Aeolic Greek Explained

Aeolic Greek
Also Known As:	Aeolian dialect Lesbian dialect Lesbic dialect
Nativename:	Αἰολικός
Region:	Aeolis, Boeotia, Lesbos, Thessaly
Familycolor:	Indo-European
Fam2:	Hellenic
Fam3:	Ancient Greek
Fam4:	Central
Script:	Greek alphabet (uncial and cursive forms) Eastern Archaic Greek alphabet (up to 4th century BC)
Linglist:	grc-aeo
Glotto:	aeol1234
Glottorefname:	Aeolic
Ancestor:	Proto-Greek
Map:	AncientGreekDialects_(Woodard)_en.svg
Isoexception:	dialect
Dia1:	Boeotian
Dia2:	Thessalian
Dia3:	Lesbian

In linguistics, Aeolic Greek, also known as Aeolian, Lesbian or Lesbic dialect, is the set of dialects of Ancient Greek spoken mainly in Boeotia; in Thessaly; in the Aegean island of Lesbos; and in the Greek colonies of Aeolis in Anatolia and adjoining islands.

The Aeolic dialect shows many archaisms in comparison to the other Ancient Greek dialects (Arcadocypriot, Attic, Ionic, and Doric varieties), as well as many innovations.

Aeolic Greek is widely known as the language of Sappho and of Alcaeus of Mytilene. Aeolic poetry, which is exemplified in the works of Sappho, mostly uses four classical meters known as the Aeolics: Glyconic (the most basic form of Aeolic line), hendecasyllabic verse, Sapphic stanza, and Alcaic stanza (the latter two are respectively named for Sappho and Alcaeus).

In Plato's Protagoras, Prodicus labelled the Aeolic dialect of Pittacus of Mytilene as "barbarian",^[1] because of its difference from the Attic literary style:^[2] "He didn't know to distinguish the words correctly, being from Lesbos, and having been raised with a barbarian dialect".

Phonology

Consonants

Labiovelars

Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek

changed to Aeolic p everywhere. By contrast, PIE * changed to Attic/Ionic, Arcadocypriot, and Doric t before e and i.

• PIE * → Lesbian písures, Boeotian péttares ~ Attic téttares, Ionic tésseres, Doric tétores "four"

Similarly PIE/PGk * always became b and PIE * > PGk * always became ph (whereas in other dialects they became alternating b/d and ph/th before back/front vowels).

Labiovelars were treated the same way in the P-Celtic languages and the Sabellic languages.

Sonorant clusters

A Proto-Greek consonant cluster with h (from Indo-European) and a sonorant (r, l, n, m, w, y) changed to a double sonorant (rr, ll, nn, mm, ww, yy) in Lesbian and Thessalian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) by assimilation. In Attic/Ionic, Doric, and Boeotian Aeolic, the h assimilated to the vowel before the consonant cluster, causing the vowel to lengthen by compensatory lengthening.

PIE VsR or VRs → Attic/Ionic-Doric-Boeotian VVR.

PIE VsR or VRs → Lesbian-Thessalian VRR.^[3]

• PIE * → Proto-Greek *ehmi → Lesbian-Thessalian emmi ~ Attic/Ionic ēmi (= Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: [[spurious diphthong|εἰ]]μί) "I am"

Loss of h

Lesbian Aeolic lost initial h- (psilosis "stripping") from Proto-Indo-European s- or y-. By contrast, Ionic sometimes retains it, and Attic always retains it.

• PIE * → Proto-Greek *hāwélios → Lesbian āélios, Ionic ēélios ~ Attic hēlios "sun"

Retention of w

In Thessalian and Boeotian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) and Doric, the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek semi-vowel w (digamma) was retained at the beginning of a word.

• PIE → Boeotian, Doric wépos ~ Attic-Ionic épos "word", "epic" (compare Latin vōx "voice")

Vowels

Long a

In Aeolic and Doric, Proto-Greek long ā remains. By contrast, in Attic, long ā changes to long ē in most cases; in Ionic, it changes everywhere.^[4]

• PIE → Aeolic, Doric mātēr ~ Attic/Ionic mētēr "mother"

Compensatory lengthening

Compensatory lengthening of a, e, o in Lesbian gives ai, ei, oi (in Attic, it would be ā, ei, ou) for example in the accusative plural of a and o stem nouns, or in many 3 Pl verb conjugations.

