Afşin-Elbistan power stations explained

The Afşin-Elbistan power stations are two coal-fired power stations in Turkey, in Afşin District in Kahramanmaraş Province. Both Afşin-Elbistan A, built in the 1980s, and the newer Afşin-Elbistan B burn lignite from the nearby Elbistan coalfield.

Air pollution, such as sulfur dioxide,[1] is trapped by surrounding mountains,[2] and Greenpeace alleges that levels of particulates and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere have exceeded legal limits.[3] The Environment Ministry has not released flue gas measurements, and there is no recent public data from the nearest air quality monitor. As of 2023 official health impact assessment is not done in Turkey, but the Right to Clean Air Platform estimates that the power station air pollution has killed over 17 thousand people.

The National Energy Plan published in 2023 forecast that 1.7 GW more local coal power would be connected to the grid by 2030, but did not say where. Çelikler Holding want to build more coal power, despite public opposition,[4] and are awaiting official approval or rejection of the environmental impact assessment.

Afşin-Elbistan A

Qid:Q85967587
Afşin-Elbistan A
Ps Units Operational:3
Ps Units Planned:2 totalling 688 MW [5]

Afşin-Elbistan A is a 1355 MW lignite-fired power station, owned by Çelikler Holding.

Proposed expansion

The National Energy Plan published in 2023 forecast that 1.7 GW more local coal power would be connected to the grid by 2030, but did not say where.[6]

In 2024 Çelikler was considering buying two cheap second-hand steam turbines from shut down American nuclear plants, but was unsure whether suitable steam boilers which could cope with Turkish lignite could be found, as large electrostatic precipitators and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) would be needed.[7]

the environmental impact assessment (EIA) which began in 2022[5] of adding such 4th and 5th units totalling about 700 MW[8] is still being considered by the government. As of 2023 official health impact assessment is not done in Turkey,[9] but opponents of the expansion estimate that the extra air pollution could lead to an additional 1900 premature deaths.[10] This was estimated by using CALPUFF to model dispersion of NO2, SO2 and PM2.5; and deposition of mercury was also estimated.[11] According to the EIA 28 million tonnes of CO2 may be emitted per year,[12] far more than the largest Turkish greenhouse gas emitter in 2022, which was ZETES power stations at 15 million tonnes.[13]

History

Brought online from 1984 to 1987 Afşin-Elbistan A is one of the largest installed capacity coal-fired power stations in Turkey and is estimated to emit over 8 million tonnes of per year,[14] over 1% of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions. It was depicted on the reverse of the 5000 lira banknotes of 1990–1994.[15]

In 2004 or 2005 an EIA was done re rehabilitation and FGD.[16] The plant was shut down in January 2020 due to local air pollution,[17] but reopened later in 2020.[18] Delivery of FGD parts was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic but the filters were installed in 2021.[19]

In January 2019 locals complained that the plant had been restarted causing ash pollution visible in the snow,[20] and local MP Sefer Aycan said in parliament he was concerned that the plant would add to the industrial pollution of the Aksu and Ceyhan rivers.[21] In March 2019 Greenpeace projected the message "These chimneys are spitting poison" onto the plant,[22] to publicise their earlier report claiming that, together with neighbouring Afşin-Elbistan B, the plants were responsible for 17,000 premature deaths. The area is a sulfur dioxide air pollution hotspot.[23] According to energy analyst Haluk Direskeneli, writing in 2019, FGD was not installed and electrostatic precipitation was inadequate, and "it is futile to repair this power plant".[24]

The plant was shut down in January 2020 as it did not meet the flue gas emission limits which came into force that month.[25] Çelikler planned to have filters installed by June 2020.[26] The plant reopened but complaints of air pollution continued,[27] and in October 2021 it was said by opposition MP Ali Öztunç to be still operating without filters due to company lobbying.[28] In 2020 the fuel oil system was replaced by gas and dry flue gas filters were completed; wet flue gas filters were completed in 2021.[29]

In 2022 a study found levels of chromium and nickel in the soil exceeding regulations[30] and the Climate Change Policy and Research Association alleged that the plant was operating illegally according to environmental laws.[31] Little power was generated in 2023 due to damage by the earthquakes.[32]

Technology

The plant burns lignite, which is transported by conveyor belt[33] from the nearby Kışlaköy coal mine. After burning 2% of the lignite remains as slag and 18% as fly ash, and a new landfill site was planned for both of these in 2019.[34] Use of modified fly ash in concrete has been suggested.[35]

