Ahmad Zayni Dahlan Explained

Region:Hejaz
Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
Arabic: أحمد زَيْني دَحْلان
Shaykh al-Islam[1]
Birth Date:1816
Birth Place:Mecca, Habesh Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
Death Place:Medina, Hejaz Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Religion:Islam
Denomination:Sunni
Jurisprudence:Shafi'i
Creed:Ash'ari
Main Interests:Sufism, History, Aqidah, Kalam (Islamic theology), Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Usul al-Fiqh (principles of jurisprudence), Hadith, Tafsir, Tajwid, Syntax, Rhetoric, Algebra
Notable Works:Fitnat al-Wahhabiyyah,
Al-Durar al-Saniyyah fi al-Radd 'ala al-Wahhabiyyah,
Khulasat al-Kalam fi Bayan Umara' al-Balad al-Haram
Influences:Al-Shafi'i
Ahmad al-Marzuqi al-Maliki al-Makki
Influenced:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca
Sheikh Mustafa
Usman bin Yahya
Arsyad Thawil al-Bantani
Muhammad Amrullah
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi

Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (Arabic: أحمد زَيْني دَحْلان) (1816–1886) was the Grand Mufti of Mecca between 1871 and his death.[2] [3] [4] He also held the position of Shaykh al-Islam in the Hejaz[5] and Imam al-Haramayn (Imam of the two holy cities, Mecca and Medina).[6] Theologically and juridically, he followed the Shafi'i school of thought.

Furthermore, he was a historian and an Ash'ari theologian. He was known for his harsh criticism of Wahhabism, being one of their main adversaries,[7] and his recognition of Sufi principles.[8] A leader of the conservative faction among the Shafi'is, he was particularly important in Asia, where his influence grew with his many disciples.

He was the descendant of 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani.[9] [10] [11] He authored, and personally published numerous works on history, fiqh, and the Islamic sciences in general. He taught to many Muslims scholars, including Hussein bin Ali,[12] [13] Sharif of Mecca and sometimes considered the last Caliph[14] [15] [16] and many foreign Islamic scholars, like Arsyad Thawil al-Bantani[17] and the Deobandi scholar Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri.[18]

Through his disciple, Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi, he exerted a significant influence on the Barelvi movement, which encompasses over 200 million Muslims.

He died in Medina in 1886.[19]

Biography

Birth and education

He was born in Mecca in 1816 or 1817.[20] He was from a Sayyid family, and was a direct descendent of Muhammad in the 38th generation via Hasan ibn Ali. His father was called Zayni and his grandfather Othman Dahlan, hence his name.[21]

He studied under (Arabic: أحمد المرزوقي المالكي المكي)[22] and also under Muhammad Sayyid Quds, the previous Shafi'i Mufti of Mecca, Abdullah Siraj al-Hanqi, Yusuf al-Sawy al-Masri al-Maliki, the Maliki Mufti of Mecca and Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti.

After obtaining his degree in Islamic studies, he started to preach in Mecca.[23]

Subsequent life and teaching

Ahmad Zayni Dahlan is frequently considered as one of the most important religious figures of the Meccan landscape in the 19th century.[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]

In 1848, he started to teach at the Masjid al-Haram. He was then named, in 1871, Sheikh al-Ulama, or Grand Mufti of Mecca.

He had many students. Among them were Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca who studied the Qur'an with him and completed its memorization, Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi,[31] Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri,[32] Sheikh Mustafa, Usman bin Yahya, Arsyad Thawil al-Bantani, Muhammad Amrullah, Sayyid Abi Bakr Syata,[33] and Ahmad b. Hasan al-'Attas.[34]

He also taught to Sayyid Fadl, while he was in Mecca before departing for Constantinople.[35] [36]

Dahlan issued numerous fatwas, including one approving the use of radiophonic devices for religious means or one approving the use of drums and music during religious days, which was an important concern for Muslims in Indonesia, considering that "it was acceptable if nothing unlawful happened".[37]

He followed the Sharif Awn ar-Rafiq to Medina in 1885 after the Hashemite clashed with Osman Pasha.[38] There, he died the next year after visiting the tomb of Muhammad. He was buried in the Al-Baqi Cemetery, where his tomb was destroyed by Saudi Arabia later, alongside the whole cemetery.[39]

Theology and thought

Joseph Schacht described him as the "solitary representative of historical writing in Mecca in the XIXth century".

