Afşin-Elbistan power stations explained

The Afşin-Elbistan power stations are coal-fired power stations in the district of Afşin in Kahramanmaraş Province in Turkey. Both Afşin-Elbistan A and B burn lignite from the nearby Elbistan coalfield.

The area is a sulfur dioxide air pollution hotspot:[1] Air pollution can be trapped by the surrounding mountains,[2] and Greenpeace say that measurements they took nearby in late 2020 show illegal levels of particulates and nitrogen oxides.[3] The Environment Ministry has not released the flue gas measurements.

Çelikler Holding still want to build more coal-fired capacity, despite public opposition.[4]

Afşin-Elbistan A

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Afşin-Elbistan A

Afşin-Elbistan A is a 1355 MW lignite-fired power station, owned by Çelikler Holding.

In March 2024 the company was considering buying two cheap second-hand 500 MW steam turbines from shut down American nuclear plants, but was unsure whether suitable steam boilers which could cope with Turkish lignite could be found, as large electrostatic precipitators and FGD would be needed.[5]

the environmental impact of adding such 4th and 5th units is still being considered by the government.[6] As of 2023 official health impact assessment is not done in Turkey,[7] but opponents of the expansion estimate that the extra air pollution could lead to an additional 1900 premature deaths. [8] This was estimated by using CALPUFF on dispersion of NO2, SO2 and PM2.5 and also estimating deposition of mercury.[9] According to the environmental impact assessment 28 million tonnes of CO2 may be emitted per year,[10] far more than the largest Turkish greenhouse gas emitter in 2022, which was ZETES power stations at 15 million tonnes.[11]

History

Brought online from 1984 to 1987 Afşin-Elbistan A is one of the largest installed capacity coal-fired power stations in Turkey and is estimated to emit over 8 Mt per year,[12] over 1% of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions. It was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 5000 liras banknotes of 1990–1994.[13]

In 2004 or 2005 an EIA was done re rehabilitation and FGD.[14]

The plant was shut down in January 2020 due to local air pollution,[15] but reopened later in 2020.[16] Delivery of flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) parts was delayed by the covid-19 pandemic but the filters were installed in 2021.[17]

In January 2019 locals complained that the plant had been restarted causing visible ash pollution in the snow,[18] and local MP Sefer Aycan said in parliament he was concerned that the plant would add to the industrial pollution of the Aksu and Ceyhan rivers.[19] In March 2019 Greenpeace projected the message "These chimneys are spitting poison" onto the plant,[20] to publicise their earlier report claiming that, together with neighbouring Afşin-Elbistan B, the plants were responsible for 17,000 premature deaths. The area is a sulfur dioxide air pollution hotspot.[21] According to energy analyst Haluk Direskeneli, writing in 2019, flue-gas desulfurization is not installed and electrostatic precipitation is inadequate, and "it is futile to repair this power plant".[22]

The plant was shut down in January 2020 as it did not meet the flue gas emission limits which came into force that month.[23] Çelikler planned to have filters installed by June 2020.[24] The plant reopened but complaints of air pollution continued,[25] and in October 2021 it was said by opposition MP Ali Öztunç to be still operating without filters due to company lobbying.[26] In 2020 the fuel oil system was replaced by gas and dry flue gas filters were completed; wet flue gas filters were completed in 2021.[27]

In 2022 a study found levels of chromium and nickel in the soil exceeding regulations[28] and the Climate Change Policy and Research Association alleged that the plant was operating illegally according to environmental laws.[29]

Technology

The plant burns lignite, which is transported by conveyor belt[30] from the nearby Kışlaköy coal mine. It was shut down for refurbishment in 2017. After burning 2% of the lignite remains as slag and 18% as fly ash, and a new landfill site was planned for both of these in 2019.[31] Use of modified fly ash in concrete has been suggested.[32]

Afşin-Elbistan B

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Afşin-Elbistan B

Afşin-Elbistan B is a 1440MW coal-fired power station in Afşin in Kahramanmaraş Province, state owned by the Electricity Generation Company (EUAŞ).[33] The plant burns lignite from Kışlaköy coal mine (mostly transported by lorry[34]) and sometimes from other mines.[35]

