Afghan Americans Explained

Group:	Afghan Americans
Native Name:
Flag:
Pop:	300,000+ (2024)^[1]
Popplace:	California (Especially Sacramento and the East Bay), Virginia, New York, Texas (Austin, San Antonio, Fort Worth, Houston and Dallas), Washington, Arizona, Georgia, Missouri, Illinois
Langs:	English, Pashto, Dari Persian^[2]
Rels:	Predominantly: Sunni Islam Minority: Shia Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity

Afghan Americans (آمریکایی‌های افغان‌تبار Amrikāyi-hāye Afghān tabar, Pushto; Pashto: د امريکا افغانان Da Amrīka Afghanan) are Americans with ancestry from Afghanistan. They form the largest Afghan community in North America with the second being Afghan Canadians. Afghan Americans may originate from any of the ethnic groups of Afghanistan.

The Afghan community in the United States was minimal until large numbers were admitted as refugees following the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Others have arrived similarly during and after the latest war in Afghanistan. Afghan Americans reside and work all across the United States. The states of California, Virginia and New York historically had the largest number of Afghan Americans. Thousands may also be found in the states of Arizona, Texas, Georgia, Colorado, Washington, Oklahoma, Nebraska,^[3] Idaho, Missouri, North Carolina, and Illinois.

History and population

Afghan Americans have a long history of immigrating to the United States, as they have arrived as early as the 1860s.^[4] This was around the time when Afghanistan–United States relations were being established. Wallace Fard Muhammad claimed to have been from Afghanistan. A World War I draft registration card for Wallie Dodd Fard from 1917 indicated he was living in Los Angeles, California, as an unmarried restaurant owner, and reported that he was born in Shinka, Afghanistan in 1893.^[5] Between the 1920s and 1940s, hundreds of Afghans immigrated to the United States.^{[6] [7] [8]} Between 1953 and early 1970, at least 230 lawfully entered the United States. Some of them were students who had been granted scholarships to study in American universities.

Afghan refugees and the Refugee Act of 1980

After the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, around five million Afghan citizens were displaced. They were compelled to secretly migrate to (or seek refuge in) other countries. These Afghan refugees or asylum seekers found temporary shelter in neighboring Pakistan and Iran, and from there thousands made it to Europe, North America, Oceania, and elsewhere in the world. Under the law, the ones born in Pakistan, Iran or India are not in any way Pakistanis, Iranians or Indians. Their birth certificates and other legal documents confirm that they are citizens of Afghanistan.

Beginning in 1980, Afghan Americans arrived into the United States as families. They were admitted as refugees or asylum seekers. In some cases a family was represented by only one parent due to the death of the other parent. They began settling in the New York metropolitan area, California (mainly in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Los Angeles-Orange County area) and in other parts of the United States, where large Muslim community centers keep them bonded. Fremont, California, is home to the largest population of Afghan Americans followed by Northern Virginia and then Queens in New York City.^{[9] [10]} Smaller Afghan American communities also exist in the states of Texas, Arizona, Oklahoma, Washington, Georgia, Michigan, Idaho, Missouri, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Florida, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Maryland, Connecticut, Colorado, Ohio, Utah, New Mexico, Oregon, Tennessee and so on.^[11] In the city of Chicago, the 2000 census counted 556 Afghan Americans, approximately half of them within the city.^[12]

The first arrivals of Afghan families in the early 1980s were mainly the wealthy and from the urban and educated elite. They had rightfully applied for refugee status while temporarily residing in Pakistan and India, and a large number had similarly resided in Germany before their firm resettlement in the United States. The family reunification program brought in less affluent communities from rural Afghanistan, many of which were illiterate and maintained a more traditional village lifestyle.^[13]

Child Citizenship Act of 2000

Those admitted under and becoming green card recipients under are statutorily protected against inadmissibility, even if they are not in possession of their green cards, Afghan passports, Afghan identity cards, or any other legal document.^[14] In addition to that privilege or benefit, whenever one parent becomes naturalized all of his or her children statutorily become entitled to naturalization through such American parent.^[15] This conferral of American nationality statutorily extends to all of his or her children that are born outside of the United States.^[16] All such nationality claims are statutorily reviewable under the federal judiciary of the United States.^[17]