Conservatism

Ahmad Zayni Dahlan was a leader for the conservative faction of the Shafi'i of his time. Because of his conservatism and traditional views, he had an echo in the Muslim world beyond the Shafi'is.[40]

Sufism and Wahhabism

In his treatise against Wahhabi influence, he viewed Sufism as a legal and integral part of Islamic practice – including such aspects as Tawassul (intercession, or addressing God through an intermediary), Tabarruk (seeking blessings through persons or things), and Ziyarat al-Qubur (the visitation of tombs and graves).[41] [42] [43]

Dahlan considered that Wahhabism would destroy the Ummah.[44] Moreover, he called Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab "malevolent" and compared his followers to the Kharijites.[45] For Dahlan, he was a "deceiver" when he called himself an Hanbali. He also said that he was trying to divide the madhhabs by saying that one another were opposed between themselves.[46]

The opposition to the Wahhabi movement seems to have been the opinion of the majority of Hedjazi scholars and jurists of that time.

Opposition to Shia Islam

He wrote against Shia Islam and how to debate Shias. Similar to his vehement criticism of Wahhabism, he also targeted the Qarmatians, a radical Shiite movement that operated in the 10th century and attacked pilgrims traveling to Mecca for Hajj.

Anti-imperialism

He supported Muhammad Ahmad in the Mahdist War, seeing his fight against Khedive Tawfiq (1852–1892) and the British Empire as a bulkwark against Western imperialism.[47] [48] [49]

He was also influential in supporting anti-imperialism in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia)[50] [51] [52] [53] and more generally, in Southeast Asia.[54] [55] [56]

Posterity

He played a crucial role through his student, Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi in the establishment of the Barelvi movement in Pakistan and Afghanistan, exerting significant influence and contributing to their staunch opposition to Wahhabism.[57]

His fatwas were recognized after his death and are particularly important in the shaping of Indonesian Islam.[58] The Horn of Africa was also quite influenced by him, especially via the preaches of al-Zayla'i, in Somalia. His influence was also central for the Swahili Muslims.[59]

Since he attacked Wahhabism and clashed violently with them, some of his books are banned in Saudi Arabia.[60]

Works

His works are collectively known as the "Dahlaniya".[61] He wrote and taught in an era when the first printing press came to Mecca, one of the concerns of Ahmad Zayni Dahlan was to be able to explain the text of the Quran in more simple ways, to be understood by everyone.[62]

To fulfill this goal, he also wrote rhetoric manuals for young learners based on the Quran and treaties of mantiq.[63] [64] He was very interested in the metaphors used in the Quran.

Additionally, this helped Dahlan to disseminate his challenges to Salafism through his devoted students with more impact. He wrote, for instance, a booklet outlining the suffering Wahhabis brought to Mecca during their rule in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, Fitnat al-Wahhabiyyah (Arabic: فتنة الوهابية|lit=The Wahhabi [[Fitna (word)|Fitna]]), and also a study refuting the entire Wahhabi doctrine and practices, Al-Durar al-Saniyyah fi al-Radd 'ala al-Wahhabiyyah (Arabic: الدرر السَنِيَّة فى الرد على الوهابية|lit=The Pure Pearls in Answering the Wahhabis).[65]

