Black Hispanic and Latino Americans explained

Group:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
Native Name:Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos negros
Population:1,163,862[1]
0.4% of the total U.S. population (2020)
2.0% of all Black People (2020)
1.9% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans (2020)
Popplace:Northeastern United States
Langs:EnglishSpanishSpanish creoleSpanglishNuyorican EnglishPortugueseFrenchFranglaisPorglish
Religions:Roman Catholicism, but also Protestantism, Judaism and African diasporic religions
Related:African AmericansAfro-CaribbeansAfro–Latin Americans and other Latin AmericansBlack people and African ethnic groupsHispanic and Latino Americans and other ethnic groups of the United States

Black Hispanic and Latino Americans, also called Afro-Hispanics, Afro-Latinos,[2] Black Hispanics, or Black Latinos,[3] are classified by the United States Census Bureau, Office of Management and Budget, and other U.S. government agencies[4] as Black people living in the United States with ancestry in Latin America, Spain or Portugal and/or who speak Spanish, and/or Portuguese as either their first language or second language.

Hispanidad, which is independent of race, is the only ethnic category, as opposed to racial category, which is officially collated by the U.S. Census Bureau. The distinction made by government agencies for those within the population of any official race category, including "Black", is between those who report Hispanic backgrounds and all others who do not. Non-Hispanic Blacks consists of an ethnically diverse collection of all others who are classified as Black or African American that do not report Hispanic ethnic backgrounds.[5]

Demographics

New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia, New Jersey, Connecticut and Rhode Island have some of the highest percentages of Hispanics identifying as Black, where up to 15% of Hispanics identify as black, compared to 1.9% of Hispanics nationwide.[6] Overall, the Northeast region has the largest concentration of Black Hispanics; this is partly because of the large Puerto Rican, Dominican, and other mostly or partly African descended Hispanic populations in the region.[6] [7]

Black Hispanics numbered 1,163,862 and accounted for 1.9% of the entire U.S. Hispanic population in 2020, down from 1,243,471.[8] [9] Most Black Hispanics in the United States come from within the Dominican and Puerto Rican populations.[10] [11] [12] Aside from the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, large numbers of Black Hispanics can also be found in populations originating from northern South America, and the Caribbean coast of Central America as well, including the Panamanian and Colombian (usually from western Colombia's Chocó Department) communities, as well as the Garifuna people especially from Honduras, and to a lesser extent, the Cuban community.[13] [14]

Because views of race in Latin America and the United States are slightly different, there is a fluidity in identifying with terms such as "black" or "Afro Latino" among Latinos in the United States. Recent immigrants from Latin America are more likely to embrace mixed identities (mestizaje) while thinking less of their African side, and some immigrant Latinos who are full black with little to no admixture do not identify as black. In contrast, Latinos who have lived in the United States for several generations are more likely to adopt urban afrocentric mentalities from African Americans and abandon that of their home countries, embracing the One-drop rule. This is especially true for large portions of the Puerto Rican and now Dominican communities on the East Coast. Some white and mixed Latinos who are Americanized, in effect to embracing African American Hip Hop culture and the One drop rule, self-identify as "Afro Latino" (black).[15] The main aspects which distinguish Black Hispanics born in the United States of America from African Americans is having Spanish as their mother tongue or most recent ancestors' native language, their culture passed down by their parents, and their Spanish surnames. Of all Hispanic groups, Puerto Ricans have the closest relationship with the African American community. As a result of this, there is also increasing intermarriages and offspring between non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics of any race, mainly between Puerto Ricans and African Americans, which increases both the Hispanic ethnic and black racial demographics.[16] [17] [18]