Boeotian

In Boeotian, the vowel-system was, in many cases, changed in a way reminiscent of the modern Greek pronunciation.

• Attic/Ionic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: αι pronounced as //ai// ~ Boeotian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: η pronounced as //eː// ~ Modern Greek Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: αι pronounced as //e//
• Attic/Ionic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ει pronounced as //eː// ~ Boeotian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ει pronounced as //iː// ~ Modern Greek Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ει pronounced as //i//
• Attic/Ionic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: οι pronounced as //oi// ~ Boeotian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: υ pronounced as //yː// ~ Mediaeval Greek and Old Athenaean Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: οι pronounced as //y// ~ Modern Greek Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: οι pronounced as //i//

Accent

In Lesbian Aeolic, the accent of all words is recessive (barytonesis), as is typical only in the verbs of other dialects.^[5]

• Attic/Ionic potamós ~ Lesbian pótamos "river"

Morphology

Contracted or vowel-stem verbs that are thematic in Attic/Ionic are often athematic (-mi) in Aeolic.^[6]

• Ionic philéō, Attic philô ~ Aeolic phílēmi "I love"

Aeolic athematic infinitive active ends in -men or (Lesbian) -menai. ~ Attic/Ionic has -enai.

• Lesbian émmen, émmenai; Thessalian, Boeotian eîmen ~ Attic/Ionic eînai (spurious diphthong) "to be"

In the Lesbian dialect this ending also extends to the thematic conjugation, where Attic/Ionic has -ein. All three of these Aeolic endings occur in Homer.

• Homeric agémen

Proto-Greek -ans and -ons → -ais and -ois (first- and second declension accusative plural) ~ Attic/Ionic -ās and -ōs (-ους).^{[7] [8]}

Dative plural -aisi and -oisi ~ Attic/Ionic -ais and -ois.

The participle has -ois and -ais for Attic -ōs (-ους), -ās.^[9]

Glossary

Below is a list of several words in the Aeolian dialect, written in the Greek alphabet, along with a transcription in the Latin alphabet. Each word is followed by its meaning and compared to similar words in other ancient Greek dialects. The "notes" section provides additional information, and if applicable, an etymology is given.