Following is a list of some of his published works:[66]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Muhammad Hisham Kabbani. The Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition Guidebook of Daily Practices and Devotions. 2004. Islamic Supreme Council of America. 9781930409224. 187.
  2. Book: Eric Tagliacozzo. Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée. 2009. NUS Press. 9789971694241. 125.
  3. Book: Countering Suicide Terrorism: An International Conference. 2001. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT). 9781412844871. 72.
  4. Book: Mols, Luitgard E. M. . Western Arabia in the Leiden collections : traces of a colourful past . 2016 . Arnoud Vrolijk, Museum Volkenkunde, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. Bibliotheek . 978-94-006-0255-7 . Leiden . 971628032 . The Meccan scholar Ahmad ibn Zayni Dahlan was born in 1817. Around 1848 he became a teacher at the Great Mosque and in 1871 he was appointed Shaykh al-‘Ulama’or Grand Mufti..
  5. Web site: Hadith On The Present Fitna. abc.se.
  6. Web site: 'Political' Takfirism in #AlSaud Kingdom: From Ancestor to Grandson. Islamic Invitation Turkey. 9 September 2016.
  7. Book: DeLong-Bas, Natana J. . Wahhabi Islam : from revival and reform to global Jihad . 2005 . American University in Cairo . 977-424-883-X . Cairo . 71249145.
  8. Web site: History of Islamic Conquests. Catawiki.
  9. Web site: Ahmad Zayni Dahlan's al-Futuhat al-Islamiyya: A contemporary view of the Sudanese Mahdi. sudanile.com. ar. https://archive.today/20231023220758/https://sudanile.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%AF%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86/. 23 Oct 2023. كان السيد أحمد بن زيني دحلان (1817 – 1886م) هو كبير فقهاء ومفتي المذهب الشافعي في مكة، وأمام المسجد المكي في أخريات سنوات العهد العثماني. ولهذا الشيخ (وهو من حفدة الشيخ عبد القادر الجيلاني. المترجم) مؤلفات كثيرة في مواضيع متعددة شملت الشريعة واللغة العربية والتاريخ وغير ذلك..
  10. Web site: A Brief Biography of Ahmad Zayni Dahlan. alhejaz.org. ar. https://archive.today/20231023215656/https://www.alhejaz.org/aalam/113301.htm. 23 Oct 2023. نسبه: أحمد بن زيني بن أحمد بن عثمان بن نعمه الله بن عبد الرَّحمن بن محمّد بن عبد الله بن عثمان بن عطايا بن فارس بن مصطفى بن محمّد بن أحمد بن زيني بن قادر بن عبد الوهّاب بن محمّد بن عبد الرّزاق بن أحمد بن أحمد بن محمّد بن زكريّا بن يحيى بن محمّد بن عبد القادر الجيلاني بن موسى بن عبد الله بن يحيى الزاهد بن محمّد بن داؤد بن موسى بن عبد الله المحض بن الحسن المثنى بن الحسن السّبط بن سيّدنا الإمام علي بن أبي طالب بن عبد المطلب والسَّيدة فاطمة الزَّهراء بنت سيّدنا محمّد بن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب بن هاشم بن عبد مناف بن قصي بن كلاب بن مرّة بن كعب ابن لؤي بن غالب بن فهر بن مالك بن النّضر بن كنانة بن خزيمة بن مدركة بن إلياس بن مضر بن نزار بن معد بن عدنان..
  11. Book: إتحاف الأكابر في سيرة ومناقب الإمام محيي الدين عبد القادر الجيلاني الحسني الحسيني. Ithaf al-Akabir fi Sirat wa Manaqib al-Imam Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Qadir. 'Abd al-Majid ibn Taha al-Dahibi. Lebanon. Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya. Google Books. ar. 2009. 391. 9782745151971.
  12. Book: Niḍāl Dāwūd al-Mūminī . الشريف الحسين بن علي والخلافة / ash-Sharīf al-Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī wa-al-khilāfah . 1996 . al-Maṭba‘ah aṣ-Ṣafadī . ‘Ammān . ar.
  13. Book: Khayr ad-Dīn az-Ziriklī . ما رأيت وما سمعت / Mā ra'aytu wa-mā sami't . 1923 . al-Maṭba‘ah al-‘Arabīyah wa-Maktabatuhā . al-Qāhirah [Cairo] . ar.
  14. Book: 2022-10-06. 1986. Martin. 978-1-59740-468-6. Kramer. 1113069713. Columbia University Press. Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses. .
