Sikhism in Afghanistan explained

Group:Afghan Sikhs
ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ
سهکزم در افغانستان
Population:43[1]
0.0001% of total population (2022)
200,000 - 500,000 (diaspora)
Region1: India
Pop1:9,194-75,000
Ref1:[2]
Region2: United Kingdom
Pop2:>10,000
Ref2:[3]
Pop3:2,000
Ref3:[4]
Region4: Afghanistan
Pop4:43
Langs:Pashto • Dari • Hindko
Rels: Sikhism

Sikhism in Afghanistan in the contemporary era is limited to small populations, primarily in major cities, with the largest numbers of Afghan Sikhs living in Jalalabad, Ghazni, Kabul, and to a lesser extent in Kandahar and Khost.[5] Sikhs have been the most prevalent non-Muslim minority in Afghanistan, and despite the many political changes in recent Afghan history, governments and political groups have generally not indulged in openly discriminating against the Sikh minority; however, their status have been severely impacted amid the country's conflict since 1978.[6]

The origin of the Sikh community in Afghanistan has broadly two streams, including indigenous Pashto and Dari speakers, descendants of converts to the teaching of the Sikhism’s founder Guru Nanak during his trip to Kabul around 1520. The second stream derive from the later Sikh Empire as it pushed westward, establishing trading routes for Sikh merchants into Kandahar and Kabul; this group speak Hindko, a dialect of Punjabi.[7] Due to this mixed ancestry, Afghan Sikhs are from various ethnolinguistic backgrounds including Pashtun,[8] [9] Hindkowan or Punjabi.

Once numbering between 200,000 and 500,000 (1.8% to 4.6% of the national population, making it among the largest of any country at that time) in the 1970s, their population in Afghanistan has dwindled since the Afghan wars began.[10] Estimates of their total population (there has been no census in Afghanistan since 1979) have been given as around 1,200 families or 8,000 members in 2013; 1,000 in 2019 (as reported by Afghan Sikh Wolesi Jirga member Narinder Singh Khalsa); and around 70 to 80 families or 700 in 2020 (as reported by Raj Sutaka, a Sikh businessman from Kabul).[11] Thousands of Afghan Sikhs now live in India,[12] the United Kingdom,[13] the United States,[14] and Canada.[15]

Presence

Kabul

There were over 200,000 Sikhs in Kabul in the 1980s, but after the start of the Civil War in 1992, most had fled.[16] Seven of Kabul's eight gurdwaras were destroyed during the civil war. Only Gurdwara Karte Parwan, located in the Karte Parwan section of Kabul, remains.[17] They are centred today in Karte Parwan[18] and some parts of the old city.[19] There is no exact number of Sikhs in Kabul province.[20]

Jalalabad

As of 2001, Jalalabad had 100 Sikh families, totaling around 700 people, who worship at two large Gurdwaras. Legend states that the older of the Gurudwaras was built to commemorate the visit of Guru Nanak Dev.[21] On 1 July 2018, at least 10 Sikhs were killed in a targeted suicide bombing at the PD1 market.[22] [23] The local branch of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility.[24]

Kandahar

Kandahar has a very small Sikh community, with only about 15 families living there as of 2002.[25]

History

Early history

Guru Nanak visited Kabul in the 15th century. Guru Nanak is traditionally locally known as Peer Balagdaan in Afghanistan.[26] Some early Khatri Sikhs established and maintained colonies in Afghanistan for trading purposes.[27] Later, conflicts between the Sikh misls and empire against the Afghan-based Durrani Empire led to tension. Sikhs also served in the British Empire's military during several operations in Afghanistan in the 19th century.

20th century

Following the partition of India in 1947, the Sikh population increased as Sikh migrants fled persecution from the Pothohar region of newly formed country of Pakistan. The Sikhs prospered during the 1933-1973 reign of Mohammad Zahir Shah, and during period of strongly secular period of Soviet rule.[10]

Wars

During the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War, many Afghan Sikhs fled to India, where 90% of global Sikh population lives; a second, much larger wave followed following the 1992 fall of the Najibullah regime.[28] Sikh gurdwaras (temples) throughout the country were destroyed in the Battle of Jalalabad (1989)[29] and the Afghan Civil War of the 1990s, leaving only the Gurdwara Karte Parwan in Kabul.[30]

Under the Taliban, the Sikhs were a persecuted minority and forced to pay the jizya tax.[31] The Sikh custom of cremation of the dead was prohibited by the Taliban, and cremation grounds vandalized.[32] In addition, Sikhs were required to wear yellow patches or veils to identify themselves.[33]

