Aeronca L-3 Explained

The Aeronca L-3 group of observation and liaison aircraft were used by the United States Army Air Corps in World War II. The L-3 series were adapted from Aeronca's pre-war Tandem Trainer and Chief models.

Design and development

In 1941, the United States Army Air Corps ordered four examples of the Aeronca 65 TC Defender, designated YO-58, for evaluation of the suitability of light aircraft for observation and liaison purposes. (It also placed similar orders with Piper and Taylorcraft Aircraft). Service tests during the US Army's annual maneuvers proved successful, and resulted in large orders being placed. In 1942, the O-58 was redesignated L-3.^{[1] [2]}

When American forces went into combat after Pearl Harbor, the Army Air Force used the L-3 in much the same manner as observation balloons were used during World War I—spotting activities and directing artillery fire. It was also used for liaison and transport duties and short-range reconnaissance which required airplanes to land and take off in short distances from unprepared landing strips. Liaison pilots would train on L-3s before moving on to front-line aircraft like the Piper L-4 or the Stinson L-5. Some L-3s were shipped to North Africa, and subsequently given to the Free French Forces in the area at the time. At least one of the aircraft served with US forces in Italy.And minimally one other did service in Normandy, as reported by the Detroit Free Press on 25 June 1944, with a photograph indicating transport of medical supplies to the advancing front-line regiments.

The TG-5 was a three-seat training glider of 1942 based upon the O-58 design. This aircraft retained the O-58's rear fuselage, wings, and tail while adding a new front fuselage in place of the engine. In all, Aeronca built 250 TG-5 gliders for the Army. The Navy received three as the LNR-1.^[3]

Variants

O-58 designation replaced by L-3 designation in April 1942^[4]

• YO-58 – Four aircraft with a 65hp Continental YO-170-3 engine.^[4]
• O-58 / L-3 – production order of 50, most used for training in the US.^[4]
• O-58A / L-3A – Fuselage widened four inches and extended greenhouse canopy. 20 built.^[4]
• O-58B / L-3B – Modified canopy and additional radio equipment. 875 built.^[4]
• O-58C / L-3C – As O-58B/L-3B but with radio equipment removed for use as trainer. 490 built.^[4]
• L-3D – Aeronca 65TF Defender. 11 aircraft impressed.^[4]
• L-3E – Aeronca 65TC Defender. 12 aircraft impressed.^[4] Continental engine.
• L-3F – Aeronca 65CA Defender. 19 aircraft impressed.^[4]
• L-3G – Aeronca 65L Super Chief with side by side seating. 4 aircraft impressed.^[4] Lycoming engine.
• L-3H – Aeronca 65TL Defender. 1 aircraft impressed)^[4] Lycoming engine.
• L-3J – Aeronca 65TC Defender 1 additional aircraft impressed.^[4] Continental engine.
• JR-1 – Three L-3Cs supplied to the US Navy.^[4]
• TG-5 – 250 were built as training gliders for the USAAC.^[4]
• TG-33 – TG-5 converted for prone pilot.^{[4] [5]}
• LNR – Three TG-5s supplied to the US Navy.^[4]

Operators

Brazil

• Brazilian Air Force L-3C

• Cuban Air Force - received 11 L-3Bs under Lend-Lease.^[6]

• Chilean Air Force

30 L-3B delivered to Chile via Lend-Lease program in 1943, all delivered to civil aero clubs. 4 Survivors (CC-KGA at La Ligua, CC-SHA at Chile's Aviation Museum. Two examples in the hands of restorers at Tobalaba airfield, Santiago, and Los Angeles.)

• Dominican Air Force - received 3 L-3Bs in 1943.^[7]

• United States Army Air Forces
• United States Navy

• Aviación Militar – received three L-3Bs.^[8]

Surviving aircraft

Aside from 15 L-3s (2 L-3, 7 L-3B, and 6 L-3C) that remain on the US civil registry as of June 2016,^[9] a number have also found their way into museums

