment to Curaçao. Instead of landing at Volcán, however, the plane landed at an unknown location in Costa Rica and was boarded by armed guerrillas and left for Nicaragua to take part in the uprising against President Luis Somoza. The plane was shot down by a Nicaraguan Air Force P-51 and crashed into Nicaraguan territory, killing all on board. Apart from the 2 crew, the number of passengers is unknown.[46]
See main article: Aeroflot Flight 902. Aeroflot Flight 902 was a Tupolev Tu-104 flight on scheduled domestic service from Khabarovsk to Moscow. On 30 June 1962, its wreckage was found east of Krasnoyarsk Airport, in flat terrain. There were no survivors.[47] An entry hole, with signs of fire damage on the cabin side of the fuselage, was consistent with that which could be caused by an anti-aircraft missile, and there was an unofficial confirmation that an anti-aircraft missile had gone astray during an air defense exercise in the area.[47]
XV-NIC, a Douglas C-47 of Air Vietnam, was shot down by communist ground fire on a domestic passenger flight from Quang Ngai to Saigon on September 16, 1965, 11 km (6.9 miles) northeast of Quang Ngai. All 39 on board were killed, including 1 passenger who was found alive but died in a hospital.[48]
F-BELV, a Boeing S.307B-1 Stratoliner of Compagnie Internationale de Transports Civil Aériens (CITCA) operating for the International Commission for Supervision and Control (ICSC), disappeared near Hanoi on October 18, 1965, with all 13 onboard presumed dead. The plane was carrying 4 French crew members and 9 ICSC members from Vientiane to Hanoi, departing at 15:05 and contacting Hanoi at 15:20, giving an ETA of 16:44, but no further radio contact was received. French and Canadian forces searched in Laos, being refused permission in North Vietnam with North Vietnamese authorities reporting they could not find the plane either. In 1996, a study by the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade concluded the plane had likely been shot down by a North Vietnamese military unit, accidentally or deliberately.[49]
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 a Pakistani pilot shot down a civil aircraft with eight people onboard.[50] [51]
N3934C, a Douglas C-54 of Pan African Airlines, was hit by an anti-aircraft shell at 15:23 on April 25, 1969. Descending at 6500 feet into Enugu from Lagos, the shell left a 5-foot hole on the starboard side and injured 5 passengers. The plane turned back to Lagos due to undercarriage issues and made a safe landing after the undercarriage made a free fall extension. The aircraft was later repaired.[52]
Alitalia Flight 713, operated by Douglas DC-8-43 I-DIWL, was approaching Syrian airspace after takeoff from Tehran on June 26, 1970, and was told that Syrian airspace had been closed. The pilot requested vectors to Beirut, and was told to fly to Damascus and turn to Beirut from there. While at FL295 6.5 km (4.1 miles) east of Damascus, a surface-to-air missile made direct contact with the left wing. The plane went down 3250 feet and the pilot turned off the no. 1 engine, landing safely at Beirut; all 94 occupants survived. At the time of the missile strike, several Egyptian MiG-21 and Israeli Mirage IIICJ were fighting over Syria with some Syrian MiG-17 also being reported present.[53]
XW-TDE, a Douglas C-54 of Royal Air Lao, disappeared on a flight from Savannakhet to Vientiane on February 11, 1972, with all 23 onboard presumed dead. The last radio contact was made with Bangkok Regional Control Center at 13:20, reportedly over the SH point with ETA given as 14:22. The plane was reportedly shot down.[54]
See main article: Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114.
Libyan Airlines Flight 114 was a regularly scheduled flight from Tripoli, Libya, via Benghazi to Cairo. At 10:30 on 21 February 1973, the Boeing 727 operating the flight left Tripoli, but became lost due to a combination of bad weather and equipment failure over northern Egypt around 13:44 (local time). It entered Israeli-controlled airspace over the Sinai Peninsula, where was intercepted by two Israeli Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighters, refused to land, and was shot down. Of the 113 people on board, five survived, including the co-pilot.[55] [56]
See main article: Malév Flight 240.
Malév Flight 240 was a scheduled flight from Budapest Ferihegy International Airport, Hungary, to Beirut International Airport, Lebanon. On 30 September 1975, the aircraft operating the route, a Tupolev Tu-154 of Malév Hungarian Airlines, on its final approach for landing, crashed into the Mediterranean Sea just off the coast of Lebanon. All fifty passengers and ten crew on board were killed.[57] [58] No official investigation has ever been conducted on the crash by the Hungarian authorities. The aircraft was allegedly shot down during final approach, probably due to its assumed involvement in the Lebanese Civil War.[59]
See main article: Korean Air Lines Flight 902.