Post September 11, 2001, the Afghan American community faced discriminations. President Bush's plan to legalize works to help the economy came to a halt after the terror attack in 2001. It interrupted talk of legalizing immigrants thus leading to few admitted immigrants from 2001 to 2005. 406,080 immigrant visas were issued in 2001. 395,005 were issued in 2005 according to the Department of Homeland Security.^[18]

Afghan Allies Protection Act of 2009

A news reporter in 2001 randomly stated, without providing any references or sources, that there were 200,000 Afghan Americans.^[19] This wild assumption probably included Afghan Canadians. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, there were approximately 65,972 Afghan-Americans in 2006. The American Community Survey (ACS) estimated a total of 94,726 Afghan foreign-born immigrants were residing and working in the United States in 2016, which shows a 30% increase in the last ten years.^[20] Since 2005, thousands of Afghans have been admitted to the United States under the Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) program.^{[21] [22] [23] [24]} Congress passed the Afghan Allies Protection Act of 2009, which was extended in 2014.^[25] Afghans who had put their lives at risk during the US-led war in Afghanistan became eligible for SIVs.^[26] This program for Afghans created a legal pathway towards U.S. citizenship for the recipients and their immediate family members.^{[27] [28] [29]}

Evacuations of 2021

Large numbers of Afghans, including those that worked with the United States, moved to the country following the Taliban take over of Kabul in August 2021.

Of the more than 100,000 Afghan nationals who have moved to the United States since August 2021, it has accepted more than 1,600 unaccompanied children, the Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Refugee Resettlement records show.^[30]

As many as 150,000 Afghans who assisted the United States remained in Afghanistan, including individuals who worked closely with US military forces.^[31]

Discrimination of Refugees

Afghans who went through resettlement difficulties may experience discrimination, worsening the trauma.^[32] Afghans still continue to flee from Afghanistan and still struggle to find refuge, most recently on July 15 Canada had closed its Special Immigration Measures Program. Afghans who were relying on this program may face death or persecution due to being stuck in Afghanistan, especially since this program targeted former employees of the Canadian Armed Forces, the Canadian Governments and their families.^[33]

Culture

As other immigrants in the United States, Afghan Americans have gradually adopted the American way of life. But many of those who were born in Afghanistan still highly value Afghan culture. For example, they often wear at home Afghan clothes, watch Afghan shows, listen to Afghan music, eat mostly Afghan food, and enthusiastically keep up with Afghan politics. They also value their oral tradition of story telling. The stories they sometimes tell are about Mullah Nasreddin, Afghan history, myths and religions.

Afghan Americans celebrate August 19 as Afghan Independence Day,^[34] which relates to August 1919, the date when Afghanistan became fully independent after the signing of the Anglo-Afghan Treaty. Small festivals are held in cities that have Afghan communities, usually at the parks where black, red and green colored Afghan flags are spotted around cars.^[35] Eid and Nowruz remain popular festivals for Afghans. The 2021 American sitcom United States of Al featured American and Afghan culture.

A The Washington Post article from October 2001 claims that the Afghan-American community, "concentrated in the towns of Fremont and Hayward, is in many ways a microcosm of the country that's nearly a dozen time zones away." Various members of the community commented that the Afghan community, following conflicts and divisions at home, are still divided in the United States, but that they all share love for their home country.^[36]

Ethnicity and race

Afghan Americans are composed of the various ethnic groups that exist in Afghanistan, which include Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Turkmen, Baloch, and a number of others.^[37] Since 1945, Afghan Americans have been officially classified as Caucasians.^[38] For U.S. Census purposes Afghans are racially categorized as White Americans. Some Afghan Americans, however, may self identify as being Middle Eastern Americans, Central Asian Americans or Asian Americans.^[39] In recent years the creation of a new census category called SWANA (which includes Afghan Americans) has been proposed in an effort for more accurate categorization.^{[40] [41] [42] [43]}

Religion

The majority of Afghan-Americans are Muslims whom follow Sunni Islam, with a sizable community of Shia Muslims. Many Afghan Americans residing in Northern Virginia are members of the All Dulles Area Muslim Society, which has a number of local branches.^{[44] [45]} After the September 11 attacks in 2001, a mosque run by Afghan-Americans in New York City donated blood, held a vigil for those who died inside the World Trade Center (WTC) and funded a memorial for the New York City fire fighters.^[46]