  15. Web site: 2012-04-10 . Architect of The Great Arab Revolt: Sayyid Hussein bin Ali, King of the Arabs and King of the Hijaz (1854 – June 4, 1931) . 2023-04-27 . Sayyid Ahmed Amiruddin . en.
  16. Encyclopedia: الملك حسين / al-Malik Ḥusayn . الأعلام / al-A‘lām . Dār al-‘Ilm lil-Malāyīn . Bayrūt [Beirut] . 2002 . 1967 . 15th . 2 . 249–250 . ar . Khayr ad-Dīn az-Ziriklī.
  17. Arwansyah . Arwansyah . 2016-11-07 . EKSISTENSI AL-QURAN DALAM KITAB NASĀ'IH AL-'IBĀD OLEH SHAYKH NAWAWI AL-BANTANI . TAJDID: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin . 15 . 2 . 189–206 . 10.30631/tjd.v15i2.48 . 2541-5018. free .
  18. Book: Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri . Badhl al-Majhud fi Hall Abi Dawud . January 2017 . . Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية . 9782745155818 . Arabic.
  19. Web site: Sayyid Ahmad Zayni Dahlan al-Makki' ash-Shafi'i [d. 1304 AH / 1886 CE]]. The IslamicText Institute. 2019-10-20. 2021-08-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20210803181841/https://islamictextinstitute.co.za/sayyid-ahmad-zayni-dahlan-al-makki-ash-shafii-d-1304-ah-1886-ce/. dead.
  20. Web site: History of Islamic Conquests. World Digital Library.
  21. الشيخ عبدالقادر الكيلاني رؤية تاريخية معاصرة د/جمال الدين فالح الكيلاني،مؤسسة مصر ،بغداد،2011.
  22. كتاب: إمتاع الفضلاء بتراجم القراء فيما بعد القرن الثامن الهجري، تأليف: إلياس بن أحمد حسين بن سليمان البرماوي، الجزء الثاني، الناشر: دار الندوة العالمية للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، الطبعة الأولى: 2000م، ص: 24–26.
  23. Book: Rashad Ibrahim, Ibrahim Muhammad . أحمد بن زیني دحلان أحمد بن زیني دحلان . Aswan University Press . 2002 . Aswan. arabic.
  24. The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth . University of Wales Trinity Saint David . 2022-08-23 . masters . en . Shahajada Md . Musa.
  25. Book: MANUSCRIPT AND PRINT IN THE ISLAMIC TRADITION. . 2022 . 978-3-11-077648-5 . [Place of publication not identified] . 1341997606 . The scion of an old scholarly family, Sayyid Abu Bakr (often referred to as al-Bakri) had the good fortune to be the protégé of Sayyid Ahmad Zayni Dahlan, probably the most prominent Mufti of Mecca in the nineteenth century. . Reese . Scott .
  26. JUNG . DIETRICH . "Islam as a Problem": Dutch Religious Politics in the East Indies . 2010 . Review of Religious Research . 51 . 3 . 288–301 . 20697346 . 0034-673X . In Mecca, Hurgronje presented himself as a Muslim student and joined the circle of disciples of Sheikh Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (1817–1886), the highest representative of the religious scholars, the ulama, of Mecca.
  27. Rifqi . Muhammad Jazil . 2021-12-31 . The Superiority of Customary Law over Islamic Law on the Existence of Inheritance: Reflections on Snouck Hurgronje's Reception Theory . Millah: Journal of Religious Studies . en . 217–252 . 10.20885/millah.vol21.iss1.art8 . 253051718 . 2527-922X. free .
  28. Book: Brockelmann, Carl . History of the Arabic written tradition. Volume 2 . 2023 . Joep Lameer . 978-90-04-54433-8 . Leiden . 1363817366.
  29. Mathew . Johan . April 2019. On Principals and Agency: Reassembling Trust in Indian Ocean Commerce . Comparative Studies in Society and History . en . 61 . 2 . 242–268 . 10.1017/S0010417519000045 . 151034377 . 0010-4175. free .
  30. Book: Laffan, Michael Francis . Under empire : Muslim lives and loyalties across the Indian Ocean world, 1775–1945 . 2022 . 978-0-231-55465-7 . New York . 1309039722 . In Mecca, Snouck attended the lectures of prominent Arab professors favored by these same scholars. Sayyid Ahmad b. Zayni Dahlan was the most popular..
  31. Web site: Full text of 'The Reformer of the Muslim World By Dr. Muhammad Masood Ahmad'. archive.org. 2 August 2018 . 2020-05-08.
