Agua de la Piedra Formation explained

Agua de la Piedra Formation
Type:	Geological formation
Age:	Late Oligocene (Deseadan) ~
Period:	Chattian
Prilithology:	Tuff
Otherlithology:	Paleosols
Namedby:	Gorroño et al.
Year Ts:	1979
Region:	southern Mendoza Province
Country:	Argentina
Coordinates:	-36.6°N -69.7°W
Paleocoordinates:	-37.8°N -62.9°W
Unitof:	Malargüe Group
Subunits:	"Rodados Lustrosos" level
Underlies:	alluvium
Overlies:	Pircala-Coihueco Formation
Thickness:	37m (121feet) (tuffs)
Extent:	southernmost Precordillera northernmost Neuquén Basin
Location Ts:	Quebrada Fiera, Malargüe
Coordinates Ts:	-36.5537°N -69.701°W
Region Ts:	Mendoza Province
Country Ts:	Argentina
Thickness Ts:	37m (121feet) (tuffs)

The Agua de la Piedra Formation (FAP, Spanish names include Estratos de Agua de la Piedra and Complejo Volcano-sedimentario del Terciario inferior)^[1] is a Late Oligocene (Deseadan in the SALMA classification) geologic formation of the Malargüe Group that crops out in the southernmost Precordillera and northernmost Neuquén Basin in southern Mendoza Province, Argentina.^[2]

The strictly terrestrial tuffs and paleosols of the formation, geologically belonging to Patagonia, have provided a wealth of mammal fossils of various groups at Quebrada Fiera, including Mendozahippus fierensis, Pyrotherium, Coniopternium and Fieratherium. Terror birds reminiscent of the terror bird Andrewsornis and indeterminate remains of the phorusrhacid family have found in conjunction with the mammals.

Regional geology

The Agua de la Piedra is geologically part of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina's most prolific onshore petroleum producing basin of northwestern Patagonia, and crops out in the geographical feature of the Andean orogeny; the Argentinian Precordillera of the higher Andes in the hinterland. The Malargüe Group, of which the Agua de la Piedra Formation is the uppermost unit, hosts among the most spectacular dinosaur fossils and nesting sites in the Allen Formation, the lowermost stratigraphic unit of the group.

The Jagüel Formation, overlying the Allen Formation, hosts the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary and has provided fossils of marine reptiles including mosasaurs^[3] and the marine turtle Euclastes meridionalis. The Roca Formation, overlying the Jagüel Formation shows evidence of Atlantic waters depositing the evaporites, claystones and limestones of the formation.^{[4] [5]}

The Neuquén Basin started forming in the latest Jurassic as one of the rift basins resulting from the break-up of Pangea. While the earlier formations in the basin are mostly distal terrestrial in nature, the Agua de la Piedra Formation is a unique combination of purely terrestrial influence (paleosols) with the early Andean volcanism in the form of tuffs.

Oligocene South America

Climate

Oligocene South America differed quite substantially from the Eocene period preceding it. Isolated from Gondwana for 70 million years, the continent had developed widespread lush forests with their own specific faunas. The climate drastically cooled at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary with global cooling as a result of the formation of the Antarctic Ocean current. The South American landscape became more arid than in the Eocene with ongoing volcanism related to the Andean orogeny affecting the local climates.

Oligocene fauna

The Oligocene of South America is characterized by the arrival of the first monkeys, possibly rafting from Africa, which in the Oligocene was significantly removed from South America. The first rodents had arrived to the island continent in the Late Eocene before,^[6] perhaps using similar methods of transoceanic transport. The rodents of South America diversified in the Oligocene. Cabeza Blanca, where the Sarmiento Formation outcrops, has provided the richest and most diverse Oligocene fauna of South America.^[7]

The cooler Oligocene climate led to the widespread extension of savanna and other grassland biomes. In the Early Oligocene, these rodents inhabited open and arid landscapes with wind-blown dust and grasslands environments.^[8]