Afşin-Elbistan B

Qid:Q6101862
Afşin-Elbistan B

Afşin-Elbistan B is a 1440MW coal-fired power station in Afşin in Kahramanmaraş Province, state owned by the Electricity Generation Company (EUAŞ).[36] The plant burns lignite from Kışlaköy coal mine (mostly transported by lorry[37]) and sometimes from other mines.[38]

History

Built between 2004 and 2005 Afşin-Elbistan B is the largest single coal-fired power station in Turkey and is estimated to emit almost 8 million tonnes per year,[14] over 1% of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions. Opponents said in 2020 that ash retention filters were disabled on the pretext that they are expensive to clean.[39] An environmental impact report for proposed ash and slag storage was approved in 2020.[40] By 2021 unit 3 had been converted to gas.[41] The plant stopped running late-September 2024,[42] and due to lack of coal due to a mine landslide it was predicted not to run until some time in 2025.[43]

Opposition

In 2021 environmental group TEMA Foundation said that air quality measurements had not been taken in Karamanmaraş for almost 11 months of 2020, and that it was very worrying that the plants continued to operate on temporary permits without the necessary environmental improvements.[44]

Cancelled power stations

Afşin-Elbistan C

Afşin-Elbistan C was a planned 1800-MW coal-fired power station, which was proposed to be funded by the Turkey Wealth Fund and built by a state-owned mining company to be called Maden Holding. According to the EIA the plant would have burned 23 million tonnes of lignite annually, and emitted over 61 million tonnes of each year for 35 years.[45] However, in 2021 Turkey targeted net zero carbon emissions by 2053,[46] and in 2022 the C power station was cancelled.[47] [48]

Like some other power stations in Turkey the proposed three units of 600 MW for Afşin C were planned to be state-owned.[49] Estimated to cost lira (USD), at planned capacity 11 TWh per year (about 3%)[50] of the nation's electricity would have been generated by burning 23 million tonnes of Turkish lignite annually.[51]

The site, on the border in Afşin district,[52] is near the two existing Afşin-Elbistan power stations. In 2019, compulsory purchase of the land was authorised by President Erdoğan,[53] and diversion of Hurman Creek would have allowed more access to Elbistan coalfield as well as supplying the plant's cooling water.[54] In 2021 negotiations with Chinese companies continued. But later in 2021 China stopped funding overseas coal power.[55] [56]

The station was planned to run almost 7000 hours per year to generate 11,380 GWh.[57] By using a supercritical boiler, the plant would have been more efficient and emitted less local air pollution than all other large (over 400 MW) local lignite-fuelled power stations in Turkey, as they use subcritical boilers. According to the Turkey Wealth Fund, the plant would have been environmentally friendly, using the latest emission control technologies.[58] But, according to campaign group Right to Clean Air Platform, it would still have resulted in thousands of early deaths over the lifetime of the plant.[59] Cooling water would have been supplied from Hurman Creek via the Karakuz Dam,[60] [61] (which was completed in 2024[62]). According to Climate Action Network Europe the plant would have increased the risk of drought in the area.[63]

Afşin-Elbistan D and E

The coalfield also has D and E sectors but, although D and E power stations were planned in the early 21st century,[64] these are not in use.[65]

Disease and deaths

Article 56 of the constitution says that “Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the natural environment, to protect the environmental health and to prevent environmental pollution.”https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#VIII._Executive_power_and_function In 2024 Human Rights Watch alleged that the existing power stations and proposed expansion contravene the constitution and violate the human rights of nearby residents by damaging their health.[66]

According to the Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey the power stations have caused over 17 thousand premature deaths as of 2024.[5] The Health and Environment Alliance estimate almost one hundred thousand cases of bronchitis have been caused, mostly in children. There is an air quality monitoring station in Elbistan, which is 22 km away from the power stations, and its data is public: however data from air quality monitoring 3 km from the power stations is not public.[67]

Health and Environment Alliance estimate that phasing out coal by 2030, instead of when the A and B power plant licences end in 2038 and 2052 respectively, would prevent over 2000 premature deaths.[68] There is a pollutant release and transfer register, but as of September 2024 no years are publicly searchable because it is not yet technically complete, and it is not known what pollution sources will be granted exemptions.(see FAQ).[69] According to Greenpeace many people in nearby villages, such as Çoğalhan and Altınelma, complain of asthma.[70] Çoğulhan has 3 times the SO2 level of Elbistan. Climate Trace has estimated 2023 local air pollution from the A plant at: 120t PM, 9.35Kt, and 10.52Kt .[71]