  32. Book: Badhl al-Majhud fi Hall Abi Dawud. Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri. Google Books. January 2017. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية . 9782745155818. Arabic.
  33. Ali . Wan Zailan Kamaruddin bin Wan . 2022-06-11 . The Role of Shaykh Al-Linggi in the Preservation of the Doctrine of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah in the Malay World . Jurnal Iman Dan Spiritualitas . 2 . 2 . 217–224 . 10.15575/jis.v2i2.17898 . 251454384 . 2775-4596. free .
  34. Book: Anne K. Bang. Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: Family Networks in East Africa, 1860-1925. 2003. RoutledgeCurzon. 9781134370139. 68.
  35. Book: Jacob, Wilson Chacko . For God or empire : Sayyid Fadl and the Indian Ocean world . 2019 . 978-1-5036-0964-8 . Stanford, California . 1102592695.
  36. Ujampady . Musthafa . 2021-08-09 . 19. YÜZYIL'DA ÇOK YÖNLÜ BİR SUFİ: GÜNEY HİNDİSTAN'DAN İSTANBUL'A FADL B. ALEVİ'NİN SIRADIŞI YOLCULUĞU/A SUFI COSMOPOLITAN OF 19TH CENTURY: AN EXTRAORDINARY JOURNEY OF FADL B. ALEVİ FROM SOUTH INDIA TO ISTANBUL . Akademik Platform İslami Araştırmalar Dergisi . en . 5 . 2 . 218–231 . 10.52115/apjir.887172 . 238733647 . 2602-2893. free .
  37. Book: Mols, Luitgard E. M. . Western Arabia in the Leiden collections : traces of a colourful past . 2016 . Arnoud Vrolijk, Museum Volkenkunde, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. Bibliotheek . 978-94-006-0255-7 . Leiden . 971628032.
  38. Web site: The Biography of Ahmad Zayni Dahlan. www.arab-ency.com.sy. ar. https://archive.today/20230427232204/https://www.arab-ency.com.sy/ency/details/5156/10/. 27 Apr 2023.
  39. Ali . Syamsuri . 2023-05-12 . Sheikh Ahmad ibn Zaini Dahlan's Response to the Radical Shia Movement of Qaramithah: A Historical Study of the Book of Tarih Zaini al-Dini Dahlan . Endless: International Journal of Future Studies . en . 6 . 2 . 135–146 . 2775-9180.
  40. Book: In the shadow of conquest : Islam in colonial Northeast Africa . 1992 . Red Sea Press . Said S. Samatar . 0-932415-69-5 . Trenton, N.J. . 27485824 . Ahmad ibn Zayni Dahlan, the Shafi'i Mufti of Mecca, appears in at least two managib in this book. He is often mentioned because he seemed to be (during the last third of the nineteenth century) a kind of chef d’ecole for conservative Shafi’is and those opposed to the ideas of Ibn Taymiya and the Wahhabis or neo-Wahhabis at the time. This antiradical personality was the author of a history of Mecca, and a book refuting Wahhabism and Wahhabi ideas, the Durar al-Saniya fil-Radd ‘ala’l-Wahhabiya, a book still banned in Saudi Arabia because of its vituperative polemic attacks and cutting criticism of the Wahhabis. Dahlan was also on the side of those who used saintly mediation in prayer, like Zayla’i, Shaykh Uways, Hajj Sufi, and a majority of Muslim conservatives of this time and later..
  41. Book: . The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams and Hadith Masters . 2015 . Zulfiqar Ayub . 319.
  42. Web site: Mawlana Shaykh Ahmad Zaini Dahlan . Scribd.
  43. Web site: The Doctrine of Ahl as-Sunnah Versus the "Salafi" Movement . As-Sunnah Foundation of America.
  44. Book: Ghattas, Kim . Black wave : Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the forty-year rivalry that unraveled culture, religion, and collective memory in the Middle East . 2020 . 978-1-250-13120-1 . New York . 1110155277 . Dahlan was deeply worried that the singularity of opinion and creed preached by someone like Ibn Abdelwahhab would be the undoing of the Muslim nation..