There is a community of Afghan Jews in New York City, numbering about 200 families in 2007.^[47] A group of Afghan Americans in the Los Angeles area follow Christianity.^[48] Hussain Andaryas is an Afghan Christian televangelist who belongs to the Hazara ethnic group.^[49] Outside of the Abrahamic faiths, there exists a community of Afghan Hindus and Afghan Sikhs. They are mainly found in the states of New York and Maryland.^{[50] [51]}

Media

Afghan Americans have formed media outlets dedicated for its diaspora. Examples include television channels such as Ariana Afghanistan,^[52] Payam-e-Afghan, Tuti TV,^[53] and Pamir TV. In the 1990s, Afghanistan TV broadcast on KSCI Channel 18 in Los Angeles and as well as magazines like the Afghanistan Mirror. Many organizations have also been formed for Afghan youth, solidarity, women's rights and more.^[54] Recently a new radio station has also launched named Radio Afghan Los Angeles.^[55] In 2020, "Afghanistan by Afghans" a TV show and podcast was started by Misaq Kazimi, showcasing the voices of Afghan artists, thinkers and cultural keepers.^[56] The show is also showcased on Zarin TV.

Demographics

Immigration

According to estimates from the Migration Policy Institute website for 2017 - 2021, there were 118,500 Afghan immigrants in the USA.^[57] The counties or county-equivalents with the most Afghan immigrants were as follows:

Afghan Immigrant Population by County or County-Equivalent

Rank	County	State	Population
1			15,400
2			7,200
3			6,400
4			4,700
5			4,500
6			4,300
7			3,800
8			3,600
9			3,300
10			3,100
11			2,700
12			2,200
13			1,900
14			1,800
15			1,800
16			1,800
17			1,700
18			1,700
19			1,600
20			1,500
21			1,500
22			1,500
23			1,100
24			1,100

Economics

Many Afghan Americans own real estate in Afghanistan, which in some cases have been lawfully inherited from their earliest ancestors for generations upon generations. Afghan Americans who arrived before the 21st century are mostly found residing near other middle class Americans. Some may be found living in the upper middle class neighborhoods and earning high salaries.

Because the majority of Afghan Americans were originally admitted as refugees under, the government provided various forms of assistance (welfare) and selected their city of residence.^{[58] [59] [60] [61]} Some decided to move to other cities that had larger Afghan communities but most remained in the cities where they first arrived. They gradually left the government assistance programs and eventually mortgaged homes. Their children were sent to colleges or universities. Those who could not achieve this decided to build or franchise small businesses. Others became real estate agents, bank employees, office workers, hotel workers, store clerks, salespersons, security guards, drivers, mechanics, waiters, etc.^[62]

Like many other immigrants in the United States, Afghan Americans often engage in the operation of small businesses. Many operate American and Afghan restaurants as well as Afghan markets,^{[63] [64]} while some have been reported in the 1990s as vendors in Manhattan where they have replaced Greek Americans in the field.^[65]

The family incomes of Afghan Americans (specifically, those that were termed "refugees") was a median of $50,000 in 2015. This figure is higher than Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans and slightly higher than Hmong Americans, but lower than Vietnamese Americans.^[62]

Education

Afghan immigrants that were admitted to the United States before 1979 were well educated. In contrast, current immigrants have escaped from totalitarianism, genocide, torture, persecution, mistreatment, and military conflicts. This group has had some trouble coping with learning the English language. Those who have pursued their education in America during the middle of the 20th century and traveled back to Afghanistan faced trouble attaining employment when returning to the United States since their education, often in medicine and engineering, is frequently viewed as outdated. After the 1979 Soviet invasion, Afghanistan's education system worsened, causing many migrants in the late 20th century to place less emphasis on educational attainment.