Economics

According to Çelikler the A plant and mine employed 1450 people, mostly local, in 2024.[72]

The C plant was planned to operate for 35 years and was proposed to be funded by the Turkey Wealth Fund (TWF), the country's sovereign wealth fund, being a major partner.[73] This is in accordance with the energy policy of Turkey, which prioritises local sources of energy to reduce coal and natural gas imports, partly in order to maintain energy security. Verus Partners advised on finance,[74] but despite low production costs,[75] the private sector was not interested, as the coal is low-quality. The TWF claimed the plant would have an economic life of 35 years,[76] create "serious employment", and Vice President Fuat Oktay said in 2020 that it would reduce the current account deficit.[77] According to Greenpeace local farmers say ash has reduced their crop yields. In 2024 Greenpeace argued that the proposed 36b lira investment in new coal power would be better spent on solar power and energy storage.

Greenhouse gas emissions

The Afşin-Elbistan C EIA estimated emissions would be more than 60 million tonnes of per year: and it was accepted by the government.[78] For comparison, total annual greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey are less than 575 million tonnes;[79] thus about a tenth of greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey would have been from the planned power station.[80] Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide means the public will know the level of emissions almost in real time.[81] [82]

Opposition

Ali Öztunç, local MP and environment spokesperson for the main opposition Republican People's Party, spoke out against the proposed C plant and asked in a parliamentary question why it should be built on agricultural land.[83] Environmentalists claimed the country already had too much electricity generating capacity[84] and contended that the plant would damage local water resources.[85] Environmental and public health groups criticised the proposed C plant EIA for describing coal as clean energy[86] and, in February 2020, thousands of people filed petitions against its approval:[87] but it was approved by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation in March.[88] In 2021 an expert report commissioned by the Maraş Regional Administrative Court said that the EIA positive decision given to Afşin-Elbistan C was faulty as it failed to accurately assess the project's environmental pollution and impact on agricultural activities, water basins and human health.[89] Environmental group TEMA Foundation said that, as Turkey had recently ratified the Paris Agreement to limit climate change, the plans to build the C plant should be immediately abandoned.[90] In 2021 the C plant was cancelled.

In 2024 the mayors of Elbistan and nearby Nurhak opposed the proposed expansion of the A plant.[91]

Public opinion

According to a 2020 survey from nearby Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University most locals say they have chronic illness, and almost all believe that environmental protection measures taken by power plant managers are insufficient.[92] Opponents of the plants say that: "a significant portion of the people living in Afşin Elbistan are struggling with cancer or respiratory tract diseases."

