United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur explained

African Union-United Nations Hybrid operation in Darfur
Type:Peacekeeping mission
Abbreviation:UNAMID
Leader Title:Head
Leader Name:Joint Special Representative
Jeremiah Kingsley Mamabolo
Status:Active
Headquarters:El Fasher, Sudan
Website:unamid.unmissions.org
Parent Organization:United Nations Security Council
African Union

The African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (known by its acronym UNAMID) was a joint African Union (AU) and United Nations (UN) peacekeeping mission formally approved by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769 on 31 July 2007, to bring stability to the war-torn Darfur region of Sudan while peace talks on a final settlement continue.[1]

Its initial 12-month mandate was extended to 31 July 2010. As of 2008, its budget was approximately US $106 million per month. Its force of about 26,000 personnel began to deploy to the region in October 2007. The 9,000-strong African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS), which was previously responsible for peacekeeping, had completely merged into this new force by 31 December 2007.[2]

The mandate is for a force of up to 19,555 military personnel and 3,772 police, along with a further "19 formed police units comprising up to 140 personnel each." The peacekeepers are allowed to use force to protect civilians and humanitarian operations. UNAMID is the first joint UN/AU force and the largest peacekeeping mission.

As of December 2008, it had deployed 15,136 total uniformed personnel, including 12,194 troops, 175 military observers, and 2,767 police officers, who were supported by 786 international civilian personnel, 1,405 local civilian staff, and 266 UN volunteers.[3]

On 22 December 2020, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2559 (2020) to end the UNAMID mandate on 31 December 2020, with full withdrawal to be completed by 30 June 2021.[4]

Authorisation

Initial authorization for the mission was given by the UN Security Council in resolution 1769 of 31 July 2007. This resolution set the strength of the mission as "... up to 19,555 military personnel, including 360 military observers and liaison officers, and an appropriate civilian component including up to 3,772 police personnel and 19 formed police units comprising up to 140 personnel each". The mission's authorisation was extended in essentially unchanged form for each of the following five years: UN Security Council resolution 1828 adopted on 31 July 2008, resolution 1881 on 30 July 2009, resolution 1935 on 30 July 2010, resolution 2003 on 29 July 2011, and resolution 2063 adopted on 31 July 2012.

Security Council resolution 2113 of 30 July 2013 extended the mandate of UNAMID for 13 months – to 31 August 2014 – but reduced the permitted force strength to 16,200 military personnel, 2,310 police personnel and 17 formed police units of up to 140 personnel. The following year saw the mandate extended once again to 30 June 2015 (Security Council resolution 2173 of 27 August 2014).

Security Council resolution 2228 of 29 June 2015 further reduced the force strength, to no more than 15,845 military personnel, 1,583 police personnel and 13 formed police units of up to 140 personnel each. This force authorisation was extended by another 12 months through Security Council resolution 2296 of 29 June 2016.

Drawdown

The new Trump Administration in Washington argued for a reduction in UN peacekeeping budgets during the first half of 2017. Possibly arising from this, when the UNAMID mandate was renewed for a further 12 months by the UN Security Council on 29 June 2017, significant reductions in deployed personnel were announced. The approved Force strength was to be reduced in two stages. By the end of 2017 the authorized numbers of troops and police would be 11,395 and 2,888, respectively. To be further reduced by mid-2018 to 8,735 troops (eight battalions) and 2,500 police.[5] Reductions in Mission civilian staff were reported to be 426 in Phase 1 (i.e. to 31 December 2017) and a further 147 positions lost in Phase 2 (i.e. to 30 June 2018).[6]

Leadership and command

United Nations' missions come under a civilian Head of Mission, usually called the Special Representative of the UN Secretary General. UNAMID, as a joint mission, has a civilian head appointed by both the UN Secretary General and AU Commission Chairman. In October 2015 Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi (of Nigeria) was appointed as Joint Special Representative for Darfur and Head of UNAMID, succeeding Abiodun Oluremi Bashua (also of Nigeria).[7] On 3 April 2017 it was announced that Jeremiah Nyamane Kingsley Mamabolo of South Africa had been appointed as Joint Special Representative and Head of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur.[8]