• 42-7796 - O-58A airworthy with Mark A. Henry of Dickinson, Texas^[10]
• 42-7798 – O-58A airworthy with Blake W. Henderson of Westmoreland, Tennessee.^[11]
• 42-14773 – L-3 airworthy with Audie L. Hollon of Milan, Missouri.^{[12] [13]}
• 42-36152 – O-58B airworthy with Lee H. Montgomery in Corsicana, Texas. Previously with the Alamo Liaison Squadron in San Antonio, Texas.^{[14] [15] [16]}
• 42-36200 – L-3B on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB near Dayton, Ohio.^{[17] [18]}
• 42-36639 – L-3D on static display at the Silent Wings Museum at Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport in Lubbock, Texas
• 43-1844 – O-58B airworthy at the Port Townsend Aero Museum in Port Townsend, Washington.^{[19] [20] [21]}
• 43-26772 – L-3B on static display at the Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan.^{[22] [23]}
• 43-26819 – L-3B on static display at the Museo Nacional Aeronáutico y del Espacio in Santiago, Chile.^[24]
• 43-27184 - L3-B Being restored in Sturgis, Mi. 058B-13213 NC 47262
• Unknown – L-3B on static display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.^[25]
• Unknown – L-3B airworthy at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum in Addison, Texas.^{[26] [27]} Removed from public display when the museum indefinitely closed on 1 January 2024. To be moved to North Texas Regional Airport in Denison, Texas.^[28]
• Unknown – L-3 airworthy at the Wings of Eagles Discovery Center in Elmira, New York.^{[29] [30]}
• Unknown – L-3 on display at the Vintage Flying Museum in Fort Worth, Texas.^[31]
• Unknown – L-3B airworthy at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon.^{[32] [33] [34]}
• Unknown – L-3E airworthy with Air Group One of the Commemorative Air Force in El Cajon, California.^{[35] [36]}
• Unknown – L-3E under restoration with the Spirit of Tulsa of the Commemorative Air Force in Tulsa, Oklahoma.^{[37] [38]}
• Unknown – L-3E airworthy with the Missouri Wing of the Commemorative Air Force in Portage Des Sioux, Missouri.^{[39] [40]}
• Unknown – O-58B airworthy with Nicholas S. Kapotes of Pompton Plains, New Jersey.^[41]
• 43-26861 – L-3B airworthy with James S. Tate of Nashville, Tennessee.^[42]
• Unknown – L-3 on static display at the National D-Day Memorial in Bedford, Virginia.^[43]
• 058B2692 – L-3B airworthy with Air1 Aircraft of Westfield, Massachusetts.^[44]
• 058B6212 – O-58B airworthy with Bruce Gapstur of Belle Plaine, Iowa.^[45]
• 058B-8272 – O-58B airworthy with Todd H. Dickens of Charlotte, North Carolina.^[46]
• 31316 – 65-TAC-L3 airworthy at La Victoria de Chacabuco Airport in Chile. Registered as CC-AVO.

See also

• Aeronca Chief family

References

• Book: Adcock. Al. US Liaison Air in Action – Aircraft Number 195. Squadron Signal Publications. Carrollton, Texas. 2005 . 0-89747-487-2. 21–24.
• Book: Andrade, John M.. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials Since 1909. Midland Counties Publications. 1979. 0-904597-22-9.
• Book: Abel, Alan. Aeronca's Golden Age. Wind Canyon Books. 2001. 1-891118-42-0.
• Web site: Aeronca L-3 . Guillemette . Roger . US Centennial of Flight Commission . 2006-01-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060104154049/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/GENERAL_AVIATION/aeronca/GA7.htm . 4 January 2006 . dead.
• Book: Hagedorn, Daniel P. . Central American and Caribbean Air Forces . 1993 . Tonbridge, Kent, UK . Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd . 0-85130-210-6.
• Book: Mondey, David. The Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II. 1996. Chancellor Press. London. 185152-706-0.
• Book: Swanborough, F.G.. Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. Putnam. London. 1963.
• Venezuela Refurbishes Her Aerial Sombrero. Air International. September 1973. 5. 3. 118–124, 150.
• Web site: Aeronca L-3 Aircraft Finder. AeroWeb: The Aviation Enthusiast Corner. 2006-01-04. City University of New York. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060118131450/http://aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu/locator/manufact/aeronca/l-3.htm. 2006-01-18.