21st century

By tradition, Sikhs cremate their dead, an act considered sacrilege in Islam.[34] [35] [36] [37] [38] Cremation has become a major issue among Sikh Afghans, as traditional cremation grounds have been appropriated by Muslims, particularly in the Qalacha area of Kabul, which Sikhs and Hindus had used for over a century. In 2003 Sikhs complained to the Afghan government regarding the loss of cremation grounds, which had forced them to send a dead body to Pakistan to be cremated, following which the Minister of Hajj and Religious Affairs investigated the issue. Though the grounds were reported as returned to Sikh control in 2006, in 2007 local Muslims allegedly beat Sikhs attempting to cremate a community leader, and the funeral proceeded only with police protection. As of 2010, cremation in Kabul is still reported as being disapproved of by locals.[39]

Sikhs in Afghanistan continue to face problems, with the issue of the Sikh custom of cremation figuring prominently.

In September 2013, Afghan President Hamid Karzai signed a legislative decree, reserving a seat in the National Assembly of Afghanistan for the Hindu and Sikh minority.[40] However this decree was blocked by the parliament. The decree eventually came into force in September 2016 when it was approved by the cabinet of Karzai's successor, Ashraf Ghani.[41] Narendra Singh Khalsa was elected to this seat at the subsequent general election.[42]

Following the deadly Jalalabad attack in June 2018, both Karzai and Ghani visited the Karte Parwan gurdwara to offer condolences. Ghani called the country's Sikh and Hindu minorities the "pride of the nation",[43] and on another occasion that year called them an "integral part" of Afghanistan's history.[44]

The country is witnessing a severe decline in the community's population with the coming of Taliban back in power. Several members sought refuge to other countries and several others are still attempting to flee their home country. [45]

Diaspora

The population ratio between Afghan Sikhs and Hindus is estimated to be 60:40, as both populations are frequently merged in historic and contemporary estimations.[46] Combined with a wide range of population approximations in the absence of official census data, the Afghan Sikh population was estimated to be between 200,000 and 500,000 in the 1970s.[46] [47] [48] [49] [16]

In the ensuring decades, widespread emigration was common amongst religious minorities due to increased persecution by Taliban forces; by the 1990s, the Afghan Sikh population declined below 50,000.[30] [50] As of 2013, they are around 800 families of which 300 families live in Kabul.[51] Sikh leaders in Afghanistan claim that the total number of Sikhs is 3,000. Many Sikh families have chosen to emigrate to other countries including, India, North America, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, Russia and other places.[52]