Aeolian

Aeolian lemma	Transcription	Meaning	Correspondence to other Greek dialects	Notes
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀέλιος		'sun'	Doric āélios * Attic hēlios * Cretan abelios * Laconian bela * Pamphylian babelios	Derives from PIE *seh₂u-el- 'sun'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βᾶμα	bama		Doric βᾶμα bama * Attic βῆμα bema 'walking, step'	Per Beekes, both forms derive from root βῆ-, itself from PIE *gʷeh₂-. Corresponds to Avestan gā-man- 'step, pace'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βελφιν Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Βέλφοι	belphin Belphoi		Attic delphis	Per Beekes, βέλφινες occurs in Lesbian, while Βελφοί is Aeolic.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βραδινός	bradinos	'slender, soft'	Attic rhadinos	Attested in Sapph. 90,104.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βράκος	brakos	'expensive garment'	Homeric ῥάκος rhakos 'rag, shred, wrinkles, remnants' * ϝράκος wrakos	Attested in Sapph. 70. Per Beekes, of uncertain etymology.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βρίζα	briza	'root'	Attic rhiza
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βρόδον	brodon	'rose'	Attic ῥόδον rhodon 'rose'	Possible Eastern borrowing (cf. Arm vard 'rose' < Old Iranian *u̯ṛda 'id'). Also means vagina metaphorically in Erotic Glossary
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: δνόφος	dnophos	'darkness'	Also appears in Ionic; Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ζόφος zophos	Per Beekes, the word "recalls" zóphos, knéphas and pséphas.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἐννησιάδες	Ennesiades
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἐπιάλτης ήπιάλης	epialtēs epialēs	'nightmare'	Attic ephialtēs	Epialtēs attested in Alcaeus. Cf. Ephialtes, one of the Aloadae.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἴρον	iron	'holy'	Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἱερόν hierón * Doric hiarón * Ionic hirón	Derives from PIE *ish₁ro- 'holy'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κλᾷδες	klaides		Doric klaides * Attic kleides 'bars, bolts, keys'	Derives from PIE *kleh₂u- 'lock', although Beekes suggests the original meaning must have been 'nail, pin, hook', as in, instruments to lock a door.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μέσσυϊ Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μέσσος	messui messos		Attic ἐν μέσῳ 'in the middle' * Cret./Boet. Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μέττος	Identical to Sanskrit mádhya-, Latin medius, Gothic midjis, all from PIE *médʰ-io- 'in the middle'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέμπε	pempe	'five'	Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέντε pente * Pamphylian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέ(ν)δε pede	From PIE *pénkʷe 'five'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέσδος	pésdos	'pedestrian', 'infantry' (as a collective)	Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πεζός pezós	Per Beekes, formally identical to Sanskrit pád-ya 'regarding the foot' < PIE *ped-i̯o-.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέσσον	pesson	'plain'	Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πεδίον pedion 'surface, plain, field' * Cypriot Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πεδίjα 'plain'.	From PIE *ped- 'foot'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέσσυρες	pessyres	'four'	Lesbian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πίσυρες pisyres * Boeotian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέτταρες pettares * Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: τέσσαρες tessares * Doric tetores	Derives from PIE *kʷetuer- 'four'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ξέννος	xennos	'foreigner, guest-friend, strange'	Attic xenos; Ionic xeinos	Beekes supposes it could be Pre-Greek.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: στρότος	strótos	'army, troop'	Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: στρατός stratós	Per Beekes, exact correspondence to Sanskrit str̩ta- 'thrown down', Avestan stərəta- 'spread out'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὔσδος	usdos	'branch, twig, bough, offshoot'	Attic ozos 'twig, branch'	Derives from PIE *h₃esdo- > *Hosdo-.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: φηρία	phēria	'wild animal'	Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: θηρία thēria 'beasts'	Derives from PIE *ǵʰueh₁r-.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ψάπφω	Psapphō		Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Σαπφώ Sapphō

• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἄγωνος ágōnos "struggle" (Attic agōn; Elean dat. pl. agōnois for agōsi)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀθρήματα gifts sent by kin to Lesbian brides (Sappho fr.) (compare Homeric hedna, eedna)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Αἰολίωνες Aiolíōnes "Aeolians" (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Αἰολεῖς Aioleîs) ( "speak Aeolic, compose in the Aeolian mode, trick out with false words" Sophocles Fr.912) (aioleō vary, adorn, diversify (aiolos quick-moving, glittering, shifty)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀκλάδες aklades (unpruned vineyards) (Attic akladeutoi ampeloi)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀκόντιον akontion (part of troops) (Attic spear) (Macedonian rhachis, spine or backbone, anything ridged like the backbone)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀμένης -τος amenēs -tos (Attic ὑμήν humēn) thin skin, membrane.
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀμώνες amōnes (Attic ἀνεμώνες anemones
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἄορος aoros (Attic ἄϋπνος aypnos, without sleep) Μηθυμναῖοι
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἄρπυς arpys (Attic ἔρως Eros, Love) attested in Crinagoras, ἁρπάζειν harpazein to snatch. Homeric harpaleos attractive, devouring
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἄσφε asphe to them (Attic sphe, sphi)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βακχόα bakchoa (Attic βόθρος bothros sacred dungeon, pit)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βάλλα balla threshold (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βῆλος bēlos) (Doric balos)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βλῆρ blēr incitement (Attic delear) Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ αἶθμα. παρὰ Ἀλκαίῳ ἡ λέξις
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βραδανίζω bradanizō brandish, shake off. (Cf.Elean bratana Common rhatane)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βρᾴδιον braidion (Attic ῥᾴδιον rhaidion easy)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βράκειν brakein to understand (dysbrakanon imprehensible)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βροδόπαχυς brodopachus with pink, rosy forearms (Attic rhodopechys) (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βροδόπαχυν brodopachun Sappho) and brododaktulos with rosy fingers
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βροχέως brocheos or βρουκέων broukeon (Attic βραχύ brachy short) (Sapph.fr. 2,7)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: δράσειν drasein (Attic θύειν to sacrifice)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: εἴδη eide (Attic ὕλη, forest) (εἴδη Ionian also)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ζάδηλον zadelon with holes in it, open (Attic diadelon obvious) (Alcaeus 30 D 148P)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἴμβηρις imbēris eel (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἔγχελυς enchelys) Μηθυμναῖοι
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἰσσα Issa old name of Lesbos Island Cf. Antissa
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἴσσασθαι issasthai (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κληροῦσθαι klerousthai to take sth by lot)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: καγκύλη kankulē (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κηκῖς kēkis wet, vapour, mordant dyeing)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κάμμαρψις kammarpsis dry Measure (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἡμιμέδιμνον hemimedimnon, one half of a medimnos)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: καραβίδες karabides (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: γρᾶες graes) Μηθυμναῖοι
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: καυαλέον kaualeon Hsch (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: αἶθος aithos fire, burning heat) (Cf.kaiō burn)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Mεσοστροφώνια Mesostrophonia Lesbian festival
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μόλσος molsos (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: δημός, fat)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ξίμβα ximba (Attic ῥοιά rhoia pomegranate-tree) (Boeotian sida)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὄθματα othmata (Attic ommata eyes)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὄν ón Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὄνα óna (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀνά aná) upon, through, again (Arcadocypriot also)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πασσύριον passyrion (Attic passydia 'totally, all together, with the whole army')
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πεδαμείβω pedameivō (Attic metameivo exchange) (πεδέχω pedecho μετέχω metecho), pedoikos metoikos peda for meta
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Πέῤῥαμος Perrhamos Priamus (Alcaeus 74D, 111P (it means also king)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: σάωμι saōmi save (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: σῴζω sōizō) (Homeric Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: σαόω saoō)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: σίγλαι siglai ear-rings (Attic enōtia, Laconian exōbadia)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: σκίφος skiphos Attic xiphos sword (skiptō, given as etym. of skiphos and xiphos, Sch.Il.1.220; cf. skipei: nussei, it pricks, pierces)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: σπόλα spóla(Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: στολή stolē) equipment, garment (spaleis, the sent one, for staleis)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: σύρξ syrx (Attic σάρξ flesh) (dative plural σύρκεσιν syrkesi Attic σαρξίν sarxin)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: τενεκοῦντι tenekounti (Attic enoikounti dative singular of Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἐνοικῶν enoikōn inhabiting)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: τράγαις tragais you break, grow rough and hoarse and smell like a goat
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: τῦδε tude tudai and tuide here) (Ionic tēde)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: φαυόφορος phauophoros priestess (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἱέρεια hiereia) (light-keeper) (Aeolic phauō for Homeric phaō shine) (Homeric phaos light, Attic phōs and phōtophoros)

Boeotian

Boeotian lemma	Transcription	Meaning	Correspondence to other Greek dialects	Notes
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἄας Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀεστητόν	aas aestēton	'tomorrow'	Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: αὔριον aurion	cf. Attic ēōs 'dawn'
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βανά Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βανῆκες	bana banēkes	'woman' 'women' (pl.)	Attic gunē Attic gunaikes	Derived from PIE *gʷḗn-h₂.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Δεύς	Deus		Also attested in: * Laconian Δεύς Deús * Rhodian Δεύς Deús	Derived from PIE Dyeus ('sky-god').
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: γάδου Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ϝάδου	gadou wadou	'sweet, pleasant'	Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἡδύ hēdú 'sweet, tasteful, pleasant, pleasing'	Attested in Corinna.17. Derived from PIE *sueh₂d-ú- 'sweet'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κᾶρουξ	karoux^[10]		Attic κήρυξ kēryx 'herald, messenger' * Doric Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κᾶρυξ káryx	Per Beekes, probably Pre-Greek.

• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀμίλλακας amillakas wine Theban (Attic oinos)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀνωδόρκας anōdorkas a fish Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βρίγκος Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὁ ἰχθῦς, ὑπὸ [[Thebes, Greece|Θηβαίων]]
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βαιδύμην baidumēn (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀροτριᾶν arotrian to plough)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βανά bana (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βαλάρα balara) woman (Attic gunē); Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βανῆκες, banēkes Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βάττικες battikes women (Attic gunaikes)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βάστραξ bastrax or bastax (Attic τράχηλος trachēlos neck) pl. bastraches
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βλεερεῖ bleerei (Attic οἰκτείρει he feels pity) Cf. eleairei
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἐμπυρία empyria divination (Attic manteia) (Hsch. public oath, Koine ordeal by fire)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ζεκελτίδες zekeltides gourds^[11] Amerias zakeltides (Phrygian zelkia vegetables)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἴδηφιν idephin sweet-voiced. Hsch.: Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: '''ἴδηφιν''' ἴδαις· Βοιωτοί. [καὶ ὁ ἡδυλάλος διὰ τῆς διφθόγγου] (Attic hēduphōnon) (Aeolic wad-, ad-)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἰστάκη istake scythe (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: δρέπανον drepanon)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἰυγοδρομεῖν iugodromein (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἐκβοηθεῖν, ekboēthein, and boēdromein, run to help) (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: '''Ἰύγγυϊ''' Dionysus, '''ἰυγή''' voice, scream (Soph. Phil. 752))(Iungios Thessalian month)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἰώ iō and hiōn (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἐγώ egō, I) (hiōnga iōga for egōge)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Καραιός Karaios Boeotian epithet for Zeus meaning tall, head. Boeotian eponym Karaidas^[12]
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κριδδέμεν kriddemen (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: γελᾶν gelan to laugh) (Strattis fr. 47) Cf. (Cf.Attic krizō creak, screech)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κόριλλα korilla little girl (Koine korasion from Attic korasis girl) (Aetolian korudion)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μηλάτας mēlatas (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ποιμήν poimen shepherd) (homeric Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μῆλον mēlon sheep) (Attic mēlon apple, Aeolic-Doric malon)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μνάριον mnarion (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κάλλυντρον kallyntron broom, brush)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὀπισθοτίλα opisthotila (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: σηπία sēpia cuttlefish) (Strattis. fr. 47,3) (squirts its liquor from behind)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὀπίττομαι opittomai (homeric opizomai I care, respect) (Laconian opiddomai)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὀφρυγνᾷ ophrygnai (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὀφρυάζει ophryazei he winks raising the eyebrow, is haughty)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: σεῖα seia I persecuted (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἐδίωξα edioxa) (Cf.Homeric seuō move quickly, chase)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: συοβοιωτοί syoboiōtoi Hog-Boeotians (Cratinus.310)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: τρίπεζα tripeza (Attic trapeza, table)(from tetrapeza four-footed) (tripeza three-footed) (in Aeolic it would-be tripesda)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ψώσματα psōsmata Boeotian word

Thessalian

Thessalian lemma	Transcription	Meaning	Correspondence to other Greek dialects	Notes
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἄπλουν	Aploun	Apollo (Olympic deity; brother to Artemis)	Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἀπόλλων Apollōn * Doric/Pamphylian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἀπέλο̄ν Apelon
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: δάμοσσος	dámossos	public	Attic dēmósios	See iddioûstikos below.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: δέσποινα	despoina	'woman'		Feminine form of despotes. In Attic gunē, in Doric guna mean 'woman'. See also Despoina.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἰδδιούστικος	iddioûstikos	privative	Attic idiōtikós^[13] ^[14]
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κίς	kis	'who, anyone'	Attic tis * Laconian tir * Arcadocypriot sis	Derived from PIE *kʷi- (interrogative/relative pronoun).
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κῦῤῥος	kyrrhos or kyrros	'sir, master'	Attic kyrios
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Μακετοὺν	Maketoun^[15]	'Macedonian man'	Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Μακεδών Makedōn 'id'	Thessalian suffix Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: -ουν '-oun' parallels Attic suffix Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ων ōn in both nominative and genitive of participles, pronouns and nouns.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ματτύη	mattuē	a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin (in Athenaeus)^[16]		Cf. Macedonian mattuēs 'a kind of bird'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Πέτθαλος Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Πεθθάλειος	Pétthalos	'Thessalian man'	Boeotian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Φέτταλος Phéttalos * Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Θετταλός Thettalós * Ionic/Koine Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Θεσσαλός Thessalós 'id'	Per Beekes, a Pre-Greek word derived from *Kʷettʸal-.

• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀβρεμής abremēs (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀβλεπής ablepēs Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀνάξιος του βλέπεσθαι unworthy seeing, despicable (Cypriotic also) (Hes. text Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀβλεπής Κύπριοι καὶ '''Θεττ'''αλοί
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀγορά agora (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: λιμήν limen port, harbour) (Hes. text Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Θετταλοὶ δὲ καὶ τὸν λιμένα ἀγορὰν καλοῦσιν '''Κρῆτες δὲ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν'''
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀλφινία alphinia white poplar (PIE *albho- 'white') (Attic leukē, PIE *leuk- 'bright, light') (Macedonian aliza)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀσπάλεια aspaleia safeness (Attic asphaleia)^[17]
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀστραλός astralos (Attic ψάρ -ος psar Starling)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βεβυκῶσθαι bebukousthai to be swollen (Homeric Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βυκτάων buktaon blowing)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βουσία bousia (Attic γογγυλίδι gongylidi turnip)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: δάρατος daratos Thessalian bread (Macedonian dramis) (Athamanian dramix) (PIE *der- 'cut, split')
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἔνορμος enormos (agora, assembly, market and chōra) (Attic enormeō get in a harbour, hormos bay, anchorage
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἐρέας ereas children (Hsch.Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: τέκνα tekna) (Homeric ernos young sprout, scion) (Neo-Phrygian eiroi children)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: θεανῶσται theanoustai (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ξυστῆρες xysters)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἰθείη itheiē (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἁμαξιτός hamaxitos chariot-road) (Homeric Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἰθεῖα ὀρθή Ψ 580) (Attic ithys, eytheia straight line)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἴμψας impsas past participle of impto (Attic ζεύξας zeuxas zeugnymi join together) (Ἴμψιος Impsios Ποσειδῶν ὁ ζύγιος Poseidon Zygius on horses)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κάλαφος kalaphos (Attic ἀσκάλαφος, Ascalaphus a bird (Magnesian)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: καπάνη kapanē chariot (Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀπήνη apēnē) also, a helmet(kapanikos plenteous
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: καρπαία karpaia Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also Carpaea) Homeric karpalimos swift (for foot) eager, ravenous.
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: νεαλεῖς nealeis new-comers, newly caught ones (Cf. nealeis, neēludes)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: νεβεύω^[18] nebeuō pray (Macedonian neuō) (Attic euchomai, neuō 'wink')
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὀνάλα onala, Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὀνάλουμα onalouma (Attic analōma expense cost) (on- in the place of Attic prefix ana-, ongrapsantas SEG 27:202
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Πετθαλια Petthalia 'Thessalia'; Petthaloi 'Thessalians'; Koine thessalisti 'the Thessalian way'. Cf. Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἐντεθετταλίζομαι entethettalizomai become a Thessalian, i.e. wear the large Thessalian cloak (Thettalika ptera feathers), Eupolis.201.)
• Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ταγεύω tageuō to be tagos archon in Thessaly Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ταγευόντουν τοῦμ Πετθαλοῦν

See also

• Aeolus
• Hesychius of Alexandria

General references

• Book: Beekes, Robert S. P. . Etymological Dictionary of Greek . Brill Academic Publishers . 2009 . 978-90-04-17418-4.
• Book: Scarborough, Matthew . The Core Aeolic Isoglosses . The Aeolic Dialects of Ancient Greek . Leiden, The Netherlands . Brill . 2023a . 60–129 . 10.1163/9789004543713_004 . 978-90-04-54371-3.