External links

• L-3 page at the National Museum of the United States Air Force
• L-3 page at Warbird Alley
• L-3 page at Museo Nacional Aeronáutico y del Espacio de Chile

Notes and References

1. Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 31.
2. Mondey 1996, p. 8.
3. Swanborough and Bowers 1963, pp. 32–33.
4. Adcock, 2005, p.21
5. Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p.584.
6. Hagedorn 1993, p. 15.
7. Hagedorn 1993, p. 97.
8. Air International September 1973, p. 121.
9. http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/AcftRef_Results.aspx?Mfrtxt=AERONCA&Modeltxt=L-3&PageNo=1 FAA Registry Search for Aeronca L-3
10. Web site: Aircraft Inquiry. 2021-11-02. registry.faa.gov.
11. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N46513]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
12. Web site: Airframe Dossier – Aeronca L-3 Grasshopper, s/n 42-14773 USAAF, c/r N4209K. Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. 6 December 2016.
13. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N4209K]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
14. Web site: Alamo Liaison Squadron Picture Gallery. The Alamo Liaison Squadron. Alamo Liaison Squadron. 6 December 2016.
15. Web site: Airframe Dossier – Aeronca O-58B Grasshopper, s/n 42-36152 USAAF, c/n 058B-1782, c/r N52169. Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. 6 December 2016.
16. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N52169]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
17. Web site: Aeronca L-3B "Grasshopper". National Museum of the US Air Force. 6 December 2016. 17 April 2015.
18. Web site: Airframe Dossier – Aeronca L-3B Grasshopper, s/n 42-36200 USAAF. Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. 6 December 2016.
19. Web site: Aeronca L3 "Grasshopper". Port Townsend Aero Museum. 6 December 2016.
20. Web site: Airframe Dossier – Aeronca O-58B Grasshopper, s/n 43-1844 USAAF, c/r N48145. Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. 6 December 2016.
21. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N48145]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
22. Web site: Aeronca L-3B Defender. Air Zoo. Air Zoo. 6 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221014312/http://www.airzoo.org/page.php?page_id=202. 21 December 2016. dead.
23. Web site: Airframe Dossier – Aeronca L-3B Grasshopper, s/n 43-26772 USAAF, c/n 058B-9093, c/r N47139. Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. 6 December 2016.
24. Web site: Airframe Dossier – Aeronca L-3B Grasshopper, s/n 43-26819 USAAC, c/n 58B 9563, c/r CC-SHA. Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. 6 December 2016.
25. Web site: Aeronca L-3B Grasshopper. The Museum Of Flight. The Museum Of Flight. 6 December 2016.
26. Web site: Aircraft. Cavanaugh Flight Museum. 6 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161029175706/http://www.cavanaughflightmuseum.com/collections/aircraft. 2016-10-29. dead.
27. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N47373]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
28. News: Sullivan . Cole . 1 January 2024 . Historic Addison flight museum announces closure . WFAA . Dallas, Texas . 4 January 2024.
29. Web site: Aeronca L3 (Grasshopper). Wings of Eagles Discovery Center. Wings of Eagles Discovery Center. 6 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160629103843/http://www.wingsofeagles.com/browse-the-collection/aircraft/aeronca-l3-grasshopper/. 2016-06-29. dead.
30. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N33769]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
31. Web site: Our Collection. Vintage Flying Museum. 6 December 2016.
32. Web site: Aeronca L-3B Grasshopper. Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum. WAAAM. 6 December 2016.
33. Web site: Airframe Dossier – Aeronca O-58B Grasshopper, c/r N47751. Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. 6 December 2016.
34. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N47751]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
35. Web site: 1941 L-3B Grasshopper. Air Group One. Air Group One CAF. 6 December 2016.
36. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N36687]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
37. Web site: CAF Ghost Squadron- The Liaison/Observation Aircraft. Commemorative Air Force Headquarters. Commemorative Air Force. 6 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161214180602/http://commemorativeairforce.org/airplanes/ghost-squadron/91-caf-aircraft/130-caf-liason-transport. 14 December 2016. dead.
38. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N27336]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
39. Web site: L3 "Lil' Show Me". Commemorative Air Force – Missouri Wing. Commemorative Air Force – Missouri Wing. 6 December 2016.
40. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N36681]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
41. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N46248]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
42. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N48441]]. Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. 6 December 2016.
43. Web site: Airframe Dossier – Aeronca50/65 / L-3 Champion / LNR / O-58 / TG-5 / TG-33, c/n 16645. Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. 6 December 2016.
44. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N46893] ]. Federal Aviation Administration . U.S. Department of Transportation.
45. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N46082] ]. Federal Aviation Administration . U.S. Department of Transportation . 1 May 2020.
46. Web site: FAA REGISTRY [N49705] ]. Federal Aviation Administration . U.S. Department of Transportation . 1 May 2020.