Notable people

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: September 25, 2022 . Paul . GS . Taliban again refuse to permit Sikh holy scriptures to accompany Afghan Sikhs, Hindus. live . September 25, 2022 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20220925142416/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/taliban-again-refuse-to-permit-sikh-holy-scriptures-to-accompany-afghan-sikhs-hindus-435239 . September 25, 2022 . As of now, 43 Sikhs and Hindus were still left back in Afghanistan . en-IN .
  2. Web site: IP Singh. Punjab: No clarity on exact number of Afghan Sikhs in India. The Times of India. 23 December 2019. 14 April 2020. 7 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210707213727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/no-clarity-on-exact-number-of-afghan-sikhs-in-india/articleshow/72930682.cms. live.
  3. Web site: Pritpal Singh. HINDU KUSH TO THAMES. Youtube. 21 May 2017. 14 April 2020. 7 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210707213745/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usmOTLiWQTw&t=161s. live.
  4. Web site: Valva Bezhan. Moscow's 'Little Kabul'. Radio Free Europe. 25 December 2017. 14 April 2020. 20 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180720165639/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-afghan-community/28926962.html. live.
  5. Web site: U.S. State Department. Afghanistan - International Religious Freedom Report 2007. 14 September 2007. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affair. 2009-07-04. 20 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190720173726/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90225.htm. live.
  6. Web site: 2020-04-01 . Blood in the Abode of Peace: The attack on Kabul's Sikhs . 2023-01-09 . Afghanistan Analysts Network - English . ps-GB.
  7. Web site: A Precarious State: the Sikh Community in Afghanistan - AIIA . Australian Institute of International Affairs . en-US . The origin of the Sikh community in Afghanistan has broadly two streams. There are those who are descendants of converts to the teaching of Guru Nanak –Sikhism’s founder – during his trip to Kabul, recorded to be around 1520. These Sikhs are Pashto or Dari speakers, ethnically indigenous to the region, and potentially from groups who did not adopt Islam as the religion became regionally dominant between the 9th and 13th centuries. The second stream derive from the short-lived Sikh Empire (1799–1849) as it pushed westward, gaining control of territory to the Khyber Pass and Sikh merchants established trading routes into Kandahar and Kabul. This group speak Hindko, a dialect of Punjabi that is mostly found around Peshawar, in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in north-west Pakistan..
  8. Web site: Eusufzye . Khan Shehram . Two identities, twice the pride: The Pashtun Sikhs of Nankana Saheb . . 31 May 2020 . 2018 . One can sense a diminutive yet charming cultural amalgamation in certain localities within the town with the settling of around 250 Pashtun Sikh families in the city. . 26 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143003/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/03/11/two-identities-twice-the-pride-the-pashtun-sikhs-of-nankana-saheb/amp/ . live .
    Ruchi Kumar, The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities, Al Jazeera, 2017-01-01, "the culture among Afghan Hindus is predominantly Pashtun"
    Beena Sarwar, Finding lost heritage, Himal, 2016-08-03, "Singh also came across many non turban-wearing followers of Guru Nanak in Pakistan, all of Pashtun origin and from the Khyber area."
    Sonia Dhami, Sikh Religious Heritage – My visit to Lehenda Punjab, Indica News, 2020-01-05, "Nankana Sahib is also home to the largest Sikh Pashtun community, many of whom have migrated from the North West Frontier Provinces, renamed Khyber-Pakhtunwa."
    Neha, Pak misusing Durand Line to facilitate terrorists, says Pashtun, Siasat Daily, 2019-09-20, "The members of the Pashtun and Afghan Sikh community living in Europe and UK have gathered in Geneva"
    Sabrina Toppa, Despite border tensions, Indian Sikhs celebrate festival in Pakistan, TRT World, 2019-04-16, "Hasanabdal is home to around 200 Sikh families that have primarily moved from Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, including Pakistan’s former tribal areas. The majority are Pashtun Sikhs who abandoned their homes and took refuge near Sikhism’s historical sites."
  9. Shaista Wahab, Barry Youngerman. A Brief History of Afghanistan Infobase Publishing, 2007., . Pg18
  10. Web site: Explainer: who are the Afghan Sikhs?. The Conversation. 20 August 2014. 20 May 2020. 31 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200331144838/https://theconversation.com/explainer-who-are-the-afghan-sikhs-30699. live.
  11. Web site: Solidarity for Sikhs after Afghanistan massacre. www.aljazeera.com. 2020-03-27. 23 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200423052148/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/solidarity-sikhs-afghanistan-massacre-200326174448712.html. live.
  12. Web site: Afghanistan's Dwindling Sikh Community Escapes to India. Voice of America. 2022-12-04.
  13. Web site: Why are Afghan Sikhs desperate to flee to the UK?. BBC. 2022-12-04.
  14. Web site: 'It feels really nice to be here': Sikh refugee families facing persecution in Afghanistan arrive in Calgary. CBC. 2022-12-04.
  15. Web site: Attacked at home, Afghan Sikhs find community in New York . Los Angeles Times. 2022-12-04.