Notable people

See main article: List of Afghan Americans. ^[66]

Politics, academia and literature

• Zalmay Khalilzad – U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 2007 to 2009
• Ashraf Ghani – 5th President of Afghanistan
• Ali Jalali – Distinguished Professor at the National Defense University in Washington, D.C.; ex-Afghan diplomat
• Mohammad Qayoumi – Former President of San Jose State University and California State University, East Bay
• Safiya Wazir – Member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
• Aisha Wahab – Member of the California State Senate^{[67] [68]}
• Ajmal Ahmady – Politician in Afghanistan
• Said Tayeb Jawad – Ambassador of Afghanistan to the United States from 2003 to 2010
• Nazif Shahrani – Professor of anthropology at Indiana University
• Ishaq Shahryar – Afghan Ambassador to the United States from 2002 to 2003
• Wali Karzai – Professor of Bio-Chemistry at Stony Brook University
• M. Ishaq Nadiri – Professor of economics at NYU^[69] and signatory at 2001 Afghanistan Bonn conference
• Nake M. Kamrany – Professor of economics at University of Southern California^{[70] [71]}
• Haris Tarin – Director of Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC)^[72]
• Tamim Ansary – Author of West of Kabul, East of New York, a book published in 2001, shortly after the "9-11" attacks.
• Khaled Hosseini – Best-selling author whose work includes The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns
• Fariba Nawa – Author of Opium Nation and journalist
• Qais Akbar Omar – Author of A Fort of Nine Towers and co-author of Shakespeare in Kabul
• Safi Rauf – Taliban captive and nonprofit founder
• Hamid Naweed – Author and art historian
• Leila Christine Nadir – Writer and artist
• Ghulam Haider Hamidi – Former Mayor of Kandahar
• Hafizullah Emadi (born Shibar), independent scholar and development consultant for Focus Humanitarian Assistance

Business and finance

• Mahmoud Karzai – Brother of former Afghan President Hamid Karzai and owner of Afghan cuisine restaurant
• Qayum Karzai – Brother of former Afghan President Hamid Karzai and owner of Afghan cuisine restaurants in the Southern California and Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area
• Ehsan Bayat – Business entrepreneur who founded Afghan Wireless

Sports

• Hailai Arghandiwal - Association football (soccer) player who plays for German club Duisburg and the Afghanistan national team.
• Adam Najem – Association football player who plays as a midfielder for Canadian Premier League club FC Edmonton, and the Afghanistan national team.
• David Najem – Association football player who plays as a defender for USL Championship club New Mexico United and the Afghanistan national team
• Ahmad Hatifi – Association football player who is a midfielder and currently plays for CD Aguiluchos USA
• Mohammad Mashriqi - Association football player
• Alex Hinshaw – Former baseball pitcher^[73]
• Jeff Bronkey – Former baseball player
• Shamila Kohestani - Former soccer player and founder of the first women's national soccer team

Media and art

• Azita Ghanizada – Actress and TV host, she appeared in a number of films and TV shows
• Donnie Keshawarz - Canadian-American stage, film and television actor of Afghan descent
• Sonia Nassery Cole – Actress and director
• Anwar Hajher – Filmmaker and professor, 16 Days in Afghanistan
• Youssof Kohzad – Artist, Poet, Painter and Actor
• Annet Mahendru – Actress, she appeared in a number of films and TV shows
• Nabil Miskinyar – Television anchor
• Jawed Wassel – Writer/Director of first Afghan Oscar contender Feature Film called FireDancer.
• Josh Gad – Actor appearing in Frozen and Jobs. Afghan-Jewish father.
• Leena Alam – Actress from Kabuli Kid, Loori, Soil and Coral, and The Unknown
• Fahim Fazli – Actor who appears in various films, such as Iron Man^[74]
• Robert Joffrey – born Abdullah Jaffa Bey Khan is known for co-founder of the Joffrey Ballet
• Aman Mojadidi – Artist whose art focuses on Afghan politics and cross-cultural identity^[75]
• Noor Wodjouatt, founder of Zarin TV and performer at Kennedy Center

Musicians

• Omar Akram – Pianist who won a Grammy award for best new age album ^{[76] [77]}
• Farhad Darya – Afghan musician
• Jawad Ghaziyar – Afghan musician
• Rahim Jahani – Afghan musician
• Naim Popal – Afghan musician
• Ahmad Wali – Afghan musician
• Aziz Herawi - Afghan musician
• Naghma - Afghan musician
• Ehsan Aman - Afghan musician