In May 2022, Pew Research Center reported that there were an estimated six million Afro-Latino people in the United States, comprising 2% of the adult U.S. population, and 12% of adult Latinos. They also stated that one-in-seven Afro-Latinos did not "identify as Hispanic" and that 30% of Afro-Latino adults were 18 to 29. The report also stated that Afro-Latinos are more likely to be from Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic than from Mexico, noting that 40% of people had their families talk about challenges they'd face for their ethnic identity when they grew up, and that the "racial groups Afro-Latinos identify with can be varied and diverse." In the latter case, the report stated that about 30% of Afro-Latinos identified as White, 25% as Black, 23% as "some other race," 16% as "multiple races" and 1% as Asians.[19] With 25% of Afro-Latinos classifying themselves as racially Black, the total number of Black Hispanics/Latinos in the USA would amount to 1.5-1.8 million Black Latinos in the USA or 3% of the total Black alone Black in combination with another race population (47M-50M). The US Census does not count Portuguese-speakers (Brazilians) as an Hispanic ethnic group.

Health

A review of twenty-one studies found Black Hispanics to have poorer health compared to White Hispanics. The causes are still unknown, but researchers suggested that racial discrimination and segregation may contribute to racial health differences among the Hispanic population in the United States.[20]

Although Black Hispanics are often overlooked or dichotomized as either "black" or "Hispanic" in the United States of America, Black Hispanic writers often reflect upon their racialized experience in their works. The most commonly used term in literature to speak of this ambiguity and multilayered hybridity at the heart of Latino/Latina identity and culture is miscegenation.[21] This "mestizaje" depicts the multi-faceted racial and cultural identity that characterize Black Hispanics and highlights that each individual Black Hispanic has a unique experience within a broader racial and ethnic range.

Civil rights

Data from a 2021 survey by the Pew Research Center shows that Hispanic people in the US with darker skin color are more likely to face incidents of discrimination than those with lighter skin. The survey asked participants to self-identify their skin color, and then asked series of questions about the kinds of discrimination they faced. When asked whether they faced at least one instance of discrimination in the last year, 64% of darker-skinned Hispanic adults responded that they had. When asked the same question, 54% of lighter-skinned Hispanic adults responded the same.[22] As for the specific discrimination experienced:

In Latin America, Black Hispanics have historically had similar discrimination issues as African Americans in the US,[24] including Cuba,[25] [26] where racial discrimination against Afro-Cubans continues to be a major Human Rights issue for the Cuban government,[27] [28] [29] even resulting in riots in Central Havana, a mostly black neighborhood in the capital.[30] In Mexico, racism against black Mexicans has been also an often ignored issue,[31] [32] and it wasn't until 2020 that an option appeared on the national census allowing black Mexicans to self-identify,[33] even though polls had showed that about 2.5 million Mexicans identify as black. Racism in Puerto Rico has also been well-documented,[34] [35] [36] and according to Black Perspectives, "in Puerto Rico, much like in the rest of Latin America, anti-Black racism is embedded in the very denial of its existence by the state and society."[37] Brazil's racism towards its near majority Afro-Brazilian population also has a long, well-documented history,[38] [39] as well as its "whitening ideology" of the 1930s,[40] when the government encouraged European migration to successfully shift the country's racial make-up to a white majority. In Honduras, racism against Afro-Hondurans has also received international attention as the country struggles with discrimination issues.[41] [42] Racism in Argentina, which has a 97 percent white population,[43] is also well-documented[44] [45] [46] and "persists against indigenous peoples, immigrants, Afro-Argentines, mestizo Argentines, Jews and Arabs." Even in countries with majority black Hispanic populations, such as the Dominican Republic, the case of racism against "darker" skinned Dominicans and neighboring Haitians is an issue.[47] [48] [49]

A Pew Research report published in May 2022 surveyed Afro-Latinos. Findings included 61% of Afro-Latinos saying they were discriminated against, including be more likely than other Latinos in being stopped by police, criticized by others for speaking Spanish in a public place, and people around them thinking they are "not smart."

In media

Since the early days of the movie industry in the United States of America, when Black Hispanic actors were given roles, they would usually be cast as African Americans.[50] For those with Spanish-speaking accents that betrayed an otherwise presumed African American, they may seldom have been given roles as Hispanics, and the mixed race Hispanic and Latino actors of African appearance were mostly given Hispanic roles.