Monkeys and rodents

The oldest confirmed New World monkey fossils stem from the Deseadan formations Salla in presently Andean Bolivia (the approximately 1000g weighing Branisella boliviana and Szalatavus attricuspis half the size of Branisella) and the 2000g heavy Canaanimico from the Chambira of Amazonian Peru.^[9]

The rodents had arrived in the Late Eocene and diversified greatly during the Deseadan following the appearance of Andemys with species A. frassinettii and A. termasi in the Tinguirirican (Abanico Formation; Tinguiririca fauna). Caviomorphs arrived in Patagonia during the latest Eocene or early Oligocene, andby the Late Oligocene they were highly diversified, with representatives of the four main lineages. A great morphological disparity, at least in tooth morphology, was then acquired mainly by the development of hypsodonty in several lineages. The early evolution of each of the major clades was complex, especially for chinchilloids and octodontoids. The first stages of the evolution of cavioids are more obscure because they are recognized through the relatively derived Deseadan species of Cavioidea.^[10]

The Oligocene (Tinguirirican and Deseadan SALMAs plus La Cantera fauna) has a rich record of caviomorphs showing a greater morphological disparity than older faunas. Representatives of the four superfamilies, with the archetypal dental features that characterize species of the subsequent SALMAs, can be clearly recognized, at least since the Deseadan SALMA. Although a few genera (e.g., Andemys, Branisamys) cannot be assigned with certainty to any supra generic taxa. The Acaremyidae were likely a group of austral differentiation. The first representatives, the Deseadan Platypittamys brachyodon, Galileomys baios and Changquin woodi,^[11] attest to its differentiation into several lineages.^[12]

Oligocene volcanism

Early Andean volcanism in the Southern Cone of South America dating to the Oligocene has been found in:

• Estratos de Pupunahue^{[13] [14] [15]}
• Estratos de San Pedro^[13]
• Caleta Chonos Formation
• Cheuquemó Formation
• Temuco Formation^[16]
• Oxaya Formation^{[17] [18]}
• Ancud Volcanic Complex
• Cerro Ratones

Description

The formation comprises the "Rodados Lustrosos" level, formed by clastic heterogeneous conglomerates in a silty matrix, considered as the stratigraphic evidence of the Pehuenche orogenic phase of the Andean orogeny, followed by uniform sequences, variable in thickness, of whitish-ocher tuffaceous paleosols with concretions and whitish-gray tuffs with intercalations of pyroclastic deposits.^[19]

The upper part of the Agua de la Piedra Formation consists of 37m (121feet) of white-grayish tuffs and tobaceous paleosols, with laminated or massive parallel stratification constitute the fossiliferous level of Quebrada Fiera.^[20] The formation overlies the Pircala-Coihueco Formation.

Depositional environment

The studied profiles of the Agua de la Piedra Formation show large lateral lithological varieties, typical of alluvial fan depositional setings. The climate during deposition has been estimated to be semi-arid and the differential thicknesses of facies associations within the Agua de la Piedra Formation may represent the infill of minibasins in the forming foreland of the Andes. Sedimentary loading can enhance the effect of tectonic forces in foreland basins. The variety in volcanic fragments and composition indicates local ash fall caused by contemporaneous volcanism in the area of deposition.^[21]

2017 research on the Deseadan fauna (late Oligocene) from Quebrada Fiera, south of Mendoza Province, Argentina, evidences a rich mammal assemblage that shows the existence of common elements with Deseadan faunal associations of Patagonia and those of lower latitudes such as Salla, Bolivia, as well as endemic taxa of different groups.^[22]

Endemism refers to Notohippidae (Mendozahippus fierensis), Leontiniidae (Gualta cuyana), Homalodotheriidae (Asmodeus petrasnerus) and Metatheria(Fieratherium sorex); to these mammals a new terrestrial snail has been added in 2016.^[23]

Faunal data published in 2019 confirm the Deseadan age, but as per 2020, absolute dating is lacking for Quebrada Fiera.^[19]