See also

Coal power in Turkey

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: August 2019 . Global SO2 emission hotspot database . Greenpeace.
  2. Web site: STUDY BY GREENPEACE AND CREA: Two towns from Turkey among top five places with highest sulphur dioxide pollution . 2020-10-24 . Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi.
  3. Web site: 25 December 2020 . Greenpeace: Afşin-Elbistan zehir saçıyor . 2021-01-09 . www.sozcu.com.tr . tr.
  4. Web site: 2024-03-10 . A Termik'in yeni üniteleri için kritik viraj . 2024-07-15 . Elbistanın Sesi . tr.
  5. Web site: 2024-09-05 . Heavy Economic Burden on Kahramanmaraş: Expansion of Afşin Elbistan A Thermal Power Plant 88.4 billion liras in health costs - Temiz Hava Hakkı . 2024-09-06.
  6. Türkiye national energy plan . . "...it is predicted that 1.7 GW from domestic coal-fired power plants will be included in the system by 2030." . 2022.
  7. Web site: Direskeneli . Haluk . 2024-03-21 . New Investment Project: 2×500 MWe Afşin Elbistan Thermal Power Plant – OpEd . 2024-07-22 . Eurasia Review . en-US.
  8. Web site: 2024-09-03 . Guest post: Just 15 countries account for 98% of new coal-power development . 2024-09-05 . Carbon Brief . en.
  9. Web site: Implementation of health impact assessment and health in environmental assessment across the WHO European Region . 2024-07-22 . www.who.int . en.
  10. Web site: Maraş coal-fired plant expansion could lead to '1,900 premature deaths' . 2024-07-15 . bianet.org . en.
  11. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-turkey-stateless/2022/04/c73a17f7-tr-afsin-a-genisleme-raporu-greenpeace.pdf
  12. Çınar Engineering Consulting Inc. . May 2024 . Afşin Elbistan A Termik Santral V. ve VI. Ünite İlavesi Projesi . Project to add units 5 and 6 to Afşin Elbistan A Power Station . . tr.
  13. Web site: Emissions - Asset 25453969 - ZETES power stations - Climate TRACE . 2024-07-20 . climatetrace.org . en.
  14. Web site: Global coal power map . 26 March 2020 . 12 August 2020. Carbon Brief.
  15. http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
  16. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/es/699451468174238273/pdf/E1307.pdf
  17. Web site: Üç termik santral kapanabilir . 2019-12-16 . Sabah . tr.
  18. News: 17 June 2020 . Coal-fired plants reopen: Engineers cast doubt on minister's statement that 'obligations fulfilled' . bianet.
  19. Web site: Sesi . Elbistanın . 30 December 2020 . Güvenç'ten FGD filtre ve göçük açıklaması . 2021-01-09 . Elbistanın Sesi . tr.
  20. News: 5 January 2019 . "Termik santralin atıkları yüzünden siyah kar yağıyor" .
  21. News: 9 January 2019 . Aycan'dan Termik Santrallerin Çevre Kirliliğine Tepki . Yeşil Afşin.
  22. News: 12 March 2019 . 17 bin erken ölümün nedeni termik santral . Birgün.
  23. News: August 2019 . Global SO2 emission hotspot database . Greenpeace.
  24. Web site: Direskeneli . Haluk . 2019-12-02 . Turkey: Energy And Infrastructure Forecast 2020 – OpEd . 2019-12-04 . Eurasia Review . en-US.
  25. News: 17 February 2021 . Ministry cancels coal-fired plant project in Maraş . Bianet.
  26. Web site: www.kahramantv.com . Mahir Ünal: Termik Santral Filtreleri Haziran'da Tamamlanacak . 2020-01-28 . Kahraman TV . tr.
  27. News: 2 July 2020 . Six coal-fired plants continue to emit thick smoke after end of suspension . bianet.
  28. Web site: Öztunç: "Paris İklim Anlaşması Tamam da, Filtresiz Santraller Ne Olacak?" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211026160829/http://www.yesilafsin.com/bolge-haberleri/oztunc-paris-iklim-anlasmasi-tamam-da-filtresiz-santraller-ne-h32444.html . 2021-10-26 . 2021-10-13 . tr.
  29. Web site: 12 November 2020 . Afşin Elbistan A Santrali'nde çevre sistemleri, uluslararası standartlara sahip . 2020-11-29 . Haberler.com . tr.
  30. Afşin Elbistan-A Termik Santrali Yakın Çevresinde Uçucu Kül Kaynaklı Ağır Metal Dağılımının Gausssian Semivariogram Modeli ile İncelenmesi . 10.55117/bufbd.1137003 . 2022 . Türkmenoğlu . Mehmet . Mert . Bayram Ali . Anil . Mesut . Bayburt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi . 5 . 2 . 215–222 .