Korean Air Lines Flight 902 was scheduled flight from Paris, France bound for Seoul, South Korea with a stopover at Anchorage, Alaska operated by a civilian Boeing 707 airliner (registered HL7429) that was shot down by Soviet Air Force Sukhoi Su-15 fighters on 20 April 1978 near Murmansk, Soviet Union after it violated Soviet airspace and failed to respond to Soviet interceptors. Two passengers died in the incident. 107 passengers and crew survived after the plane made an emergency landing on a frozen lake.[60]
See main article: Air Rhodesia Flight 825.
Air Rhodesia Flight 825 was a scheduled flight between Kariba and Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe), that was shot down on 3 September 1978, by Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) guerrillas using a Soviet-manufactured Strela 2 missile. Eighteen of the 56 passengers of the Vickers Viscount survived the crash, but 10 of the survivors were killed by the guerrillas at the crash site.
See main article: Air Rhodesia Flight 827.
Air Rhodesia Flight 827 was a scheduled flight between Kariba and Salisbury that was shot down on 12 February 1979, by ZIPRA guerrillas using a Soviet-manufactured Strela 2 missile in similar circumstances to Flight RH825 five months earlier. None of the 59 passengers or crew of the Vickers Viscount survived.[61]
See main article: Itavia Flight 870. On 27 June 1980 a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15 operated by Itavia broke up mid-air and crashed into the sea near the Tyrrhenian Sea island of Ustica, while en route from Bologna to Palermo, Italy. All 81 people on board were killed. The cause has been the subject of a decades-long controversy. The aircraft may have been accidentally shot down during a military operation possibly involving United States, French, Italian and Libyan military aircraft. Another theory is that the plane was bombed by terrorists. On 23 January 2013, Italy's top criminal court ruled that there was "abundantly" clear evidence that the flight was brought down by a missile, but the perpetrators are still missing.[62]
On 8 June 1980 Linhas Aéreas de Angola airliner (registered D2-TYC), a Yakovlev Yak-40, was shot down near Matala, Angola with the loss of all on board (4 crew and 15 passengers). ICAO reported that a "sudden situation took place in response to actions by a foreign aircraft and accidentally the Yak-40 was hit and crashed".[63] Unconfirmed reports mention the possible involvement of a Zambian Shenyang J-6 fighter.[64]
See main article: 1981 Armenia mid-air collision. On 18 July 1981 Transporte Aéreo Rioplatense's Canadair CL-44 commercial cargo aircraft involved in the clandestine weapons supplies under the Iran-Contra affair was taken down by a Soviet Airforce Su-15 by a ram attack. The Argentinian airliner that returned from Tehran to Larnaca, Cyprus was supposed to fly in Turkish airspace along the Soviet border but deviated and appeared over Soviet Armenia. After the pilot of a Su-15 interceptor failed to force the Canadair CL-44 to land in the USSR, and realizing that the intruder was escaping, the pilot hit the Canadair's tail causing both planes to crash near Erevan. The Soviet pilot ejected but the TAR crew died.[65]
See main article: Korean Air Lines Flight 007.
Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was a Korean Air Lines Boeing 747 civilian airliner shot down by a Soviet Air Force Sukhoi Su-15TM interceptor on 1 September 1983, near Moneron Island just west of Sakhalin Island, after it strayed into Soviet airspace. 269 passengers and crew, including US congressman Larry McDonald, were aboard KAL 007; there were no survivors. An official investigation concluded that the course deviation was likely caused by pilot error in configuring the air navigation system.
See main article: Polar 3. On 24 February 1985, the Polar 3, a Dornier 228 research airplane of the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, West Germany, was shot down by guerrillas of the Polisario Front over West Sahara. All three crew members died. Polar 3 was on its way back from Antarctica and had taken off in Dakar, Senegal, to reach Arrecife, Canary Islands.[66]
See main article: 1985 Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26 shootdown. On 4 September 1985 (during the Soviet–Afghan War), a Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26 (registered YA-BAM) was shot down by a surface-to-air missile near Kandahar, Afghanistan. The aircraft was carrying 47 passengers and 5 crew members and had been on a scheduled flight from Kandahar to Farah. There were no survivors.[67]
See main article: 1985 Aeroflot Antonov An-12 shoot-down. On November 25, 1985, in Angola during the Angolan Civil War, an Aeroflot Antonov An-12 is shot down by a surface-to-air missile, while operating a cargo flight from Cuito Cuanavale to Luanda, allegedly by South African Special Forces; all 21 people on board are killed.[68]
On 11 June 1987, a Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26 (registered YA-BAL) was shot down by a missile near Khost, killing 53 out of the 55 people on board. The aircraft had been on a flight from Kandahar to Kabul.[69]
On 14 October 1987, a Lockheed L-100 Hercules (registered HB-ILF), owned by the Swiss company Zimex Aviation and operated on behalf of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), was shot down about four minutes after departing Cuito airport, Angola. It was hit by an unknown projectile fired by unknown combatants during the Angolan Civil War. Four crew members and two passengers died. On the ground, two persons died and one was severely injured.[70] [71]
On 6 November 1987, an Air Malawi Shorts Skyvan (registered 7Q-YMB) was shot down while on a domestic flight from Blantyre, Malawi to Lilongwe. The flight plan took it over Mozambique where the Mozambican Civil War was in progress. The aircraft was shot down near the Mozambican town of Ulongwe. The eight passengers and two crew on board died.[72]
See main article: Iran Air Flight 655.