Built between 2004 and 2005 Afşin-Elbistan B is the largest single installed capacity coal-fired power station in Turkey and is estimated to emit almost 8 Mt per year,[12] over 1% of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions. Opponents said in September 2020 that ash retention filters are disabled on the pretext that they are expensive to clean.[36] An environmental impact report for proposed ash and slag storage was approved in 2020.[37] It is estimated that closing the plant by 2030, instead of when its licence ends in 2052, would prevent over 3000 premature deaths.[38] By 2021 unit 3 had been converted to gas.[39]

Opposition

In December 2021 environmental group TEMA Foundation said that air quality measurements had not been taken in Karamanmaraş for almost 11 months of 2020, and that it was very worrying that the plants continued to operate on temporary permits without the necessary environmental improvements.[40]

Afşin-Elbistan C

Afşin-Elbistan C was a planned 1800-MW coal-fired power station which was proposed to be built in Turkey by the state-owned mining company Maden Holding. Estimated to cost over lira, at planned capacity it would have generated about 3% of the nation's electricity. According to the environmental impact assessment (EIA) the plant would have burned 23 million tonnes of lignite annually, and emitted over 61 million tonnes of each year for 35 years.[41]

However in 2021 Turkey targeted net zero carbon emissions by 2053.[42] It would have been the least carbon efficient coal-fired power station and the largest single emitter of greenhouse gas in the world. In March 2022 Kahramanmaraş Administrative Court stopped the project on the grounds of possible soil and air pollution.[43] In June 2022 the Kahramanmaraş Administrative Court canceled the 'EIA positive' report.[44]

In January 2023 the National Energy Plan was published: it forecast that 1.7 GW more local coal power would be connected to the grid by 2030 but did not say where.[45]

Planned development

Like some other power stations in Turkey the proposed three units of 600 MW for Afşin in Kahramanmaraş Province were originally planned to be owned and operated by the Electricity Generation Company. But in late 2020 it was announced that they would belong to another state-owned company Maden Holding, which holds a variety of mines.[46] Estimated to cost lira, at planned capacity 11 TWh per year (about 3%)[47] of the nation's electricity would be generated by burning 23 million tonnes of Turkish lignite annually.[48]

The site, on the border between Altınelma (in Turkish) and Tanır (in Turkish) neighbourhoods in Afşin district,[49] is near the two existing Afşin-Elbistan power stations. In 2019, compulsory purchase of the land was authorised by President Erdoğan,[50] and diversion of Hurman Creek would allow more access to Elbistan coalfield as well as supplying the plant's cooling water.[51]

In 2020 Kahramanmaraş deputy Sefer Aycan, from the Nationalist Movement Party, called for a parliamentary investigation.[52] In mid-2021 Global Energy Monitor listed the plant's status as "pre-permit development",[53] and negotiations with Chinese companies continued. But later in 2021 China stopped funding overseas coal power.[54] [55]

Technology

The station was planned to run 6,948 hours per year to generate 11,380 GWh.[56] By using a supercritical boiler, the plant would have been more efficient and emitted less local air pollution than all other large (over 400 MW) local lignite-fuelled power stations in Turkey, as they use subcritical boilers. According to Turkey Wealth Fund General Manager Zafer Sonmez, the plant would have been environmentally friendly, using the latest emission control technologies.[57] But, according to campaign group "Right to Clean Air Platform", it would still have resulted in thousands of early deaths over the lifetime of the plant.[58] Cooling water would have been supplied from Hurman Creek via the forthcoming Karakuz Dam,[59] to be built by TOKİ, which will also run a small hydropower plant and supply water for irrigation.[60] According to Climate Action Network Europe the plant would have increased the risk of drought in the area.[61] Construction materials would have been transported via a forthcoming Afşin ring road.[62]

Greenhouse gas emissions

The Afşin-Elbistan C environmental impact assessment (EIA) estimated emissions would be more than 60 million tonnes of per year:[41] and it was accepted by the government.[63] By comparison, total annual greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey are less than 575 million tonnes;[64] thus about a tenth of greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey would have been from the planned power station.[65] Therefore, if built, at over 5 kg of per kWh generated it would have been less carbon efficient than any coal-fired power station on the list of least carbon efficient power stations., for comparison, the world's largest single emitter was Secunda CTL, which emitted 56.5 million tonnes a year.[66] Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide means the public will know the level of emissions almost in real time.[67] [68]