Critics accuse U.S. Hispanic media, including Latin American media, of overlooking black Hispanic and Latino Americans and black Latin Americans in the telenovelas, mostly stereotyping them as impoverished people.[51] [52]

Miles Morales, created in 2011 as one of the incarnations of Spider-Man and the protagonist of the run of Spider-Man in the Ultimate Universe of Marvel and the animated trilogy of , , and , is an Afro-Latino American, born in Brooklyn to a Puerto Rican mother and an African American father.[53]

In January 2020, The Owl House began airing on the Disney Channel. The series would feature Luz Noceda, an Afro-Latino character whose parents are from the Dominican Republic,[54] [55] [56] and was based on a friend of the show's creator, Dana Terrace, Luz Batista, who insisted that the character be Dominican like her.[57]

In February 2021, LATV Networks, LLC premiered Blacktinidad, the first national TV series focusing specifically on the black Latin experience.[58]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Supplementary Tables on Race and Hispanic Origin: 2020 Census Redistricting Data (P.L. 94-171) .
  2. Web site: López . Gustavo . Gonzalez-Barrera . Ana . Afro-Latino: A deeply rooted identity among U.S. Hispanics . Fact Tank . Pew Research Center . March 1, 2016.
  3. Web site: U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data . U.S. Census Bureau . June 12, 2003 . January 23, 2016.
  4. Web site: Race: 2010 Census of Population, P94-171 Redistricting Data File . U.S. Census Bureau . 2010 . November 3, 2016.
  5. Web site: Lopez . Mark Hugo . Krogstad . Jens Manuel . Passel . Jeffrey S. . Who is Hispanic? . 2022-03-31 . Pew Research Center . en-US.
  6. Web site: ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates . US Census Bureau . 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160102154030/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_DP05&prodType=table . January 2, 2016.
  7. Web site: Coming Out As Black, When You Were Hispanic . npr.org . June 6, 2013 . January 23, 2016.
  8. Web site: Supplementary Tables on Race and Hispanic Origin: 2020 Census Redistricting Data (P.L. 94-171) .
  9. Karen R. . Humes . Nicholas A. Jones . Roberto R. Ramirez . Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 . U.S. Census Bureau . March 2011 . November 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110429214029/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf . April 29, 2011 . dead.
  10. Web site: Szot . Hilary S. . Black History Month: New Generation Of Afro-Latinos Tackles Race And Identity . Fox News Latino . February 26, 2014 . November 3, 2016.
  11. Bailey . Benjamin . Dominican-American Etbnic/Racial Identities and United States Social Categories . International Migration Review . 35 . 3 . 2006 . 677–708 . 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00036.x . 2675839 . 144585566 .
  12. Web site: Jasmine . Garsd . 'Las Caras Lindas': To Be Black And Puerto Rican In 2013 . npr.org . May 25, 2013 . November 3, 2016.
  13. Dixon . Heriberto . 1982 . Who Ever Heard of a Black Cuban? . Afro-Hispanic Review . 1 . 3 . 10–12 . 23053883 . 0278-8969.
  14. Web site: 2006-08-25 . Cubans in the United States . 2020-09-18 . Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project . en-US.
  15. Web site: Blackness and Latinidad are not mutually exclusive. Here's what it means to be Afro-Latino in America . . September 26, 2021 .
  16. Book: Cruz, José E. . Yvette Marie Alex-Assensoh . Lawrence J. Hanks . Black and Multiracial Politics in America . https://books.google.com/books?id=Q17Vwdwm1-wC&pg=PA96 . November 4, 2016 . 2000 . NYU Press . 978-0-8147-0663-3 . 96–97 . Interminority Relations in Urban Settings .
  17. Book: Torres, Andrés . Between Melting Pot and Mosaic: African Americans and Puerto Ricans in the New York Political Economy . registration . November 4, 2016 . 1995 . Temple University Press . 978-1-56639-280-8 . 4.