  45. Book: Ali, Haider . The Wahhabi Political Doctrines in the Middle Eastern Westphalian System: The Evolution of the Concept of Jihad in the Three Saudi-Wahhabi States . Royal Military College of Canada . 2022 . In the context of Wahhabi expansion between the 18th and 20th centuries, for example, the Grand Mufti of Mecca, Shaykh al-Islam Ahmad Zanyi Dahlan (1816–1866) wrote a book called Fitnat al-Wahhabiya [The Wahhabi Fitna] where he launched a polemic attack against the Wahhabi sect and accused them of wandering off the true path. He called the founder malevolent and accused the followers of the movement of creating dissent in the ranks of Muslims, comparting them to the Kharijites..
  46. Book: Salafismus auf der Suche nach dem wahren Islam . 2014 . Behnam T. Said . 978-3-8389-0454-2 . Sonderausg . Bonn . 884406372 . In dieser Ablehnung der Wahhabiten folgt er seinem Lehrer Ahmad Zaini Dahlan (gest. 1886), dem damaligen schafiitischen Mufti Mekkas, der sich ausdrücklich dagegen wehrte, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab zu den Hanbaliten zu zählen. Dahlan beschuldigte ihn vielmehr den Rechtsschulen eine Absage mit der Begründung zu erteilen, dass diese zu einer illegitimen Spaltung beitrügen. Laut Dahlan sei es sogar so gewesen, dass Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab die Menschen zunächst zu täuschen versuchte, indem erversicherte, Hanbalit zu sein..
  47. Sharkey . Heather J. . 1994 . Aḥmad Zaynī Daḥlān's Al-Futuḥāt Al-Islāmiyya: A Contemporary View of the Sudanese Mahdi. Sudanic Africa . 5 . 67–75 . 25653244 . 0803-0685. Much news reached Dahlan about the events occurring in the Sudan. He wrote that in 1297/1879-8011 there emerged a man named Muhammad Ahmad, reputedly a Hasani sharif (a descendant of the Prophet through his grandson Hasan) and a shaykh of the Sammāniyya Sufi tariqa who was famous for his piety. In clashes with the troops of Khedive Tawfiq and later of the British....
  48. Book: Sharkey, Heather . Jihads and crusades in Sudan from 1881 to the present. In S. H. Hashmi (Eds.), Just wars, holy wars, and jihads: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim encounters and exchanges (263–282) . Oxford University Press . 2012 . Watching from the distance of Mecca as the Mahdist revolution unfolded, a Shafi'i Muslim scholar named Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (d. 1886)-a man who was neither Sudanese nor a believer in the Mahdi-voiced support for its battles. DabIan expressed hope that the Mahdi and his supporters would strike Western, Christian forces that were beginning to exert themselves in the region and thereby help to bolster the Ottoman empire. But Dahlan was misinformed about the movement. Opposition to an incipient Western imperialism was one source of Mahdist activism but only one: at least in the early years of the movement (1881–85), opposition to Turco-Egyptian imperialism was far more important in triggering and sustaining jihad..
  49. Book: Raugh, Harold E. . British military operations in Egypt and the Sudan : a selected bibliography . 2008 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-5954-8 . Lanham, Md. . 183879608.
  50. Book: Bang, Anne K. . Islamic Sufi networks in the western Indian Ocean (c. 1880–1940) : ripples of reform . 2014 . 978-90-04-27654-3 . Leiden . 890982330.
  51. Book: Kaptein, N. J. G. . Islam, colonialism and the modern age in the Netherlands East Indies : a biography of Sayyid ʻUthman (1822–1914) . 2014 . 978-90-04-27870-7 . Leiden . 890982346.
  52. Book: Snouck Hurgronje, C. . Mekka in the latter part of the 19th century : daily life, customs and learning. The Moslims of the East-Indian Archipelago . 2007 . Brill . 978-90-474-1128-4 . Leiden . 238862416.
  53. McFate . Montgomery . 2018-01-01 . A Military Anthropologist Looks at Islamic Insurgency in Aceh . Orbis . en . 62 . 4 . 632–654 . 10.1016/j.orbis.2018.08.007 . 0030-4387.