Paleontological significance

Quebrada Fiera

The Quebrada Fiera site is situated in the Malargüe Department,^[24] southern Mendoza Province, Argentina, in the foothills of the Andes Range. The fossiliferous levels are located at around -36.5537°N -69.701°W at 1300mto1406mm (4,300feetto4,613feetm) elevation. The site was discovered during a geological prospection carried out by Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) in the late 1970s (Gorroño et al., 1979). Later on, other fossil bearing levels were found at the southern side of the ravine, located at around -36.5572°N -69.6931°W, 1316m (4,318feet) elevation.^[19]

The site is one of five recognized fossiliferous sites in Mendoza Province, with Divisadero Largo, where the Santacrucian Mariño Formarion is found, Huaquerías, defining the Huayquerian in the Huayquerías Formation, the Aisol Formation of central Mendoza and the Uspallata Group and Carrizal Formations in the north of the province.^[25]

The geological characterization and the preliminary faunal list were published by Gorroño et al. (1979). The faunal assemblage was then assigned to the Late Oligocene (Deseadan SALMA) based on the presence of two typical representatives of the Deseadean fauna of Patagonia; Pyrotherium and Proborhyaena gigantea,^[19] both also found in the Puesto Almendra member of the Sarmiento Formation.^[26]

The species epithet Mendozahippus fierensis and genus Fieratherium refer to Quebrada Fiera.^{[24] [27] [28] [29]}

Fossil content

The formation has provided fossils of:^[2]

Group	Clade	Taxa	Site	Images	Notes
Ungulates		Coniopternium andinum	Quebrada Fiera North
		cf. Lambdaconus suinus	Quebrada Fiera North
		Pyrotherium romeroi	Quebrada Fiera North
		Pyrotherium sp.	Quebrada Fiera South
		Litopterna indet.	Quebrada Fiera North
		Meteutatus aff. lagenaformis	Quebrada Fiera North
		?Prozaedyus aff. impressus	Quebrada Fiera North
		Stenotatus aff. ornatus	Quebrada Fiera North
	Glyptodontinae	Glyptodontinae indet.	Quebrada Fiera North
		?Megalonychidae indet.	Quebrada Fiera North
		Mendozahippus fierensis	Quebrada Fiera South
			Quebrada Fiera North
		Notohippidae indet.	Quebrada Fiera North
		cf. Archaeotypotherium sp.	Quebrada Fiera North
		Archaeohyrax suniensis	Quebrada Fiera North
		Prosotherium garzoni	Quebrada Fiera North
		cf. Prosotherium sp.	Quebrada Fiera North
		Prohegetotherium malalhuense	Quebrada Fiera North
		P. schiaffinoi	Quebrada Fiera North
		P. cf. sculptum	Quebrada Fiera North
		Prohegetotherium sp.	Quebrada Fiera North
		Hegetotheriopsis sulcatus	Quebrada Fiera North
		Asmodeus petrasnerus	Quebrada Fiera North
		Argyrohyrax proavus	Quebrada Fiera North
		Progaleopithecus sp.	Quebrada Fiera North
		Interatheriidae indet.	Quebrada Fiera South
		Gualta cuyana	Quebrada Fiera North
		Trachytherus cf. spegazzinianus	Quebrada Fiera North
		Proadinotherium sp.	Quebrada Fiera North
		Toxodontidae indet.	Quebrada Fiera North
Rodents		Acaremyidae indet.	Quebrada Fiera North
		Pharsophorus sp.	Quebrada Fiera North
		Proborhyaena gigantea	Quebrada Fiera North
		Fieratherium sorex	Quebrada Fiera North
Birds		cf. Andrewsornis sp.	Quebrada Fiera North
			Quebrada Fiera South
Invertebrates	Gastropods	Gastropoda indet.	Quebrada Fiera North

SALMA correlations

See main article: Deseadan and South American land mammal age. The Deseadan South American land mammal age (SALMA) is equivalent to the Arikareean in the North American land mammal age (NALMA) and the Harrisonian in the 2000 version of the classification. It overlaps with the Hsandagolian of Asia and the MP 25 zone of Europe, the Waitakian and the Landon epoch of New Zealand.