Opposition

Ali Öztunç, local MP and environment spokesperson for the main opposition Republican People's Party, spoke out against the plant and asked in a parliamentary question why it should be built on agricultural land.[69] Environmentalists claimed the country already had too much electricity generating capacity[70] and contended that the plant would damage local water resources.[71] Environmental and public health groups criticised the EIA for describing coal as clean energy[72] and, in February 2020, thousands of people filed petitions against its approval:[73] but it was approved by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation in March.[74] In November 2021 an expert report commissioned by the Maraş Regional Administrative Court said that the EIA positive decision given to Afşin-Elbistan C was faulty as it failed to accurately assess the project's impact on agricultural activities, environmental pollution, water basins and human health.[75] In December 2021 environmental group TEMA Foundation said that, as Turkey had recently ratified the Paris Agreement to limit climate change, the plans to build the plant should be immediately abandoned.[76]

Economics

The C plant was planned to operate for 35 years and was proposed to be funded the Turkey Wealth Fund (TWF), the country's sovereign wealth fund, being a major partner.[77] This is in accordance with the energy policy of Turkey, which prioritises local sources of energy to reduce coal and natural gas imports, partly in order to maintain energy security. Verus Partners advised on finance,[78] but despite low production costs,[79] the private sector was not interested, as the coal is low-quality. The TWF claims the plant would have an economic life of 35 years,[80] create "serious employment", and Vice President Fuat Oktay said in 2020 that it would reduce the current account deficit.[81] According to Carbon Tracker, new wind and solar power plants are cheaper than building new coal-power plants.[82]

Public Opinion

According to a 2020 survey from nearby Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University most locals say they have chronic illness, and almost all believe that environmental protection measures taken by power plant managers are insufficient.[83] Opponents of the plants say that: "a significant portion of the people living in Afşin Elbistan are struggling with respiratory tract or cancer diseases."