Force Commanders

No. Name Nationality From To Notes
1 Gen. Martin Luther Agwai[9] 1 January 2008 31 August 2009
2 Lt. Gen. Patrick Nyamvumba[10] 1 September 2009 31 March 2013
3 Lt. Gen. Paul Ignace Mella[11] 4 June 2013 31 December 2015
4 Lt. Gen. Frank Mushyo Kamanzi[12] 1 January 2016 On 6 April 2017 it was announced that General Kamanzi had been appointed Force Commander for UNMISS in South Sudan.[13]
5 Maj. Gen. Fida Hussain Malik Mid-2017 Acting in the role.
6 Lt. Gen. Leonard Muriuki Ngondi[14] August 2017 incumbent

Deputy Force Commanders

No. Name Nationality From To
1 1 January 2008[15] April 2009[16]
2 Maj. Gen. Duma Dumisani Mdutyana 31 May 2009[17]
3 Maj. Gen. Wynjones Kisamba[18] September 2011 2013[19]
4 Maj. Gen. Balla Keita[20] 2013 2015
5 October 2015[21] -
6 Maj. Gen. Fida Hussain Malik May 2017 incumbent

Structure

The USAF's 786th Air Expeditionary Squadron helped arrange airlift into Darfur for the 55th Battalion of the Rwandan Army to join UNAMID in 2007.[22]

Sectors

The preceding African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) was organised in a number of Sectors, each under the command of a Colonel. When UNAMID took over from AMIS some of these sectors were merged and Sectors became Brigadier's commands.[23] Initially the Force was divided into three Sectors:

By mid-2015 a further two Sectors had been established:

Major Units

A UNAMID map showing force deployment in December 2016 showed the force then comprised 14 infantry battalions (in addition to engineer, signals, medical and other support units).[24] These battalions were deployed as follows (with changes to December 2017 noted, by when the Force was reduced to 11 battalions.):

Sector North

Sector West

Sector Central

Sector South

Sector East

Drawdown

During mid-2017 UN Security Council authorisation of the Mission imposed personnel reductions The approved Force strength was to be reduced in two phases: Phase 1 levels to be reached by 31 December 2017 and Phase 2 reductions by 30 June 2018. Along with reductions in personnel UNAMID was to close eleven bases during Phase 1. During September four 'team sites' were closed and handed over to Sudanese Government officials: Mellit, Malha and Um Kadada in North Darfur and Muhajeria in East Darfur.[25] During October another seven bases were closed: Abu Shouk, Tine, Habila Eid, Al Fursan (12 October), Tulus (15 October), Forobaranga (17 October) and, finally, Zam Zam (21 October).[6]

Participants

On 12 August 2007, Alpha Oumar Konare, chairman of the AU, announced that UNAMID was likely to be an all-African peacekeeping force.[26] [27], the total number of personnel in the mission was 19,735:[28] [29]

CountryPoliceExpertsTroops
1258619
[30] [31] 76416196
1
2
18412808
7182
4
3
14
[32] 233
22
6
151
245241,062
26162,549
156211
6508
158812
15641
216
12
22
5311312
580
72
21
14
9
59
44214
71
4
70
103
29718363
372142,573
120548
2446504
4
1428
[33] 212113,239
[34] 30019795
951011
16809
2
14
[35] 20821894
87
1407
2
67
79
4
204474
63125
62

Former contributors

Casualties

UNAMID deaths by nationality
Nigeria

37
Rwanda

30
Ethiopia

26
Sudan

25
Senegal

16

14
Burkina Faso

13
Sierra Leone

13
Egypt

8
South Africa

8
Gambia

7
Bangladesh

6
Jordan

4
Nepal

4
Uganda

4
Zambia

4
Ghana

3
Kenya

3
Barbados

1
Fiji

1
Liberia

1
Malawi

1
Malaysia

1
Morocco

1
Pakistan

1
Russian Federation

1
Thailand

1
Togo

1
Yemen

1

TOTAL: 236[42]

As of 30 June 2017, 236 UN personnel had died whilst serving with UNAMID.[43]

