The African Monetary Union (AMU) is the proposed creation of an economic and monetary union for the countries of the African Union, administered by the African Central Bank. Such a union would call for the creation of a new unified currency, similar to the euro; the hypothetical currency is sometimes referred to as the afro or afriq.[1] The single African currency is to be composed of currency units made up of regional union reserve bank currency units of which are made up country specific currencies (The Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) - Northern Afriq, Southern African Development Community (SADC) - Southern Afriq, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) - Western Afriq or ECO, East African Community (EAC) - Eastern Afriq, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) - Central Afriq etc.).
The Abuja Treaty, an international agreement signed on June 3, 1991, in Abuja, Nigeria, created the African Economic Community, and called for an African Central Bank to follow by 2028., the plan is to establish an African Economic Community with a single currency by 2023.[2] [3]
There are two existing regional currency unions in Africa, using the West African CFA franc, and the Central African CFA franc, respectively. Additionally, the Common Monetary Area links several countries in Southern Africa based on the South African rand.
The African Union's plans for further integration encourage the development of more such regional unions as an intermediate step to full monetary union. One proposed union is the eco, a proposed currency for members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
In 2002, Mansour Ciss and Baruch Gottlieb created a "prototype" currency, called the AFRO, which they presented at the Dakar Biennale of Contemporary African Art on May 10. It was designed by Dr. Professor Boamh.[4] [5] The project was a response to the perceived lack of independence created by use of the CFA franc. Notes and coins of the imaginary currency were produced, and given away or sold to the people of Dakar and Senegal to encourage them "to reflect on the meaning (value) of money and the future of their own local currency".[6]
In 2015, Anthony Maruping stated that Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi were committed to join a common currency in the next ten years.[7] So far only three of the 53 member states of the African Union in 2009 have committed to using the currency (in 2022, the African Union has 55 members).
Egypt, Eswatini, and Lesotho have logged reservations over the precise date of monetary union and have requested a two- to three-year delay.[8]
Seychelles may not join as a result of economic fears and may, along with Cape Verde, attempt to join the euro[9] at a later date, while the official currency of Mayotte is the euro.[10]
The African Central Bank (ACB) is one of the three financial institutions of the African Union. It will, over time, take over the responsibilities of the African Monetary Fund.
The creation of the ACB, to be completed by 2028, was first agreed upon in the 1991 Abuja Treaty. The 1999 Sirte Declaration called for a speeding up of this process, with creation by 2020.[11]
When it is fully implemented via Pan-African Parliament legislation, the ACB will be the sole issuer of the African single currency (African Monetary Union/Afro), will become the banker of African Governments, will be the banker to Africa's private and public banking institutions, will regulate and supervise the African banking industry, and will set the official interest and exchange rates in conjunction with the African Government's administration.
The current timeline established by the Abuja Treaty calls for a single African currency to be instituted by the African Central Bank by 2028. Although some countries have reservations about full economic and monetary union, several regional monetary unions already exist, and others are planned.
Signatories to the treaty were all members of the Organisation of African Unity (predecessor of the AU) at the time (Eritrea, South Africa, South Sudan and Morocco have since joined):[12] [13]
| Country | Official currency | Informal currency | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | DZD | |||
| Angola | AOA | |||
| Benin | XOF | |||
| Botswana | BWP | |||
| Burkina Faso | XOF | |||
| Burundi | BIF | |||
| XAF | ||||
| Cape Verde | CVE | EUR | Once mooted joining the euro in the long term; lodged a formal reservation over the start date, etc. | |
| Central African Republic | XAF | |||
| Chad | XAF | |||
| The Comoros | KMF | EUR | ||
| Republic of Congo | XAF | |||
| Côte d'Ivoire | XOF | |||
| DRC | CDF | USD | ||
| Djibouti | DJF | |||
| Egypt | EGP | Lodged a formal reservation over the start date, etc. | ||
| Eswatini | SWL ZAR(pegged at parity 1:1) | Lodged a formal reservation over the start date, etc. | ||
| Ethiopia | ETB | |||
| Equatorial Guinea | XAF | |||
| Gabon | XAF | |||
| The Gambia | GMD | Planning to launch the Eco at an earlier date. | ||
| Ghana | GHS | Planning to launch the Eco at an earlier date. | ||
| Guinea | GNF | Planning to launch the Eco at an earlier date. | ||
| Guinea Bissau | XOF | |||
| Kenya | KES | |||
| Lesotho | LSL ZAR(pegged at parity 1:1) | Lodged a formal reservation over the start date, etc. | ||
| Liberia | LRD | USD | Planning to launch the Eco at an earlier date. | |
| Libya | LYD | |||
| Madagascar | MGA | |||
| Malawi | MWK | |||
| Mali | XOF | |||
| Mauritania | MRO | |||
| Mauritius | MUR | |||
| Morocco | MAD | |||
| Mozambique | MZN | |||
| Namibia | NAD ZAR(pegged at parity 1:1) | |||
| Niger | XOF | |||
| Nigeria | NGN | Planning to launch the Eco at an earlier date. | ||
| Rwanda | RWF | |||
| Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | EHP | EUR | ||
| São Tomé and Príncipe | STN | |||
| Senegal | XOF | |||
| Seychelles | SCR | Once mooted joining the euro in the long term; lodged a formal reservation over the start date, etc. | ||
| Sierra Leone | SLL | USD | Planning to launch the Eco at an earlier date. | |
| Somalia | SOS | |||
| South Africa | ZAR | |||
| Sudan | SDG | |||
| Tanzania | TZS | |||
| Togo | XOF | |||
| Tunisia | TND | |||
| Uganda | UGX | |||
| Zambia | ZMK | |||
| Zimbabwe | ZWG (see note) | As of 29 January 2014 the South African rand, Botswana pula, pound sterling, Indian rupee, euro, Japanese yen, Australian dollar, United States dollar and Chinese yuan are all legal tender in Zimbabwe. |