See also

Coal power in Turkey

External links

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Global SO2 emission hotspot database. August 2019. Greenpeace.
  2. Web site: STUDY BY GREENPEACE AND CREA: Two towns from Turkey among top five places with highest sulphur dioxide pollution. 2020-10-24. Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi.
  3. Web site: Greenpeace: Afşin-Elbistan zehir saçıyor. 2021-01-09. www.sozcu.com.tr. 25 December 2020 . tr.
  4. Web site: 2024-03-10 . A Termik'in yeni üniteleri için kritik viraj . 2024-07-15 . Elbistanın Sesi . tr.
  5. Web site: Direskeneli . Haluk . 2024-03-21 . New Investment Project: 2×500 MWe Afşin Elbistan Thermal Power Plant – OpEd . 2024-07-22 . Eurasia Review . en-US.
  6. Web site: 2024-07-08 . 'Afşin-Elbistan yeni bir santrali kaldıramaz' diyen halk, kömürsüz gelecek istiyor . 2024-07-15 . Yeşil Gazete . tr.
  7. Web site: Implementation of health impact assessment and health in environmental assessment across the WHO European Region . 2024-07-22 . www.who.int . en.
  8. Web site: Maraş coal-fired plant expansion could lead to '1,900 premature deaths' . 2024-07-15 . bianet.org . en.
  9. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-turkey-stateless/2022/04/c73a17f7-tr-afsin-a-genisleme-raporu-greenpeace.pdf
  10. Çınar Engineering Consulting Inc. . May 2024 . Afşin Elbistan A Termik Santral V. ve VI. Ünite İlavesi Projesi . Project to add units 5 and 6 to Afşin Elbistan A Power Station . . tr.
  11. Web site: Emissions - Asset 25453969 - ZETES power stations - Climate TRACE . 2024-07-20 . climatetrace.org . en.
  12. Web site: Global coal power map . 26 March 2020 . 12 August 2020. Carbon Brief.
  13. http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
  14. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/es/699451468174238273/pdf/E1307.pdf
  15. Web site: Üç termik santral kapanabilir . 2019-12-16 . Sabah . tr.
  16. News: 17 June 2020 . Coal-fired plants reopen: Engineers cast doubt on minister's statement that 'obligations fulfilled' . bianet.
  17. Web site: Sesi . Elbistanın . 30 December 2020 . Güvenç'ten FGD filtre ve göçük açıklaması . 2021-01-09 . Elbistanın Sesi . tr.
  18. News: 5 January 2019 . "Termik santralin atıkları yüzünden siyah kar yağıyor" .
  19. News: 9 January 2019 . Aycan'dan Termik Santrallerin Çevre Kirliliğine Tepki . Yeşil Afşin.
  20. News: 12 March 2019 . 17 bin erken ölümün nedeni termik santral . Birgün.
  21. News: August 2019 . Global SO2 emission hotspot database . Greenpeace.
  22. Web site: Direskeneli . Haluk . 2019-12-02 . Turkey: Energy And Infrastructure Forecast 2020 – OpEd . 2019-12-04 . Eurasia Review . en-US.
  23. News: 17 February 2021 . Ministry cancels coal-fired plant project in Maraş . Bianet.
  24. Web site: www.kahramantv.com . Mahir Ünal: Termik Santral Filtreleri Haziran'da Tamamlanacak . 2020-01-28 . Kahraman TV . tr.
  25. News: 2 July 2020 . Six coal-fired plants continue to emit thick smoke after end of suspension . bianet.
  26. Web site: Öztunç: "Paris İklim Anlaşması Tamam da, Filtresiz Santraller Ne Olacak?" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211026160829/http://www.yesilafsin.com/bolge-haberleri/oztunc-paris-iklim-anlasmasi-tamam-da-filtresiz-santraller-ne-h32444.html . 2021-10-26 . 2021-10-13 . tr.
  27. Web site: 12 November 2020 . Afşin Elbistan A Santrali'nde çevre sistemleri, uluslararası standartlara sahip . 2020-11-29 . Haberler.com . tr.
  28. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bufbd/issue/74194/1137003
  29. Web site: Çevre Mevzuatina Uyumsüreci Balaminda bir Decerlendirme .
  30. News: 2020-08-05. In Turkey, a Battle Over Coal Draws a Line in the Soot. Sierra Club.
  31. News: Afşin Elbistan A Termik Santrali'nin atıkları depolanacak . Enerji Günlüğü. 17 December 2018.
  32. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2013852
  33. Web site: Fuels . Beyond Fossil . 2020-02-07 . EÜAŞ – A briefing for investors . 2024-07-21 . Beyond Fossil Fuels . en-US.
  34. Web site: Turkey: Energy And Infrastructure Forecasts For 2022 – OpEd. 29 November 2021 .
  35. Web site: Direskeneli. Haluk. 2021-10-06. Coal Plant Without Coal: Only In Turkey – OpEd. 2021-10-17. Eurasia Review. en-US.
  36. News: 2020-09-16. British Afşin-Elbistan Environment Platform: "We don't want a thermal power plant" - Londra Gazete. en-GB. Londra Gazete. 2020-10-05.