Iran Air Flight 655 was a commercial flight operated by Iran Air that regularly flew from Bandar Abbas, Iran to Dubai, UAE. On 3 July 1988 the aircraft was shot down by the U.S. Navy guided missile cruiser USS Vincennes which fired a RIM-66 Standard surface-to-air missile. The airplane was destroyed between Bandar Abbas and Dubai; all 290 passengers and crew died, including 66 children. USS Vincennes was in Iranian waters at the time of the attack. IR655, an Airbus A300 on an ascending flight path, was mistaken by Vincennes as a descending Iranian Grumman F-14 Tomcat.[73]
On 19 November 1988, an Antonov An-26 operated by Ariana Afghan Airlines was flying from Kabul, Afghanistan to Jalalabad, Afghanistan when the pilot became lost due to a technical issue.[74] The aircraft entered Pakistani airspace when the pilot asked for help from a nearby airport in Pakistan. It was subsequently shot down by ground fire from the Pakistan Air Force near Parachinar, Pakistan resulting in 30 deaths. Ministry of Defence of Pakistan claimed that the aircraft was shot down by ground fire when it entered Pakistani territory and failed to identify itself.
On 8 December 1988 a Douglas DC-7 chartered by the US Agency for International Development was shot down over Western Sahara by the Polisario Front, resulting in five deaths. Leaders of the movement said the plane was mistaken for a Moroccan Lockheed C-130. The aircraft was bound for Morocco for a locust control mission. A second aircraft was also hit, but managed to land at Sidi Ifni, Morocco.
A Yak-40 plane traveling from Stepanakert airport to Yerevan on 27 March 1992, with a total of 34 passengers and crew, was attacked by an Azerbaijani Air Force Sukhoi Su-25 attack aircraft. With an engine failure and a fire in rear of the plane, it eventually made a safe landing on Armenian territory.[75] [76] [77]
See main article: 1993 Sukhumi airliner attacks. In September 1993, two airliners belonging to Transair Georgia and a third belong to Orbi Georgia were shot down by missiles and gunfire in Sukhumi, Abkhazia, Georgia. The first, a Tupolev Tu-134, was shot down on 21 September 1993 by a missile during landing approach. The second plane, a Tupolev Tu-154, was shot down a day later also during approach. A third one was shelled and destroyed on the ground, while passengers were boarding.
See main article: 1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown. The 1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown occurred on March 17, 1994, when an Iranian Air Force C-130E military transport aircraft, carrying Iranian embassy personnel from Moscow to Tehran, was shot down by Armenian military forces near the city of Stepanakert in Nagorno-Karabakh, an area which had been under armed conflict since 1988. The 32 people (19 passengers and 13 crew) on board were killed in the crash.
See main article: Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira. The Dassault Falcon 50 airplane carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down by surface-to-air-missiles as it prepared to land in Kigali, Rwanda, on 6 April 1994. Both presidents died. This double assassination was the catalyst for the Rwandan genocide and the First Congo War. Responsibility for the attack is disputed, with most theories proposing as suspects either the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) or government-aligned Hutu Power extremists opposed to negotiation with the RPF.