  16. Web site: Afghan Hindus and Sikhs celebrate Diwali without 'pomp and splendour' amid fear. Ruchi Kumar. 19 October 2017. 6 July 2021. 26 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054932/https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/afghan-hindus-and-sikhs-celebrate-diwali-without-pomp-and-splendour-amid-fear-1.668735. live.
  17. Web site: No Home for Afghanistan Sikhs. The Sikh Foundation International. 2016-03-08. 6 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180106231729/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/people-events/no-home-for-afghanistan-sikhs/. dead.
  18. Web site: 2020-08-05. COI QUERY. European Country of Origin Information Network.
  19. Web site: Akhgar. Tameem. 2021-08-13. Bomb disrupts funeral for 25 Sikhs killed in Afghan capital. 2021-09-05. AP News. en.
  20. Web site: 2019-05-22. Country Policy and Information Note Afghanistan: Sikhs and Hindus. The United States Department of Justice. 5 September 2021. 28 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211228091305/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1166756/download. dead.
  21. http://www.themodernreligion.com/jihad/afghan/sikh.html Sikhs set example for getting along with the Taliban
  22. News: Suicide Attack Targets Sikhs in Jalalabad, 19 Killed . . 1 July 2018 . 2 July 2018 . 3 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180803204327/https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/four-killed-jalalabad-explosion . live .
  23. News: Deadly blast hits Afghanistan's Jalalabad . . 1 July 2018 . Ghulam Sanayi Stanekzai, Nangarhar's police chief, said the explosion was caused by a suicide bomber who targeted a vehicle carrying members of the Sikh minority who were travelling to meet the president. . 2 July 2018 . 10 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180710045423/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/blast-reported-afghanistan-jalalabad-180701120808551.html . live .
  24. Web site: Suicide bomber kills 19 in attack on Sikhs and Hindus in Afghanistan. . 2 July 2018. 25 April 2019. 2 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180702145746/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/isis-suicide-bomber-jalalabad-afghanistan-islamic-state-sikhs-hindus-dead-a8426476.html. live.
  25. Web site: Focus on Hindus and Sikhs in Kandahar. IRIN. 17 June 2002. 2016-03-09. 11 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181111215310/http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2002/06/17/focus-hindus-and-sikhs-kandahar. live.
  26. Web site: Service . Tribune News . Booklet on Guru Nanak Dev's teachings released . 2023-02-20 . Tribuneindia News Service . en . Rare is a saint who has travelled and preached as widely as Guru Nanak Dev. He was known as Nanakachraya in Sri Lanka, Nanak Lama in Tibet, Guru Rimpochea in Sikkim, Nanak Rishi in Nepal, Nanak Peer in Baghdad, Wali Hind in Mecca, Nanak Vali in Misar, Nanak Kadamdar in Russia, Baba Nanak in Iraq, Peer Balagdaan in Mazahar Sharif and Baba Foosa in China, said Dr S S Sibia, director of Sibia Medical Centre..
  27. Book: Hew McLeod. Sikhism. 1997. Penguin Books. New York. 0-14-025260-6. 251.
  28. News: Sikhs struggle in Afghanistan . BBC News . Sanjoy . Majumder . 25 September 2003 . 18 November 2010 . 9 June 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20040609054859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3138282.stm . live .
  29. News: Rocket Kills 22 in Afghan Temple. The New York Times. 2 April 1989. Burns. John F.. 6 June 2020. 7 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200607031334/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/02/world/rocket-kills-22-in-afghan-temple.html. live.
  30. Web site: Sikhs, Hindus reclaim Kabul funeral ground - World - DNA . Dnaindia.com . 2006-01-08 . 2012-09-01 . 1 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121001111634/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_sikhs-hindus-reclaim-kabul-funeral-ground_1006343 . live .
  31. Web site: Archived copy . 16 April 2021 . 16 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210416031407/https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/jakara/mailings/2144/attachments/original/afghansikhs.pdf?1587524919 . live .
  32. Web site: Afghan Sikhs are targeted by the Taliban and unable to even bury their dead - The Week. www.theweek.in. 16 April 2021. 16 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210416031053/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/11/02/afghan-sikhs-are-targeted-by-the-taliban-and-unable-to-even-bury-their-dead.amp.html. live.
  33. News: Afghanistan Sikhs, already marginalized, are pushed to the brink. Magnier. Mark. 2013-06-10. Baktash. Hashmat. Los Angeles Times. en-US. 0458-3035. 2016-03-08. 8 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160308180823/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/10/world/la-fg-afghanistan-sikhs-20130611. live.
  34. Web site: Hemming . Jon . Sikhs in Afghan funeral demonstration « RAWA News . Rawa.org . 2012-09-01 . 29 March 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090329224925/http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2007/09/17/sikhs-in-afghan-funeral-demonstration.html . live .
  35. Web site: Afghanistan's Sikhs feel alienated, pressured to leave. The Times of India. 10 June 2015. 20 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150620035225/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//world/south-asia/Afghanistans-Sikhs-feel-alienated-pressured-to-leave/articleshow/47611468.cms. live.