Incidents

See also

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: African Union – United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140721/http://unamid.unmissions.org/Default.aspx . 2008-12-17 .
  2. Web site: UN Press Release.
  3. Web site: UNAMID Mission Site.
  4. Web site: Security Council Terminates Mandate of African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2559 (2020) . United Nations . 22 December 2020 . 30 December 2020.
  5. Web site: Security Council Renews Mandate of African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2363 (2017) Meetings Coverage and Press Releases . 2024-03-01 . press.un.org.
  6. 'UNAMID completes closure of 11 sites in Darfur', Sudan Tribune (Paris), 22 October 2017.
  7. United Nations (2015) ‘Secretary-General, African Union Commission Chair Appoint Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi of Nigeria Joint Special Representative for Darfur’, UN press release SG/A/1600-BIO/4771-PKO/533, 27 October 2015, accessed 11 February 2017,
  8. Web site: Secretary-General, African Union Commission Chair Appoint Jeremiah Mamabolo of South Africa Joint Special Representative For Darfur . 2024-03-01 . press.un.org.
  9. United Nations, 2007, 'The United Nations and Darfur: Fact Sheet', Peace and Security Section, United Nations Department of Public Information, accessed 24 January 2017,
  10. 'Lieutenant General Patrick Nyamvumba of Rwanda to Serve as Force Commander for African Union-United Nations Mission in Darfur, from 1 September', United Nations media release, 24 July 2009, accessed 24 January 2017,
  11. 'Lieutenant General Paul Ignace Mella of United Republic of Tanzania Appointed Force Commander of African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur', United Nations media release, 4 June 2013, accessed 24 January 2017,
  12. 'Lieutenant General Frank Mushyo Kamanzi of Rwanda Appointed Force Commander of African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur', United Nations media release, 14 December 2015, accessed 24 January 2017,
  13. Web site: Secretary-General Appoints Lieutenant General Frank Mushyo Kamanzi of Rwanda Force Commander of United Nations Mission in South Sudan . 2024-03-01 . press.un.org.
  14. Web site: 2017-08-08 . Lieutenant General Leonard Muriuki Ngondi of Kenya Appointed Force Commander of African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur . 2024-03-01 . UNAMID . en.
  15. 'Rwandese Troops in Darfur Celebrate Rwanda Liberation Day', The New Times (Kigali), 8 July 2008.
  16. 'General Karake leaving Darfur mission', Rwanda News Agency, 27 April 2009, accessed 13 August 2010
  17. Web site: 2009-05-29 . UNAMID's new Deputy Force Commander joins Mission . 2024-03-01 . UNAMID . en.
  18. Wa Simbeye, F. & Saiboko, A., 'UN—Troops in Darfur Allowed to Return Fire', Tanzania Daily News (Dar es Salaam), 17 July 2013.
  19. 'Biographical Note of Major General Wynjones Mathew Kisamba (Tanzania)', UNAMID website, accessed 24 January 2017,
  20. ‘Secretary-General Appoints Lieutenant General Balla Keïta of Senegal Force Commander of Mission in Central African Republic’, United Nations media release, 11 February 2016, accessed 25 January 2017, http://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sga1636.doc.htm
  21. 'Bangladesh Army Maj Gen to be deputy force commander of UN peacekeepers in Darfur', bdnews24.com, 17 October 2015, accessed 2 April 2017,
  22. Web site: Hybrid battalion moves into Darfur. Dorrance. Capt Erin. November 19, 2007. 435th Air Ground Operations Wing Public Affairs. February 15, 2017.
  23. Musoni, E., 'Darfur Peacekeepers Jet Out', The New Times (Kigali), 21 November 2007.
  24. Web site: Archived copy . 2017-06-29 . 2019-09-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190922232928/https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/dpko/UNAMID.pdf . dead .
  25. 'UNAMID denies “improper handover” of bases in North Darfur', Sudan Tribune (Paris), 11 September 2017, accessed 30 September 2017,
  26. News: Africa | Darfur force 'to be all-African' . BBC News . 13 August 2007 . 25 April 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090406233139/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6943435.stm . 6 April 2009 . live.
  27. Web site: UN 'hitting the target' towards deployment of hybrid peace force in Darfur . Un.org . 2007-08-07 . 25 April 2009.