  18. Web site: Detailed tables: Hispanic or Latino By Race . U.S. Census Bureau . 2007 . November 29, 2014 . mdy-all.
  19. Web site: Gonzalez-Barrera. Ana. About 6 million U.S. adults identify as Afro-Latino. Pew Research Center. May 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220506002452/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/05/02/about-6-million-u-s-adults-identify-as-afro-latino/. May 6, 2022. live.
  20. Cuevas . Adolfo G. . Dawson . Beverly Araujo . Williams . David R. . December 2016 . Race and Skin Color in Latino Health: An Analytic Review . American Journal of Public Health . 106 . 12 . 2131–2136 . 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303452 . 0090-0036 . 5104999 . 27736206.
  21. Book: Pinn . Anthony B. . Anthony B. Pinn . Benjamin Valentin . Ties That Bind: African American and Hispanic American/Latino/a Theologies in Dialogue . 2001 . Bloomsbury Academic . 978-0-8264-1326-0.
  22. Web site: Noe-Bustamante . Luis . Gonzalez-Barrera . Ana . Edwards . Khadijah . Mora . Lauren . Lopez . Mark Hugo . 2021-11-04 . Majority of Latinos Say Skin Color Impacts Opportunity in America and Shapes Daily Life . 2022-04-01 . Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project . en-US.
  23. Web site: Noe-Bustamante . Luis . Gonzalez-Barrera . Ana . Edwards . Khadijah . Mora . Lauren . Lopez . Mark Hugo . 2021-11-04 . Majority of Latinos Say Skin Color Impacts Opportunity in America and Shapes Daily Life . 2022-04-01 . Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project . en-US.
  24. Web site: Latinos must confront 'ingrained' anti-black racism amid George Floyd protests, some urge . 2020-10-09 . NBC News . June 12, 2020 . en.
  25. Web site: Mirabal . Nancy . 2017-11-10 . The Cuban Revolution and the Myth of Racial Inclusivity . 2020-10-09 . AAIHS . en-US.
  26. News: Starr . Terrell Jermaine . Opinion Fidel Castro and communism's flawed record with black people . en-US . Washington Post . 2020-10-09 . 0190-8286.
  27. News: Fernandes . Sujatha . 2016-05-24 . Afro-Cuban Activists Fight Racism Between Two Fires . The Nation . en-US . 2020-10-09 . 0027-8378.
  28. Web site: 2020-10-01 . CUBA – Race and Equality . 2020-10-09 . Institute on Race, Equality and Human Rights . en-US.
  29. Web site: African-Americans: Blacks in Cuba 'treated with callous disregard' - CNN.com . 2020-10-09 . www.cnn.com . en.
  30. News: Robinson . Eugene . 2000-11-12 . Cuba Begins to Answer Its Race Question . 2020-09-10 . The Washington Post.
  31. León . Cristina V. Masferrer . Essport . Marcela Suárez . "I'm Not Sitting Next To You": Education and Racism in Afro-Mexican Communities . Diálogos sobre educación. Temas actuales en investigación educativa . en . 7 . 13 . 1–16.
  32. Web site: In Mexico, Racism is Alive and Well . 2020-10-09 . Banderas News.
  33. Web site: June 22, 2020 . Benjamin . Russell . Mexico's Messy Reckoning With Racism . 2020-10-09 . Americas Quarterly . en-US.
  34. Web site: 2019-08-26 . The Hidden Narrative of Racial Inequity in Puerto Rico . 2020-10-09 . Non Profit News Nonprofit Quarterly . en-US.
  35. Out of the Closet: Racial Amnesia, Avoidance, and DenialRacism among Puerto Ricans . 2020-10-09 . Race, Gender & Class . 41675088 . en . Cruz-Janzen . Marta I. . 2003 . 10 . 3 . 64–81.
  36. Web site: 2020-06-16 . Puerto Ricans Share Personal Stories to Combat the Myth that Racism Doesn't Exist on the Island . 2020-10-09 . Remezcla . en-US.
  37. Web site: 2020-03-03 . 'Racialization works differently here in Puerto Rico, do not bring your U.S.-centric ideas about race here!' . 2020-10-09 . AAIHS . en-US.
  38. Web site: June 8, 2020 . Thiago . Amparo . Why America's Protests Resonate So Deeply in Brazil . 2020-10-09 . Americas Quarterly . en-US.
  39. News: McCoy . Terence . 2020-06-28 . In Brazil, the death of a poor black child in the care of rich white woman brings a racial reckoning . 2020-09-10 . The Washington Post.