  37. Web site: B Santrali'nin kül depolama alanlarına ÇED onayı. 2021-10-16. Elbistan Kaynarca Gazetesi. 14 December 2020 . tr.
  38. Curing Chronic Coal: The health benefits of a 2030 coal phase out in Turkey . Health and Environment Alliance . en-GB . 2022.
  39. Web site: Taşıma Kömürle Değirmen Dönmedi, B Termik Santralinde Üretim Durdu! . 2023-03-26 . Yeşil Afşin . tr.
  40. News: Ataç, Afşin Elbistan termik santrallerinin çevre yatırımları acilen tamamlanmalı!. Turkish. Ataç: Afşin Elbistan power plant environmental investments must be completed urgently. Maraş Fisilti. live. 2021-12-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211209171828if_/http://www.marasfisilti.com/atac-afsin-elbistan-termik-santrallerinin-cevre-yatirimlari-acilen-tamamlanmali-17257-haberi . 2021-12-09.
    • Çınar Engineering Consultancy . March 2020 . Afşi̇n C Termi̇k Santrali, açık Kömür İşletmesi̇ Ve Düzenli̇ Depolama Alanı Projesi̇ Nihai ÇED Raporu . Afşin C power station, open coal workings and regular storage area final environmental impact report. Atmosfere Verilecek CO2 Miktarı:Toplam Emisyon Miktarı (EM) = AD x EF x OF AD: Faaliyet Verisi (TJ, t veya Nm3) EF: Emisyon Faktörü (tCO2/TJ, tCO2/t veya tCO2/Nm3) OF: Yükseltgenme Faktörü ADKömür = 23.104.479,2 ton/yıl * 28,2 TJ/Gg = 651.546,3TJ/yıl EMKömür = 651.546,3 TJ/yıl * 94,6 tCO2/TJ * 1 = 61.636.279,98 tCO2/yıl "Atmosfere Verilecek CO2 Miktarı: ....... = 61.636.279,98 tCO2/yıl" . Amount of CO2 which will be emitted to the atmosphere:Total Quantity Emitted (EM) = AD x EF x OF AD: Activity Data (TJ, t veya Nm3) EF: Emission Factor (tCO2/TJ, tCO2/t veya tCO2/Nm3) OF: Oxidation Factor ADCoal = 23.104.479,2 ton/year * 28,2 TJ/Gg = 651.546,3TJ/year EMCoal = 651.546,3 TJ/year * 94,6 tCO2/TJ * 1 = 61.636.279,98 tCO2/year . tr . Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey).
  42. Web site: Turkey to follow up climate deal ratification with action: Official. 2021-10-03. www.aa.com.tr.
  43. News: Kahramanmaraş'ta mahkeme Afşin C Termik Santrali için yürütmeyi durdurma kararı verdi, bundan sonra ne olacak? . tr . Maraş court halts Afşin C power plant - what happens now? . BBC News Türkçe . 2022-03-16.
  44. Web site: 2022-09-06 . Afşin C Termik Santrali'ne 'ÇED olumlu' raporu mahkemeden döndü . 2023-03-26 . . tr-TR.
  45. 2022 . Türkiye national energy plan . "...it is predicted that 1.7 GW from domestic coal-fired power plants will be included in the system by 2030.". Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources.
  46. News: 2020-10-05. Maden Holding geliyor. Maden Holding is coming. 2020-10-17. Sabah. Kalyon Group. tr.
  47. News: EÜAŞ, Afşin C Termik Santrali İçin Çalışmalara Başlıyor. EÜAŞ starts works for Afşin C Thermal Power Plant. 2020-03-05. Yeşil Afşin. tr.
  48. News: C Santrali'nin ÇED sürecinde kritik dönemeç. Critical juncture in Plant C's EIA process. Elbistanın Sesi. tr. 2019-10-01. 2019-10-06.
  49. News: Afşin-Elbistan C Termik Santralinin iptali için yöre halkı mahkemeye verdi! Son söz yargıda.... tr. Local people sue for the cancellation of Afşin-Elbistan C Thermal Power Plant! Final word in court .... Elbistan Pusula. 2020-10-05.
  50. News: C Termik Santrali için acele kamulaştırma kararı çıktı. Urgent expropriation decision issued for C Thermal Power Plant. Elbistanın Sesi. tr. 2020-01-28. 2019-12-25.
  51. News: Üç termik santral kapanabilir. Three thermal power plants can shut down. Sabah. Kalyon Group. tr.
  52. News: Afşin ve Elbistan İçin Bir Karar Verilmeli! Tarım mı? Maden mi?. tr. Decision must be made for Afşin and Elbistan! Agriculture or mining?. Yeşil Afşin. 2020-10-05.
  53. Web site: Afşin-Elbistan power complex. Global Energy Monitor. www.gem.wiki. 2020-03-10.
  54. News: 2021-09-22. China pledges to stop building new coal energy plants abroad. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-09-22.
  55. Web site: 23 September 2021. Çin'den Afşin C Santrali'ni de ilgilendiren karar. Chinese decision concerning Afşin C Power Plant. live. 2021-10-10. Elbistanın Sesi. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20210926142456/https://www.elbistaninsesi.com/guncel/cinden-afsin-c-santralini-de-ilgilendiren-karar-h71331.html . 2021-09-26 .
  56. News: 2020-03-28. Bakanlık, bölgeye 3.santralin kurulmasına 'olumlu' baktı. Ministry 'positive' on building the 3rd plant in the region. tr. Elbistanın Sesi.