See main article: Lionair Flight 602. Lionair Flight 602, operated by an Antonov An-24RV, crashed into the sea off the north-western coast of Sri Lanka on 29 September 1998. The aircraft departed Jaffna-Palaly Air Force Base on a flight to Colombo and disappeared from radar screens just after the pilot had reported depressurization. Initial reports indicated that the plane had been shot down by Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam rebels with a missile. All 7 crew and 48 passengers died.[78]
See main article: 1998 Lignes Aériennes Congolaises crash. The 1998 Lignes Aériennes Congolaises crash occurred on October 10, 1998, when, shortly after take-off, a Lignes Aériennes Congolaises Boeing 727-30 flying from Kindu Airport to N'djili Airport, DR Congo was struck by a surface-to-air missile launched by rebel forces during the Second Congo War. The captain attempted an emergency landing, but the 727 crashed into a dense jungle near Kindu killing all 41 people on board.[79]
See main article: 2001 Peru shootdown. On 20 April 2001, a Cessna A185E floatplane (registered OB-1408) was shot down by a Peruvian Cessna A-37B Dragonfly attack aircraft over the border Mariscal Ramón Castilla Province of Peru. Two out of four passengers on board were killed, American Christian missionary Roni Bowers and her infant daughter Charity, while the pilot Kevin Donaldson was severely wounded. The incident took place during the Air Bridge Denial Program, where the floatplane was spotted by a CIA surveillance aircraft, who requested that the Peruvian Air Force follow the floatplane and force it to land at Iquitos to be searched for illegal drugs. After failing to contact the floatplane due to the message being sent on the wrong frequency, the CIA observers advised against a shootdown due to the floatplane not matching the expected behavior seen in drug trafficking aircraft, only for the Peruvian Dragonfly to open fire, downing the floatplane.A year later, the US government paid compensation of $8 million to the Bowers family and the pilot.[80]
See main article: Siberia Airlines Flight 1812. On 4 October 2001, Siberian Airlines Flight 1812, a Tupolev Tu-154, crashed over the Black Sea en route from Tel Aviv, Israel to Novosibirsk, Russia. Although the immediate suspicion was of a terrorist attack, American sources proved that the plane was hit by a S-200 surface-to-air missile, fired from the Crimean Peninsula during a joint Ukrainian-Russian military exercise, and this was confirmed by the Moscow-based Interstate Aviation Committee. All on board (66 passengers and 12 crew) died. The President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma and several high commanders of the military expressed their condolences to the relatives of the victims. The Ukrainian Government paid out $200,000 in compensation to the families of every passenger and crew who died when the plane crashed; a total of $15 million in compensation for the accident.[81]
See main article: 2003 Baghdad DHL attempted shootdown incident. On 22 November 2003, DHL Flight 209, an Airbus A300-200F cargo aircraft (registered OO-DLL), was struck on the left wing by a surface-to-air missile shortly after takeoff from Baghdad bound for Muharraq, Bahrain. The aircraft lost all hydraulic controls and the crew had to use engine thrust to maneuver. The pilots managed to return to Baghdad International Airport but lost directional control on landing, resulting in a runway excursion. All 3 people on board survived. The A300 did not fly again after the incident and was scrapped.[82] [83]
See main article: 2007 Balad aircraft crash. On 9 January 2007, an Antonov An-26 crashed while attempting a landing at Balad Air Base in Iraq.[84]
See main article: 2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash. On 23 March 2007, a TransAVIAexport Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 airplane crashed in the outskirts of Mogadishu, Somalia, during the 2007 Battle of Mogadishu. Witnesses, including a Shabelle reporter, claim they saw the plane being shot down, and Belarus has initiated an anti-terrorist investigation, but Somalia insists the crash was accidental.[85] All 11 Belarusian civilians on board died.[86]
See main article: Malaysia Airlines Flight 17. Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was a regularly scheduled flight from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, Netherlands to Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia. On 17 July 2014, the Boeing 777-200ER (registered 9M-MRD) operating the flight was hit by a Soviet-made Buk surface-to-air missile fired by pro-Russian Donetsk separatists. All 283 passengers and 15 crew were killed, including 80 children. The Joint Investigation Team claimed the missile was operated by Russian-backed rebels near Donetsk, Ukraine during the Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion.[87] Russian President Vladimir Putin denied accusations of Russian involvement.[88] At the time, the shootdown was Ukraine's deadliest aviation disaster and the deadliest aviation disaster involving the Boeing 777.[89]
See main article: Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752. Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Tehran to Kyiv operated by Ukraine International Airlines. On 8 January 2020, the Boeing 737-800 (registered UR-PSR) operating the route was shot down by the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) shortly after takeoff from Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport, killing all 176 people on board.[90] [91] [92] After initially denying responsibility, Iran admitted on 11 January 2020 that, in the hours following the IRGC's launch of missiles against air bases used by the U.S., the plane was unintentionally targeted when the IRGC mistook it for a cruise missile launched by the U.S. in retaliation.[93]
See main article: 2020 East African Express Airways Brasilia crash. On 4 May 2020, an East African Express Airways Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia on an air charter flight carrying pandemic relief supplies crashed on approach to an airstrip in Berdale, Somalia, after being fired upon by Ethiopian Ground Forces. All six people on board were killed. The incident is under investigation by the Somali government.[94] [95]