Deseadan correlations in South America

Formation															Map
Basin															align=center rowspan=17
Archaeohyrax	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Prohegetotherium	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Pyrotherium	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Pharsophorus	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Trachytherus	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Proadinotherium	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Proborhyaena	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Meteutatus	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Andrewsornis	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Terror birds	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Rodents	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Reptiles	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
Insects	align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center		align=center
	Alluvial		Fluvial	Eolian Alluvial-fluvial	Fluvial		Alluvial	Fluvial-alluvial	Fluvial	Fluvio-lacustrine		Alluvial-fluvial	Lacustrine	Fluvial
Volcanic	Yes					Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes				Yes

See also

• Abanico Formation
• Dos Bocas Formation
• Collón Curá Formation
• Gaiman Formation
• Honda Group
• Itaboraí Formation
• Ituzaingó Formation
• Laguna del Hunco Formation
• Deseadan formations

References

Bibliography

General

Regional geology

• • • • • • • Book: Ramos . Víctor A. . Mahlburg Kay . Suzanne . 2006 . Overview of the tectonic evolution of the southern Central Andes of Mendoza and Neuquén (35°–39°S latitude) . Evolution of an Andean Margin: A Tectonic and Magmatic View from the Andes to the Neuquén Basin (35–39°S lat) . Mahlburg Kay . Suzanne. Ramos . Víctor A. . . 407 . 1–17 . 2018-09-06 . Víctor Alberto Ramos .

Oligocene volcanism

Paleontology

• Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License.
  • • • Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

New World monkeys

Terror birds

South American rodents

Regional correlations

Mariño Formation

Rancahué Formation

Río Guillermo Formation

Deseado Formation

Sarmiento Formation

Salla Formation

Lacayani fauna

Fray Bentos Formation

Moquegua Formation

Chambira Formation

Barzalosa Formation

Tremembé Formation

Las Cascadas Formation

Further reading

• Book: Encinas. Alfonso . Folguera. Andrés. Bechis. Florencia. Finger. Kenneth L.. Zambrano. Patricio. Pérez. Felipe. Benarbé. Pablo. Tapia. Francisca. Riffo. Ricardo. Buatois. Luis. Orts. Darío. Nielsen. Sven N. . Valencia. Victor V.. Cituño. José . Oliveros. Verónica . De Girolamo Del Mauro. Lizet. Ramos. Víctor A.. 2018 . The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia. The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes . Folguera, A. . Contreras Reyes, E. . Heredia, N. . Encinas, A. . B. Iannelli, S. . Oliveros, V. . M. Dávila, F. . Collo, G. . Giambiagi, L. . Maksymowicz, A. . Iglesia Llanos, M.P. . Turienzo, M. . Naipauer, M. . Orts, D. . D. Litvak, V. . Alvarez, O. . Arriagada, C. . 3 . Springer. 443–474 . 978-3-319-67774-3 . Víctor Alberto Ramos.

Notes and References

1. Combina et al., 1994, p.418
2. https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?geological_group=Malarg%C3%BCe&formation=Agua%20de%20la%20Piedra Agua de la Piedra Formation
3. Hoja 3969-II Neuqúen, 2007
4. Archuby et al., 2016
5. Malamuián & Náñez, 2011
6. Vassallo & Antenucci, 2015, p.6
7. Vucetich et al., 2015, p.21
8. Ojeda et al., 2015, p.123
9. Silvestro et al., 2017, p.14
10. Vucetich et al., 2015, p.11
11. Vucetich et al., 2014, p.692
12. Vucetich et al., 2015, p.18
13. Elgueta et al., 2000
14. Alfaro & Gantz, 1997
15. Villablanca et al., 2003
16. Mella & Quiroz, 2010
17. García et al., 1999
18. Zeilinger et al., 2015
19. Schmidt et al., 2019, p.370
20. Cerdeño, 2012, p.378
21. Combina et al., 1994, p.420
22. Hernández Pino et al., 2017, p.195
23. Miquel & Cerdeño, 2016
24. http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=176466 Quebrada Fiera
25. Cerdeño, 2012, p.376
26. https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=176235 Gran Blanca
27. Cerdeño & Reguero, 2015
28. Seoane & Cerdeño, 2014
29. Cerdeño & Vera, 2014a