  31. Web site: Çevre Mevzuatina Uyumsüreci Balaminda bir Decerlendirme .
  32. Web site: 2024-09-02 . HRW urges Turkey not to expand coal power plant, citing risks to public health . 2024-10-07 . . en-US.
  33. News: 2020-08-05. In Turkey, a Battle Over Coal Draws a Line in the Soot. Sierra Club.
  34. News: Afşin Elbistan A Termik Santrali'nin atıkları depolanacak . Enerji Günlüğü. 17 December 2018.
  35. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2013852
  36. Web site: Fuels . Beyond Fossil . 2020-02-07 . EÜAŞ – A briefing for investors . 2024-07-21 . Beyond Fossil Fuels . en-US.
  37. Web site: Turkey: Energy And Infrastructure Forecasts For 2022 – OpEd. 29 November 2021 .
  38. Web site: Direskeneli. Haluk. 2021-10-06. Coal Plant Without Coal: Only In Turkey – OpEd. 2021-10-17. Eurasia Review. en-US.
  39. News: 2020-09-16. British Afşin-Elbistan Environment Platform: "We don't want a thermal power plant" - Londra Gazete. en-GB. Londra Gazete. 2020-10-05.
  40. Web site: B Santrali'nin kül depolama alanlarına ÇED onayı. 2021-10-16. Elbistan Kaynarca Gazetesi. 14 December 2020 . tr.
  41. Web site: Taşıma Kömürle Değirmen Dönmedi, B Termik Santralinde Üretim Durdu! . 2023-03-26 . Yeşil Afşin . tr.
  42. Web site: EPİAŞ . EPİAŞ Şeffaflık . 2024-11-10 . EPİAŞ Şeffaflık . en.
  43. Web site: Türkiye'nin En Büyük Termik Santralinde Enerji Üretimi Durdu . Energy Production Halted at Turkey's Largest Thermal Power Plant . 2024-10-10 . Yeşil Afşin Gazetesi . tr.
  44. News: Ataç, Afşin Elbistan termik santrallerinin çevre yatırımları acilen tamamlanmalı!. Turkish. Ataç: Afşin Elbistan power plant environmental investments must be completed urgently. Maraş Fisilti. live. 2021-12-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211209171828if_/http://www.marasfisilti.com/atac-afsin-elbistan-termik-santrallerinin-cevre-yatirimlari-acilen-tamamlanmali-17257-haberi . 2021-12-09.
    • Çınar Engineering Consultancy . March 2020 . Afşi̇n C Termi̇k Santrali, açık Kömür İşletmesi̇ Ve Düzenli̇ Depolama Alanı Projesi̇ Nihai ÇED Raporu . Afşin C power station, open coal workings and regular storage area final environmental impact report. Atmosfere Verilecek CO2 Miktarı:Toplam Emisyon Miktarı (EM) = AD x EF x OF AD: Faaliyet Verisi (TJ, t veya Nm3) EF: Emisyon Faktörü (tCO2/TJ, tCO2/t veya tCO2/Nm3) OF: Yükseltgenme Faktörü ADKömür = 23.104.479,2 ton/yıl * 28,2 TJ/Gg = 651.546,3TJ/yıl EMKömür = 651.546,3 TJ/yıl * 94,6 tCO2/TJ * 1 = 61.636.279,98 tCO2/yıl "Atmosfere Verilecek CO2 Miktarı: ....... = 61.636.279,98 tCO2/yıl" . Amount of CO2 which will be emitted to the atmosphere:Total Quantity Emitted (EM) = AD x EF x OF AD: Activity Data (TJ, t veya Nm3) EF: Emission Factor (tCO2/TJ, tCO2/t veya tCO2/Nm3) OF: Oxidation Factor ADCoal = 23.104.479,2 ton/year * 28,2 TJ/Gg = 651.546,3TJ/year EMCoal = 651.546,3 TJ/year * 94,6 tCO2/TJ * 1 = 61.636.279,98 tCO2/year . tr . Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey).
  46. Web site: Turkey to follow up climate deal ratification with action: Official. 2021-10-03. www.aa.com.tr.
  47. News: Kahramanmaraş'ta mahkeme Afşin C Termik Santrali için yürütmeyi durdurma kararı verdi, bundan sonra ne olacak? . tr . Maraş court halts Afşin C power plant - what happens now? . BBC News Türkçe . 2022-03-16.
  48. Web site: 2022-09-06 . Afşin C Termik Santrali'ne 'ÇED olumlu' raporu mahkemeden döndü . 2023-03-26 . . tr-TR.
  49. News: 2020-10-05. Maden Holding geliyor. Maden Holding is coming. 2020-10-17. Sabah. Kalyon Group. tr.
  50. News: EÜAŞ, Afşin C Termik Santrali İçin Çalışmalara Başlıyor. EÜAŞ starts works for Afşin C Thermal Power Plant. 2020-03-05. Yeşil Afşin. tr.
  51. News: C Santrali'nin ÇED sürecinde kritik dönemeç. Critical juncture in Plant C's EIA process. Elbistanın Sesi. tr. 2019-10-01. 2019-10-06.
  52. News: Afşin-Elbistan C Termik Santralinin iptali için yöre halkı mahkemeye verdi! Son söz yargıda.... tr. Local people sue for the cancellation of Afşin-Elbistan C Thermal Power Plant! Final word in court .... Elbistan Pusula. 2020-10-05.