Beauty pageant contestants

• Zohra Daoud – Miss Afghanistan 1974
• Vida Samadzai – Beauty for a Cause of Miss Earth 2003

Afghan royalty

• Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan and Khatul Begum, Princess of Afghanistan

Other

• Hevad Khan – Professional Poker player^[78]
• Zahira Zahir - Sister of Afghan singer Ahmad Zahir. Known for cutting the hair George W. Bush, among others.
• Razia Jan - head of non-profit education organization in Afghanistan
• Shamim Jawad - Women's rights advocate and aid worker

See also

• Central Asians in the United States
• Afghan diaspora
• Afghanistan–United States relations
• Demographics of Afghanistan

Further reading

• Aslami, Wajma. "The Impact of 9/11 on Afghan-American Leaders." Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship 15.1 (2010): 124+.
• Baden, John Kenneth. "Through Disconnection and Revival: Afghan American Relations with Afghanistan, 1890-2016." (PhD Diss. Case Western Reserve University, 2018).
• Cvetkovich, Ann. “Can the Diaspora Speak? Afghan Americans and the 9/11 Oral History Archive.” Radical History Review (2011), no. 111 (2011): 90–100.
• Eigo, Tim. "Afghan Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 17–30. online
• Lipson, Juliene G., and Patricia A. Omidian. “Afghans.” In Refugees in America in the 1990s: A Reference Handbook, edited by David W. Haines. (Greenwood Press, 1996).
• Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980) pp 3–5.

External links

• Afghan American Demographics
• Afghan-American Chamber of Commerce
• In Va.'s Little Kabul, Joy (Washington Post, Nov. 14, 2001)J
• https://abcnews.go.com/US/forbes-30-30-honorees-charity-accused-mistreating-refugees/story?id=98192433 (ABC News, Olivia Rubin, April 11th 2023)

