The name Afghānistān (افغانستان, Afġānistān pronounced as /prs/; Pushto; Pashto: افغانستان Afġānistān pronounced as /ps/)[1] means "land of the Afghans",[2] the name "Afghan" originally referred to a member of the Pashtuns. which originates from the ethnonym Afghan. Historically, Pashtuns were referred to as Afghans, the largest ethnic group of Afghanistan.[3] The earliest reference to the name is found in the 10th-century geography book known as Hudud al-'Alam.[4] The last part of the name, -stān is a Persian suffix for "place".
In the early 19th century, Afghan politicians adopted the name Afghanistan for the entire Durrani Empire after its English translation had already appeared in various treaties with Qajarid Persia and British India.[5] The first time the word Afghanistan was officially used was during signing of Treaty of Gandamak, after defeat of Afghan Emir Yaqoob Khan during Second Anglo-Afghan War.
See main article: Khalji dynasty, Lodi dynasty and Sur dynasty. According to Ta'rikh-i Yamini (author being secretary of Mahmud of Ghazni), Afghans enrolled in Sabuktigin's Ghaznavid Empire in the 10th century[6] as well as in the later Ghurid Kingdom (1148–1215).[7] From the beginning of the Turko-Afghan Khalji dynasty in 1290, Afghans are becoming more recognized in history among the Delhi Sultanate of India. The later Lodi dynasty and Sur dynasty of Delhi were both made up of Afghans, whose rule stretched to as far as what is now Bangladesh in the east. Other Afghan dynasties emerged during the 18th century, namely the Hotak dynasty and the Durrani Empire which covered huge swathes of Central and South Asia.
See also: Afghan (ethnonym). The word Afghan is mentioned in the form of Abgan in the third century CE by the Sassanians[8] and as Avagana (Afghana) in the 6th century CE by Indian astronomer Varahamihira.[3] A people called the Afghans are mentioned several times in a 10th-century geography book, Hudud al-'Alam, particularly where a reference is made to a village: "Saul, a pleasant village on a mountain. In it live Afghans."[9]
Al-Biruni referred to them in the 11th century as various tribes living on the western frontier mountains of the Indus River.[10] Ibn Battuta, a famous Moroccan scholar visiting the region in 1333, writes: "We travelled on to Kabul, formerly a vast town, the site of which is now occupied by a village inhabited by a tribe of Persians called Afghans. They hold mountains and defiles and possess considerable strength, and are mostly highwaymen. Their principle mountain is called Kuh Sulayman."[11]
The earliest mention of the term "Afghanistan" appears in the 13th century in Tarikh nama-i-Herat of Sayf ibn Muhammad ibn Yaqub al-Herawi, mentioning it as a country between Khorasan and Hind, paying tributes to the country of Shamsuddin.[12]
Furthermore the name "Afghanistan" is mentioned in writing by the 16th century Mughal ruler Babur, referring to a territory south of Kabulistan.
The name "Afghanistan" is also mentioned many times in the writings of the 16th century historian, Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Ferishta), and many others.
The coined term of Afghanistan came into place in 1855, officially recognized by the British during the reign of Dost Mohammad Khan while he was forging his campaigns to re-unite Afghanistan following its 70 year civil war with the Barakzai-Durrani feud following the execution of Wazir Fateh Khan Barakzai.[13]
See main article: Hotak dynasty and Durrani Empire. Regarding the modern sovereign state of Afghanistan, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Iranica and others explain that the political history of Afghanistan begins in 1709 with the rise of the Hotak dynasty,[14] [15] [16] which was established by Mirwais Hotak who is regarded as "Mirwais Neeka" ("Mirwais the grandfather").[17]
The Encyclopaedia of Islam states:[18] British India eventually became what is now Pakistan, India and Bangladesh.
Modern terms for Afghanistan and Afghan in relevant modern languages:
| Language | Afghanistan | Afghan (noun) |
|---|---|---|
| Dari Persian | Persian: افغانستان pronounced as /fa/ | Persian: افغان pronounced as /fa/ |
| Pashto | Pushto; Pashto: افغانستان pronounced as /ps/ | Pushto; Pashto: افغان pronounced as /ps/ |
| Uzbek | Uzbek: Afgʻoniston | Uzbek: Afgʻon |
| Turkmen | Turkmen: Owganystan | Turkmen: Owganystanda |
| Urdu | Urdu: افغانستان pronounced as /ur/ | Urdu: افغان pronounced as /ur/ |
| Balochi | Baluchi: افغانستان | |
| Brahui | Aoģánistán | |
| Kyrgyz | Kirghiz; Kyrgyz: Ооганстан | Kirghiz; Kyrgyz: ооган |
| Arabic | Arabic: أفغانستان pronounced as /ar/ | Arabic: أفغاني m. pronounced as /ar/ Arabic: أفغانية f. pronounced as /ar/ |
| Chinese | Chinese: 阿富汗 pronounced as /cmn/ | Chinese: 阿富汗人 pronounced as /cmn/ |
| Hindi | Hindi: अफ़ग़ानिस्तान pronounced as /hi/ | Hindi: अफ़्ग़ान pronounced as /hi/ |
| Punjabi | Panjabi; Punjabi: ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ / Panjabi; Punjabi: افغانستان | |
| Russian | Russian: Афганистан pronounced as /ru/ | Russian: афганец m. pronounced as /ru/ Russian: афганка f. pronounced as /ru/ |
| Tajik | Tajik: Афғонистон pronounced as /fa/ | Tajik: афғон pronounced as /fa/ |
| Uyghur | Uighur; Uyghur: ئافغانىستان | |