  53. News: C Termik Santrali için acele kamulaştırma kararı çıktı. Urgent expropriation decision issued for C Thermal Power Plant. Elbistanın Sesi. tr. 2020-01-28. 2019-12-25.
  54. News: Üç termik santral kapanabilir. Three thermal power plants can shut down. Sabah. Kalyon Group. tr.
  55. News: 2021-09-22. China pledges to stop building new coal energy plants abroad. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-09-22.
  56. Web site: 23 September 2021. Çin'den Afşin C Santrali'ni de ilgilendiren karar. Chinese decision concerning Afşin C Power Plant. live. 2021-10-10. Elbistanın Sesi. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20210926142456/https://www.elbistaninsesi.com/guncel/cinden-afsin-c-santralini-de-ilgilendiren-karar-h71331.html . 2021-09-26 .
  57. News: 2020-03-28. Bakanlık, bölgeye 3.santralin kurulmasına 'olumlu' baktı. Ministry 'positive' on building the 3rd plant in the region. tr. Elbistanın Sesi.
  58. News: Sönmez: "Afşin'e, çevreye duyarlı, teknolojik bir santral yapacağız". Sönmez: "We will build an environmentally sensitive high tech power plant in Afşin". 2020-08-19. Elbistanın Sesi. tr.
  59. News: 2020-04-22. Covid-19 Quarantine has Cleaned the Air of Turkey, What Should be Done Next?. Bianet. IPS Communication Foundation.
  60. News: 550 milyon TL'ye mal olacak, 2023'te bitecek. Cost 550 million lira, to be finished 2023. 2020-10-05. Elbistanın Sesi. tr.
  61. News: Karakuz Barajı'nın yapımını üstlenen TOKİ, ilk adımı attı. TOKI takes first step in construction of Karakuz Dam. 2020-10-16. Elbistanın Sesi. tr.
  62. Web site: Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Yenilenebilir Enerji Dairesi Başkanlığı . 2024-10-07 . enerji.dsi.gov.tr.
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  65. Web site: Çıraklı . Muhammet Enes . THE EFFECT OF UTILIZATION OF DOMESTIC COAL RESOURCES ON TURKEY'S CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE: AN EXAMPLE OF AFSİN ELBİSTAN LIGNITES .
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  67. Web site: Afşin-Elbistan A santrali havayı nasıl kirletiyor? – DW – 02.09.2024 . 2024-09-27 . dw.com . tr.
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  73. News: 2021-04-13 . Çinliler yapacak, Türkiye Varlık Fonu büyük ortak olacak . Chinese will make it, Turkey Wealth Fund will be a major partner . Elbistanın Sesi . tr.
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  84. News: 2020-02-28 . Afşin Elbistan'a biçilen değer cehennem! . Afşin Elbistan sent to hell! . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200303200028/http://www.yeniyasamgazetesi1.com/afsin-elbistana-bicilen-deger-cehennem/ . 2020-03-03 . 2020-03-03 . Yeni Yaşam Gazetesi . tr.
  85. News: 5 February 2020 . Suların şehri susuz şehir oluyor alevi gazetesi . 2020-03-03 . tr.
  86. News: 2020-08-05 . In Turkey, a Battle Over Coal Draws a Line in the Soot . Sierra Club.
  87. News: 6 March 2020 . Bölge halkından C Termik Santrali'ne karşı binlerce dilekçe . Thousands of local people petition against C Thermal Power Plant . 2020-03-08 . Elbistanın Sesi . tr.
  88. News: Afşin Elbistan C Termik Santali yapımı için bakanlıktan onay çıktı . Ministry approves construction of Afşin Elbistan C Thermal Power plant . 2020-04-02 . Elbistan Olay . tr.
  89. https://politikahaber.org/bilirkisi-afsin-c-santralinin-ced-raporunu-olumsuz-buldu/ Bilirkişi Afşin C Santrali’nin ÇED raporunu olumsuz buldu
  90. News: Ataç, Afşin Elbistan termik santrallerinin çevre yatırımları acilen tamamlanmalı! . Ataç: Afşin Elbistan power plant environmental investments must be completed urgently . 2021-12-11 . Maraş Fisilti . Turkish.
  91. Web site: Maraş’ta santral tehdidi: Erken ölümler ve 88,4 milyar liralık maliyet kapıda . 2024-11-11 . Diken.
  92. Web site: Afşin ve Elbistan İlçelerinde Toplumun Termik Santrallerin Çevreye ve İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri Konusundaki Görüşleri . The Opinions of the Community on the Effects of Thermal Power Plants on the Environment and Human Health in Afşin and Elbistan Districts . tr.

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