  40. Web site: Telles . Edward . 2020-10-01 . Racial Discrimination and Miscegenation: The Experience in Brazil . 2020-10-09 . United Nations . en.
  41. Web site: Afro-Hondurans . 2020-10-19 . Minority Rights Group . June 19, 2015 . en-GB.
  42. News: Nadel . Joshua . 2014-06-14 . Race and racism in Honduran soccer and society . The Washington Post . 2020-10-19.
  43. Web site: Human Rights Documentation Center . Racial Discrimination in Argentina . 2020-10-16 . Race, Racism and the Law . en-gb.
  44. Web site: Racial Discrimination in Argentina . 2020-10-16 . Dayton University . October 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205909/http://academic.udayton.edu/race/06hrights/georegions/southamerica/argentina01.htm . dead .
  45. Web site: Chough . Thomas . 2018-05-31 . My Experience with Racial Tension in Argentina . 2020-10-16 . The Bubble . en.
  46. Web site: 2013-06-04 . Blackout: How Argentina 'Eliminated' Africans From Its History And Conscience . 2020-10-16 . International Business Times.
  47. Web site: Antihaitianismo: Systemic Xenophobia and Racism in the Dominican Republic . June 29, 2017 . 2020-10-16 . en-US.
  48. Web site: Planas . Roque . 2015-07-07 . Where Anti-Haitianism In The Dominican Republic Comes From . 2020-10-16 . HuffPost . en.
  49. Web site: Taub . Amanda . 2015-06-18 . Dominican Republic strips thousands of black residents of citizenship, may now expel them . 2020-10-16 . Vox . en.
  50. Web site: Myth: Hispanics are portrayed accurately on TV . thehispanicmyth.com . May 17, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080604015632/http://thehispanicmyth.com/Hispanics_on_TV_myth.htm . June 4, 2008 . mdy.
  51. Web site: Y Tu Black Mama Tambien: Latinos Are Racist, Too. Just Turn On The Tv . . Quinonez . Ernesto . June 19, 2003 . May 2, 2008 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20081027210105/http://www.newsweek.com/id/58525?tid=relatedcl . October 27, 2008.
  52. News: Michael A. . Fletcher . Racial Bias Charged On Spanish-language Tv . sun-sentinel.com . August 6, 2000 . November 4, 2016 . September 15, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120915015308/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-08-06/news/0008060066_1_spanish-latino-leaders-caste . dead .
  53. Web site: 'Across The Spider-Verse' And The Latino Legacy Of Spider-Man. June 7, 2023.
  54. Drawing Cartoons to Save Democracy . September 16, 2020 . Terrace . Dana . Livestream . . Dana Terrace . [Archived by nanopulga098 on [[YouTube]] on September 17, 2020] . 1:17:40 . 9 February 2022 .
  55. News: Elderkin . Beth . The Personal Story Behind Owl House's Magical New Disney Heroine . February 19, 2020 . . October 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191018004052/https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-personal-story-behind-owl-houses-magical-new-disney-1839128407. October 18, 2019.
  56. News: Nolan . L.D. . The Owl House Stars Hirsch, Robles Reveal Their Hopes For the Show . May 1, 2020 . . January 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200110141428/https://www.cbr.com/owl-house-alex-hirsch-sarah-robles-interview/ . January 10, 2020.
  57. News: Brown . Tracy . For its creator, Disney's 'The Owl House' is the best revenge . August 10, 2020 . . January 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200201065844/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-01-10/disney-owl-house-dana-terrace . February 1, 2020 .
  58. Web site: Hernandez. Beatriz . New Series . May 11, 2022 . LATV . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225002243/https://latv.com/blacktinidad-on-latv . February 25, 2021 . live.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Black Hispanic and Latino Americans".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.