| Awakatek | |
| Nativename: | Qa'yol |
| States: | Guatemala |
| Region: | Huehuetenango |
| Ethnicity: | 12,500 Awakatek (2019 census) |
| Speakers: | 10,100 in Guatemala |
| Date: | 2019 census |
| Ref: | e24 |
| Speakers2: | 20 in Mexico (2020 census)[1] |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Fam1: | Mayan |
| Fam2: | Quichean–Mamean |
| Fam3: | Greater Mamean |
| Fam4: | Ixilan |
| Minority: |  Guatemala Mexico |
| Agency: | Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala |
| Iso3: | agu |
| Glotto: | agua1252 |
| Glottorefname: | Aguacateco |
Awakatek (also known as Aguateco, Awaketec, Coyotin,[2] and Balamiha, and natively as Qa'yol) is a Mayan language spoken in Guatemala, primarily in Huehuetenango and around Aguacatán.[3] [4] The language only has fewer than 10,000 speakers, and is considered vulnerable by UNESCO. In addition, the language in Mexico is at high risk of endangerment, with fewer than 2,000 speakers in the state of Campeche in 2010[5] (although the number of speakers was unknown as of 2000[6] [7]).
Awakatek is closely related to Ixil and the two languages together form the sub-branch Ixilean, which together with the Mamean languages, Mam and Tektitek, form a sub-branch Greater-Mamean, which again, together with the Greater-Quichean languages, ten Mayan languages, including Kʼicheʼ, form the branch Quichean–Mamean.
Chalchitek (or Chalchitec) is sometimes considered a dialect of Awakatek. In recent years, however, it has been recognized as a distinct language by the Guatemalan government.[8] Chalchitek is primarily spoken in the Chalchitán neighborhood of Aguacatán.
| Aguacateco | ||
| One | Juun | |
| Two | Kob' | |
| Three | Ox | |
| Four | Kyaaj | |
| Five | O' | |
| Six | Qaq | |
| Seven | Juug | |
| Eight | Wajwax | |
| Nine | B'eluj | |
| Ten | Lajuj | |
| Man | Yaaj | |
| Woman | Xna'n | |
| Dog | Tx'i' | |
| Sun | Q'eej | |
| Moon | Xaaw | |
| Water | A' | |
| Mother | Ntxuu' | |
| Father | Ntaaj | |
| House | Ka'l | |
| Black | Q'eq | |
| White | Saq | |
| Corn | Ixi'n | |
| Fish | Kay | |
| Dog | Xhwiit | |
| Deer | Cheej | |
| Jaguar | B'alam | |
| Monkey | Aq' | |
| Rabbit | Umul | |
| Mouse | Ichi | |
| Bird | Ch'ut | |
| Fish | Kay | |
| Snake | Lupa |
The Awakatek people themselves refer to their language as qaʼyol, literally meaning 'our word'. They also call themselves qatanum, which means 'our people' and is distinct from the word Awakatec, which is used in Spanish in reference to the municipality of Aguacatán (which means place of abundant avocados and refers to agricultural production and not specifically to the indigenous people).[9] [10] [11]
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | ||
| Close | i pronounced as //i// | ii pronounced as //iː// | u pronounced as //u// | uu pronounced as //uː// | |||
| Mid | e pronounced as //e// | ee pronounced as //eː// | o pronounced as //o// | oo pronounced as //oː// | |||
| Open | a pronounced as //a// | aa pronounced as //aː// | |||||
There are four diphthongs: ay pronounced as //aj//, ey pronounced as //ej//, oy pronounced as //oj//, uy pronounced as //uj//.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Palatalized | |||||||||||
| Plosive | Normal | p pronounced as //p// | t pronounced as //t// | k pronounced as //k// | ky pronounced as //kʲ// | q pronounced as //q// | pronounced as //ʔ// | |||||
| Ejective | tʼ pronounced as //tʼ// | kʼ pronounced as //kʼ// | kyʼpronounced as //kʼʲ// | qʼ pronounced as //qʼ// | ||||||||
| Implosive | bʼ pronounced as //ɓ// | |||||||||||
| Nasal | m pronounced as //m// | n pronounced as //n// | ||||||||||
| Fricative | s pronounced as //s// | xh pronounced as //ʃ// | x pronounced as //ʂ// | j pronounced as //h// | ||||||||
| Affricate | Normal | tz pronounced as //t͡s// | ch pronounced as //t͡ʃ// | tx pronounced as //ʈ͡ʂ// | ||||||||
| Ejective | tzʼ pronounced as //t͡sʼ// | chʼ pronounced as //t͡ʃʼ// | txʼ pronounced as //ʈ͡ʂʼ// | |||||||||
| Trill | r pronounced as //r// | |||||||||||
| Approximant | l pronounced as //l// | y pronounced as //j// | w pronounced as //w// | |||||||||
The coronal ejectives may be allophonically pre-voiced.[12]