  36. News: Why are Afghan Sikhs desperate to flee to the UK?. BBC News. 4 September 2014. 21 June 2018. 4 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140904155419/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-29062770. live.
  37. Web site: Facing Intolerance, Many Sikhs and Hindus Leave Afghanistan. Margherita Stancati and Ehsanullah Amiri. 13 January 2015. WSJ. 11 March 2017. 17 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150117120000/https://www.wsj.com/articles/facing-intolerance-many-sikhs-and-hindus-leave-afghanistan-1421124144. live.
  38. Web site: Afghanistan's Sikhs face an uncertain future. Ali M Latifi. Al Jazeera. 10 June 2015. 15 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190415220322/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/afghanistan-sikhs-face-an-uncertain-future-201422312395677867.html. live.
  39. Web site: Sikhs, Hindus celebrate in Kabul . Pajhwok Afghan News . 2010-04-14 . 2012-09-01 . 9 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110909063404/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2010/04/14/sikhs-hindus-celebrate-kabul . live .
  40. Web site: 1 Wolesi Jirga seat reserved for Hindus, Sikhs. pajhwok.com. 28 September 2013. 25 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181225021234/https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/09/04/1-wolesi-jirga-seat-reserved-hindus-sikhs. live.
  41. Web site: Afghan Government Approves Reservation for Sikhs/Hindus in Parliament. The Wire. 25 April 2019. 25 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190425141156/https://thewire.in/world/afghan-government-approves-reservation-for-sikhshindus-in-parliament. live.
  42. Web site: Bhaumik . Anirban . 22 August 2021 . Sikh Afghan lawmaker Narender Khalsa among evacuees . 23 January 2023 . Deccan Herald.
  43. Web site: Jalalabad blast: Afghan President visits gurudwara, promises action against culprits. 5 July 2018. Hindustan Times. 25 April 2019. 5 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180705163909/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/jalalabad-blast-afghan-president-visits-gurdwara-promises-action-against-culprits/story-bP9QY7WpKCY6x2VlTdDRVP.html. live.
  44. Web site: Afghan Hindus and Sikhs meet with President Ghani, raise issue of land grabbing. 11 December 2018. 25 April 2019. 18 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181218184657/http://www.currentriggers.com/world/afghan-hindus-sikhs-meet/. live.
  45. News: explainer-history-of-afghan-sikhs-in-afghanistan . Mohan . Saadhya . 30 August 2021 . The Quint.
  46. Web site: Sikhs and Hindus of Afghanistan — how many remain, why they want to leave . Divya Goyal . 28 July 2020 . 6 July 2021 . 6 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210206234502/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sikhs-and-hindus-of-afghanistan-how-many-remain-why-they-want-to-leave-6524825/ . live .
  47. News: The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities . Ruchi Kumar . 1 January 2017 . 6 July 2021 . 4 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210304034538/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/1/the-decline-of-afghanistans-hindu-and-sikh-communities . live .
  48. Web site: Nearly 99% Of Hindus, Sikhs Left Afghanistan in Last Three decades . 21 June 2016 . 6 July 2021 . 3 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210603073940/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/nearly-99-hindus-sikhs-left-afghanistan-last-three-decades . live .
  49. News: Afghanistan's hated Sikhs yearn for India . . 20 January 2007 . 6 July 2021 . Friel . Terry . 19 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210619000705/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-life-afghan-sikhs-idUSSP13957620061124 . live .
  50. Web site: Jethra . Aashish . 2 Sikhs in Afghan poll fray, want to be first elected non-Muslims . SikhNet . 2010-08-27 . 2012-09-01 . 4 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181204132121/http://www.sikhnet.com/news/2-sikhs-afghan-poll-fray-want-be-first-elected-non-muslims . live .
  51. News: Hindus, Sikhs warn of leaving Afghanistan . Pajhwok Afghan News . 2013-07-31 . 2013-09-27 . 30 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180930215010/https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/07/31/hindus-sikhs-warn-leaving-afghanistan . live .
  52. News: Facing Intolerance, Many Sikhs and Hindus Leave Afghanistan. Stancati. Margherita. Amiri. Ehsanullah. The Wall Street Journal. 0099-9660. 2016-03-08. 17 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150117120000/https://www.wsj.com/articles/facing-intolerance-many-sikhs-and-hindus-leave-afghanistan-1421124144. live.
  53. http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/119/article_5843.asp Sikhs struggle for recognition in the Islamic republic
  54. Web site: Bogos . Elissa . Afghanistan: Dwindling Sikh Community Struggles To Endure in Kabul . SikhNet . 2010-01-13 . 2012-09-01 . 13 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131113033632/http://www.sikhnet.com/news/afghanistan-dwindling-sikh-community-struggles-endure-kabul . live .
  55. Web site: Sikh woman, man fight against former mujahideen in Afghanistan polls. 2019-07-17. 2 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201202150758/http://www.anindianmuslim.com/2010/08/sikh-woman-man-fight-against-former.html. live.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Sikhism in Afghanistan".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.