Notes and References

1. Web site: Explore Census Data .
2. Book: Jonathan H. X. Lee. Kathleen M. Nadeau. Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. January 22, 2016. 1. 2011. ABC-CLIO. 978-0-313-35066-5. 105–123.
3. Web site: Journal . Shannon Najmabadi Photographs by Rebecca S. Gratz for The Wall Street . White-Collar Afghans Start Over in Nebraska . 2023-04-27 . WSJ . en-US.
4. Web site: Private Mohammed Kahn: Civil War Soldier. catalog.archives.gov. June 23, 2017. July 7, 2017.
5. Ancestry.com database, Registration Location: Los Angeles County, California; Roll: 1530899; Draft Board: 17
6. Encyclopedia: Afghan Americans. Eigo, Tim. Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America. 2021-09-10.
7. Web site: In the Matter of K. . May 26, 1945. Casetext.com. According to the alien registration figures, there are less than 200 Afghans now living in the United States.. 2019-10-12.
8. Web site: Khan v. Barber, 253 F.2d 547 . 548 . Harvard Law School . . March 11, 1958 . 2020-07-28.
9. News: California and New York are hubs for Afghan resettlements . Washington Examiner . August 24, 2021 . 2021-08-26.
10. News: Matthew B. Stannard. Fremont's Little Kabul eyes election with hope. San Francisco Chronicle. August 21, 2009. 2016-01-22.
11. Web site: Country of origin: Afghanistan . Great Falls Tribune . 2021-08-11.
12. Web site: Daniel Greene . Afghans . Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org . 2004 . January 21, 2016.
13. Web site: Afghan Culture Profile. 26 March 2023.
14. See, e.g., generally
    • ("Nonapplicability to aliens admitted as refugees")
    • Web site: Smriko v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 279 . Harvard Law School . U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit . October 26, 2004.
    • Web site: Tima v. Attorney General, 903 F.3d 272 . 277 . Casetext.com . U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit . September 6, 2018 . So § 1227(a)(1) piggybacks on § 1182(a) by treating grounds of inadmissibility as grounds for removal as well. And the Act has long piggybacked these grounds for removal on these grounds of inadmissibility..
    • Web site: Barton v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1442 . 1446 . Casetext.com . Supreme Court of the United States . April 23, 2020 . The umbrella statutory term for being inadmissible or deportable is 'removable.'.
15. See, e.g.,
    • Web site: Gomez-Diaz v. Ashcroft, 324 F.3d 913 . 915 . U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. April 7, 2003 . Harvard Law School . The Child Citizenship Act of 2000, Pub.L. No. 106-395, 114 Stat. 1631, revised the manner in which children of non-citizens born outside the United States are eligible to become U.S. citizens..
    • Web site: Belleri v. United States, 712 F.3d 543 . 545 . U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit . March 14, 2013 . Harvard Law School . A child acquires derivative citizenship by operation of law, not by adjudication..
    • Web site: In re Fuentes-Martinez, 21 I&N Dec. 893 . 896 footnote 4 . Board of Immigration Appeals . April 25, 1997 . U.S. Dept. of Justice . A person who claims to have derived United States citizenship by naturalization of a parent may apply to the Attorney General for a certificate, but a certificate is not required..
    • Web site: Robertson-Dewar v. Mukasey, 599 F. Supp. 2d 772 . 779 footnote 3 . U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas . February 25, 2009 . Harvard Law School . The Immigration and Nationality Act defines naturalization as 'conferring of nationality of a state upon a person after birth, by any means whatsoever.'.
    • Web site: Petition for Naturalization of Tubig ex rel. Tubig, 559 F. Supp. 2 . 3 . U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California . October 7, 1981 . Harvard Law School . A person naturalized under § 1433(a) need not meet many of the requirements for naturalization—such as language, residence, and physical presence requirements—imposed upon those who seek naturalization under other provisions.... Thus, qualifying for naturalization under § 1433(a) can be of substantial importance to applicants for naturalization..
16. See, e.g., ; ;
17. See generally ; ; see also
    • (c)(3)(vi) (about filing a "motion to reopen" removal proceedings with the Board of Immigration Appeals "based on specific allegations, supported by evidence, that the respondent is a United States citizen or national....");
    • ("Cancellation of notice to appear").
18. Howley. Kerry. Bad Fences Make Bad Neighbors: How 9/11 Dumbed down the Immigration Debate. Reason.
19. News: Ritter. John. 'Little Kabul' immigrants apprehensive. USA Today. September 19, 2001. December 30, 2016.
20. Web site: 2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: Afghan. United States Census Bureau. February 9, 2018. https://archive.today/20200214011051/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_S0201&prodType=table. February 14, 2020. dead.
21. News: There Is No Good Reason to Block Afghan Refugees . Cato Institute . August 16, 2021 . 2021-08-26.
22. News: Mapped: Afghan refugees headed to 46 states . Axios (website) . September 16, 2021 . 2021-09-16.
23. News: 'Welcome Home': First Group of Evacuated Afghan Interpreters Arrive in US . WMAQ-TV . July 30, 2021 . 2021-08-11.
24. News: Afghan who aided U.S. arrive at Virginia base, but many others remain in peril . Los Angeles Times . July 30, 2021 . 2021-08-11.