  28. Web site: UN Mission's Contributions by Country . 30 June 2013 . Page 9, UN . 17 July 2013.
  29. Web site: UNAMID Facts and Figures . UN . 16 July 2013.
  30. Web site: John Pike . VOA News – Bangladesh Troops to Join UN Force in Sudan . Globalsecurity.org . 25 April 2009.
  31. Web site: Bangladesh to send troops for UN peacekeeping mission in Sudan . SudanTribune article . 20 December 2004 . 25 April 2009.
  32. Web site: People's Daily Online -- Chinese peace-keeping force formed for Sudan mission. english.peopledaily.com.cn.
  33. Web site: Africa: Continent to Give Troops to Hybrid Darfur Force (Page 1 of 1) . allAfrica.com . 2007-08-03 . 25 April 2009.
  34. News: BBC NEWS – Africa – Senegal to triple Darfur troops. 10 August 2007.
  35. Web site: Tanzania seeks review of peacekeeping rules . 15 July 2013 . africareview.com . 16 July 2013 . 8 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103602/http://www.africareview.com/News/Tanzania-seeks-review-of-peacekeeping-rules/-/979180/1915690/-/ja8wfh/-/index.html . dead .
  36. 'Burkina Faso pulls out of UNAMID in Darfur: FM', Sudan Tribune, 27 March 2017, accessed 21 April 2017, http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article62021
  37. Web site: Government of Canada . National Defence and the Canadian Forces – Operation SATURN . 22 March 2013.
  38. News: Henry . McDonald . Irish troops to keep peace in Darfur for UN . Guardian Unlimited . Guardian News and Media Limited . 2007-08-05 . 20 August 2007 . London . https://web.archive.org/web/20070819153953/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2141957,00.html . 19 August 2007 . live.
  39. Web site: Norway condemns attack on UN and AU in Sudan . 16 July 2013 . tnp.no . 16 July 2013.
  40. Web site: Soldiers of peace and development. www.dod.mil.za. 2017-02-09. 2018-08-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20180803020921/http://www.dod.mil.za/operations/international/OpCorditeSudan.htm. dead.
  41. 'SA Withdraws Troops From Darfur', SAnews.gov.za (Tshwane), 11 May 2016.
  42. UN Peacekeeping, Fatalities by Nationality and Mission – up to 31 October 2016, accessed 18 November 2016, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/fatalities/documents/stats_2.pdf
  43. Web site: United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. 2017. UN. 2017-07-29.
  44. Web site: The Earthtimes . UN peacekeeper killed in Darfur: Africa World . Earthtimes.org . 29 May 2008 . 25 April 2009.
  45. Web site: Mvunganyi . Jackson . UN Peacekeepers Killed In Darfur attack . VOA News . 25 April 2009.
  46. Web site: Africa – UN peacekeeper killed in Darfur . Al Jazeera English . 17 July 2008 . 25 April 2009.
  47. News: Africa | Darfur ambush kills peacekeeper . BBC News . 2008-10-07 . 25 April 2009.
  48. News: Alaa . Shahine . Gunmen kill South African peacekeeper in Sudan's Darfur . 18 April 2011 . 30 October 2008 . . Khartoum . Unknown gunmen have killed a South African peacekeeper and wounded another in Sudan's western Darfur region, the United Nations/African Union force (UNAMID) said Thursday..
  49. Web site: Sudan: UNAMID peacekeeper killed in South Darfur . 17 March 2009 .
  50. Web site: Økonomi - Kredittkort - Finans - Civpol.org . 2010-06-05 . 2013-06-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130616135803/http://www.civpol.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1164 . dead .
  51. News: Darfur peacekeeper killed during carjacking - CNN.com . CNN . 23 April 2010 . 2009-05-08.
  52. Web site: Peacekeeper killed in Darfur ambush – Al Jazeera English . Aljazeera.com . 29 September 2009 . 19 October 2016.
  53. Web site: Humanitarian – Thomson Reuters Foundation News . Thomson Reuters . Foundation.
  54. [BBC News]
  55. News: Rwandan soldiers killed in Darfur . BBC News . 2009-12-05 . 23 April 2010.
  56. News: Two peacekeepers killed in Darfur . BBC News . 2010-05-07.
  57. Web site: The DARFUR Blog: UN Security Council Press Statement on Killing of Peacekeeper in Darfur . Michael Chima . Ekenyerengozi . 24 January 2012.
  58. News: UNAMID peacekeeper killed in East Darfur . 20 April 2013 . Sudan Tribune . 19 April 2013.
  59. Web site: Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on the deadly attack on UNAMID peacekeepers in South Darfur . . 16 July 2013.

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