  57. News: Sönmez: "Afşin'e, çevreye duyarlı, teknolojik bir santral yapacağız". Sönmez: "We will build an environmentally sensitive high tech power plant in Afşin". 2020-08-19. Elbistanın Sesi. tr.
  58. News: 2020-04-22. Covid-19 Quarantine has Cleaned the Air of Turkey, What Should be Done Next?. Bianet. IPS Communication Foundation.
  59. News: 550 milyon TL'ye mal olacak, 2023'te bitecek. Cost 550 million lira, to be finished 2023. 2020-10-05. Elbistanın Sesi. tr.
  60. News: Karakuz Barajı'nın yapımını üstlenen TOKİ, ilk adımı attı. TOKI takes first step in construction of Karakuz Dam. 2020-10-16. Elbistanın Sesi. tr.
  61. Web site: Termik santralleri kuraklık vuruyor. 2021-01-09. www.sozcu.com.tr. 31 December 2020 . tr.
  62. News: 2020-08-04. Bir türlü bitmeyen Afşin Çevreyolu, Siyasilerin gündeminde!. Never-ending Afşin Ring Road on politicians' agenda. 2020-10-05. Afşin Haber. Afşi̇n Merkez Yayın Gurubu. tr.
  63. Web site: Afşin ve Elbistan halkı C Termik Santrali'ne karşı çıktı. 2021-10-13. Elbistan Olay. 24 June 2021 . tr.
  64. Web site: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics, 1990-2022 . 2024-07-20 . Turkstat.
  65. News: 12 November 2020. C Santrali, Türkiye'nin sera gazı emisyonunu yüzde 10 arttıracak. C plant would increase Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions by 10%. Elbistanın Sesi. tr.
  66. News: 2020-03-17. The World's Biggest Emitter of Greenhouse Gases. en. Bloomberg.com. 2020-12-29.
  67. 2021-01-01. The potential of CO2 satellite monitoring for climate governance: A review. Journal of Environmental Management. en. 277. 111423. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111423. 0301-4797. Pan . Guanna . Xu . Yuan . Ma . Jieqi . 33031999 . 222237434 .
  68. News: Couture. Heather D.. 11 August 2020. How to Track the Emissions of Every Power Plant on the Planet from Space. IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News.
  69. News: Öztunç, Enerji Bakanı Dönmez'e A Termik Santralini Sordu. Öztunç asked Energy Minister Dönmez about thermal power plant A. 2020-08-19. Yeşil Afşin. tr.
  70. News: Afşin Elbistan'a biçilen değer cehennem!. Afşin Elbistan sent to hell!. 2020-02-28. Yeni Yaşam Gazetesi. tr. 2020-03-03. 2020-03-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20200303200028/http://www.yeniyasamgazetesi1.com/afsin-elbistana-bicilen-deger-cehennem/. dead.
  71. News: Suların şehri susuz şehir oluyor alevi gazetesi. 5 February 2020. tr. 2020-03-03.
  72. News: 2020-08-05. In Turkey, a Battle Over Coal Draws a Line in the Soot. Sierra Club.
  73. News: Bölge halkından C Termik Santrali'ne karşı binlerce dilekçe. Thousands of local people petition against C Thermal Power Plant. 6 March 2020. Elbistanın Sesi. tr. 2020-03-08.
  74. News: Afşin Elbistan C Termik Santali yapımı için bakanlıktan onay çıktı. Ministry approves construction of Afşin Elbistan C Thermal Power plant. Elbistan Olay. tr. 2020-04-02.
  75. https://politikahaber.org/bilirkisi-afsin-c-santralinin-ced-raporunu-olumsuz-buldu/ Bilirkişi Afşin C Santrali’nin ÇED raporunu olumsuz buldu
  76. News: Ataç, Afşin Elbistan termik santrallerinin çevre yatırımları acilen tamamlanmalı!. Ataç: Afşin Elbistan power plant environmental investments must be completed urgently. 2021-12-11. Maraş Fisilti. Turkish.
  77. News: 2021-04-13 . Çinliler yapacak, Türkiye Varlık Fonu büyük ortak olacak . Chinese will make it, Turkey Wealth Fund will be a major partner . Elbistanın Sesi . tr.
  78. Web site: 2015-05-28 . Development of Afsin Elbistan C . 2021-05-11 . Verus Partners . en-US.
  79. Kasap . Yaşar . Şensöğüt . Cem . Ören . Özer . 2020-03-01 . Efficiency change of coal used for energy production in Turkey . Resources Policy . . 65 . 101577 . 10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101577 . 0301-4207 . free.
  80. Web site: Fuat Oktay: "Kahramanmaraş'taki Santral Mega Projemiz" . 2021-01-09 . KahramanTV . tr.
  81. Web site: Fuat Oktay: "Kahramanmaraş'taki Santral Mega Projemiz" . 2020-12-21 . tr.
  82. Web site: 2020 . Wind vs Coal Power in Turkey/Solar PV vs Coal in Turkey . 2020-10-20 . . 9, 10.
  83. Web site: Afşin ve Elbistan İlçelerinde Toplumun Termik Santrallerin Çevreye ve İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri Konusundaki Görüşleri . The Opinions of the Community on the Effects of Thermal Power Plants on the Environment and Human Health in Afşin and Elbistan Districts . tr.

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