25. Bruno . Andorra . Iraqi and Afghan Special Immigrant Visa Programs . . September 12, 2014 . 8 March 2021 . Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse.
26. News: Afghan interpreter for US Army was beheaded by Taliban. Others fear they will be hunted down too . CNN . July 23, 2021 . 2021-07-23.
27. Web site: The Afghan Special Immigrant Visa Program . 2017 . www.humanrightsfirst.org . 2021-04-04.
28. News: House votes to expand and speed up visa process for Afghans who helped the U.S. during war . CNBC . July 22, 2021 . 2021-07-23.
29. Web site: H.R.3985 - Averting Loss of Life and Injury by Expediting SIVs Act of 2021 . 22 July 2021 . U.S. Congress . 2021-07-23.
30. News: Jervis . Rick . At age 12, he fled the Taliban to try to save his family. Then he faced years in US custody . USA TODAY . 2023.
31. News: Nearly two years later, Afghan allies still left hoping for help . Military Times . 22 August 2023.
32. Alemi . Qais . Stempel . Carl . 2018-05-21 . Discrimination and distress among Afghan refugees in northern California: The moderating role of pre- and post-migration factors . PLOS ONE . en . 13 . 5 . e0196822 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0196822 . 1932-6203 . 5962064 . 29782531. 2018PLoSO..1396822A . free .
33. Bodnaruk, Candice. "Afghanistan Abandoned by the International Community." Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, vol. 41, no. 6, Oct. 2022, pp. 28-30. MasterFILE Complete.
34. Book: Vic Kovacs. Life as an Afghan American. 15 December 2017. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. 978-1-5383-2239-0. 21–.
35. Web site: Embassy Celebrates Independence Day. Afghan Embassy news letter. 34. August 2006. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100617010432/http://www.embassyofafghanistan.org/newsletter/newsletter/aug06.html . June 17, 2010.
36. News: Waxman . Sharon . 2001-10-31 . Kabul in Miniature . en-US . Washington Post . 2022-10-05 . 0190-8286.
37. Book: Robinson . Barbara . Lipson . Julian . Younos . Farid . Mehdi . Mariam . The Afghans : their history and culture . 2002 . Cultural Orientation Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics . Washington D.C. . Chapter 5(B)- The People: The Tajiks and Other Dari-Speaking Groups . 56081073 .
38. Web site: In the Matter of K, 2 I&N Dec. 253. 256. Board of Immigration Appeals. May 26, 1945. Casetext.com. From an ethnological and scientific point of view, Afghans are unanimously considered to be of the Caucasian race and white persons.. 2021-07-23.
39. Book: Zeweri, Helena. Jonathan H. X. Lee. Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. 2011. ABC-CLIO. 978-0-313-35066-5. 117–120. Afghan American: Identity. https://books.google.com/books?id=9BrfLWdeISoC&pg=PA117 . Some of Afghan ancestry might choose Middle Eastern as a way to self-identify, while others might pick Asian based on geographical understand of their ancestral lineage, and still others might pick white (non-Hispanic) because it rings truer to them from a racial classification point of view..
40. Web site: What is SWANA? .
41. Web site: Are Arabs and Iranians white? Census says yes, but many disagree . .
42. Daniel Perez . Anthony . Hirschman . Charles . March 2008 . The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities . Population and Development Review . 35 . 1 . 1–51 . 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00260.x . 20539823 . The racial codes used in Census 2000 (as well as current American Community Surveys) include 'Afghanistani' are white, while the ancestry codes in the same document list 'Afghan' under South Asia. . 2882688 .
43. Web site: The Table Podcast (July-Sept 2021) . 2021 . University of Maryland, Baltimore . 24 December 2022. 10713/16211. Ferreira . Rosemary . Carney . Courtney Jones .
44. Web site: The ADAMS Center is helping Afghan evacuees make a new life in Northern Virginia . Tysons Reporter . August 25, 2021 . 2021-09-16.
45. Web site: Home. All Dulles Area Muslim Society (ADAMS). 26 March 2023.
46. News: Troubling times for Afghan-Americans. BBC News. September 26, 2001 . 2015-03-17.
47. News: U.S.: Afghan Jews Keep Traditions Alive Far From Home. June 19, 2007. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). Nikola Krastev. 2013-09-07.
48. Web site: Afghan Christian Fellowship, Los Angeles. afghanchurch.net. March 17, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20180808060429/http://www.afghanchurch.net/. August 8, 2018. dead.
49. News: The Long Road to Christ: A Muslim's Story . Christian Broadcasting Network . 2021-08-26.
50. Ahmadi . Mohammad . First Afghan Hindu and Sikh Temple in Maryland a Cultural Bridge . Voice of America . May 6, 2018 . 2018-11-25.
51. News: Afghani Sikh and Hindu Community pay tribute to their brethren slain in Afghanistan . The Indian Panorama Newspaper . 6 July 2018 . 2018-11-25.
52. Web site: An Afghan Variety Show on the Bay .
53. Web site: Live Streaming Music. Afghan Entertainment TV. TriVision | Tuti . tuti.tv . 4 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180222160910/http://tuti.tv/about-tuti/ . 22 February 2018 . dead.
54. Book: Afghanistan: Civil War or Uncivil Peace? : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, May 9, 1996 . 1996 . 9780160539107 .
55. Web site: Radio Afghan Los Angeles / 95.5FM / SoCalAfghan.com Debuts 'An Hour with Fatah' . PRUnderground . 2022-09-15 . 2022-12-24.
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