  54. Book: Bruckmayr, Philipp . Cambodia's Muslims and the Malay world : Malay language, Jawi script, and Islamic factionalism from the 19th century to the present . 2019 . 978-90-04-38451-4 . Leiden . 1054260566.
  55. Book: ʻAbd al-Rāziq . ʻAlī . Islam and the foundations of political power . عبد الرازق، علي، . 2012 . Edinburgh University Press . Abdou Filali-Ansary, Maryam Loutfi, Aga Khan University. Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations . 978-0-7486-5631-8 . Edinburgh . 852159232.
  56. Bsheer . Rosie . 2023-04-01 . Another Arabia . History of the Present . 13 . 1 . 101–121 . 10.1215/21599785-10253336 . 257946037 . 2159-9785.
  57. Book: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Basel University, Switzerland . Mațoi . Ecaterina . Scientific Research and Education in the Air Force . Tehreek-E-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP): A Rising Extremist Force, or Just the Tip Of a Larger Radicalised Iceberg in the Afpak Region? . 2022-02-18 . https://www.afahc.ro/ro/afases/2021/26-EcaterinaMATOI.pdf . Publishing House of "Henri Coanda" Air Force Academy . 203–222 . 10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.26. 247117194 .
  58. Book: Islam in the era of globalization : Muslim attitudes towards modernity and identity . 2002 . RoutledgeCurzon . Johan H. Meuleman, Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies . 0-203-98886-8 . London . Fatwas as a Unifying Factor in Indonesian History . 61880777.
  59. Book: LaViolette . Adria . The Swahili world . Wynne-Jones . Stephanie . 2018 . Routledge . 978-1-138-91346-2 . The Routledge worlds . Abindgon, Oxon New York, NY . Central in this latter chain of authority was the Shāfiʿī mufṭī of Mecca, Aḥmad Zaynī Daḥlān (on him, see Schacht 1978; Sharkey 1994; Freitag 2003; Bang 2014a)..
  60. Book: In the shadow of conquest : Islam in colonial Northeast Africa . 1992 . Red Sea Press . Said S. Samatar . 0-932415-69-5 . Trenton, N.J. . 27485824 . This antiradical personality was the author of a history of Mecca, and a book refuting Wahhabism and Wahhabi ideas, the Durar al-Saniya fil-Radd ‘ala’l-Wahhabiya, a book still banned in Saudi Arabia because of its vituperative polemic attacks and cutting criticism of the Wahhabis..
  61. Book: In the shadow of conquest : Islam in colonial Northeast Africa . 1992 . Red Sea Press . Said S. Samatar . 0-932415-69-5 . Trenton, N.J. . 27485824 . The poems and books written by him are known collectively as the Dahlaniya, especially when they are cited to reinforce conservative theological attitudes, as exemplified by Zayla’i and his followers, who particularly favored tawassul, which was anathema to their opponents of the Salihi/Wahhabi school..
  62. الشمري . د حسين عبيد شراد . 2010 . الاستعارة والمجاز المرسلللسَّيد أحمد بن زيني دحلان(1231–1304هـ / 1816– 1886م) . For Humanities Sciences al Qadisiya . en . 13 . 3.
  63. كنو . أ د علي عبد . حسين . أحلام أحمد . 2019 . رسالة في البلاغة لأحمد ابن زيني دحلان ت:1304هـ تحقيق . مجلة ديالى للبحوث الانسانية . ar . 1 . 82 . 712–743 . 2957-5699.
  64. Fanani . Ahwan . Widigdo . Mohammad Syifa Amin . 2022-12-31 . The Art of Logic in Muslim Scholarship: A Study of Mantiq Transmission and Reception in Indonesia . Afkar: Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam . en . 24 . 2 . 241–274 . 10.22452/afkar.vol24no2.7 . 2550-1755. free .
  65. Book: Isa Blumi. Ottoman Refugees, 1878–1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World. 2013. Bloomsbury Academic. 9781472515384. 218.
  66. Web site: Essential Islamic Creed By Shaykh Zayni Dahlan (Arabic-English). Kitaabun Books.

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