Further reading

General studies

• Book: Adrados, Francisco Rodríguez . The Specific Literary Languages: Lesbian, Boeotian and Syracusan . A History of the Greek Language . Leiden, The Netherlands . Brill . 2005 . 118–125 . 10.1163/9789047415596_009 . 978-90-474-1559-6.
• Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. A companion to the Ancient Greek language. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Book: Beek, Lucien van . Greek . The Indo-European Language Family . Thomas Olander . 173–201 . Cambridge . Cambridge University Press . 2022 . 10.1017/9781108758666.011 . 978-1-108-75866-6.
• Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Book: Dosuna, J. Mendes . The Aeolic dialects . Christidis . Anastasios-Phoivos . 2007 . A history of Ancient Greek: From the beginnings to Late Antiquity . Cambridge, UK . . 460–474 . 9780521833073.
• Book: Miller, D. Gary . 4. Greece, Greek, and Its Dialects . Ancient Greek Dialects and Early Authors: Introduction to the Dialect Mixture in Homer, with Notes on Lyric and Herodotus . 25–33 . Berlin, Boston . De Gruyter . 2014 . 10.1515/9781614512950.25 . 978-1-61451-493-0.
• Horrocks, Geoffrey. 2010. Greek: A history of the language and its speakers. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Book: Scarborough, Matthew . The Problem of Aeolic in Ancient Greek Dialectology . The Aeolic Dialects of Ancient Greek . Leiden, The Netherlands . Brill . 2023 . 1–39 . 10.1163/9789004543713_002 . 978-90-04-54371-3.
• Book: Scarborough, Matthew . The Peripheral Aeolic Isoglosses . The Aeolic Dialects of Ancient Greek . Leiden, The Netherlands . Brill . 2023b . 130–211 . 10.1163/9789004543713_005 . 978-90-04-54371-3.
• Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. The Greek language. London: Faber & Faber.

On the Boeotian dialect

• Buck . R. J. . 1968 . The Aeolic Dialect in Boeotia . . 63 . 4 . 268–280 . 10.1086/365411.
• Book: Miller, D. Gary . 19. Boeotian and Thessalian . Ancient Greek Dialects and Early Authors: Introduction to the Dialect Mixture in Homer, with Notes on Lyric and Herodotus . 219–233 . Berlin, Boston . De Gruyter . 2014 . 10.1515/9781614512950.219 . 978-1-61451-493-0.
• Pantelidis, Nikolaos. "Boeotian and its Neighbors: A Central Helladic Dialect Continuum?" In: Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Edited by Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo and Panagiotis Filos. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. pp. 167–188.
• Page, Denis L. 1953. Corinna. London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
• West, Martin L. 1990. "Dating Corinna." Classical Quarterly 40 (2): 553–57.

On the Lesbian dialect

• Bowie, Angus M. 1981. The poetic dialect of Sappho and Alcaeus. New York: Arno.
• Finkelberg, Margalit. "Lesbian and Mainland Greece". In: Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Edited by Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo and Panagiotis Filos. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. pp. 447–456.
• Book: Hodot, René . Lesbian, in Space, Time, and its Uses . Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea . Georgios Giannakis . Emilio Crespo . Panagiotis Filos . Berlin, Boston . De Gruyter . 2018 . 457–470 . 10.1515/9783110532135-024.
• Book: Miller, D. Gary . 20. Lesbian . Ancient Greek Dialects and Early Authors: Introduction to the Dialect Mixture in Homer, with Notes on Lyric and Herodotus . 234–254 . Berlin, Boston . De Gruyter . 2014 . 10.1515/9781614512950.234 . 978-1-61451-493-0.
• Book: Tribulato, Olga . Sappho’s Dialect . The Cambridge Companion to Sappho . P. J. Finglass . Adrian Kelly . 135–46 . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge . Cambridge University Press . 2021 . 10.1017/9781316986974.011 . 978-1-316-98697-4.

On the Thessalian dialect

• Chadwick . John . The Thessalian Accent . Glotta . 70 . 1/2 . 1992 . 2–14 . 40266905. Accessed 23 Mar. 2024.
• Helly, Bruno. "Some Materials for a Historical Grammar of the Thessalian Dialect". In: Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Edited by Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo and Panagiotis Filos. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. pp. 351–374.
• Book: Miller, D. Gary . 19. Boeotian and Thessalian . Ancient Greek Dialects and Early Authors: Introduction to the Dialect Mixture in Homer, with Notes on Lyric and Herodotus . 219–233 . Berlin, Boston . De Gruyter . 2014 . 10.1515/9781614512950.219 . 978-1-61451-493-0.

Notes and References

1. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0178%3Atext%3DProt.%3Asection%3D341c Protagoras
2. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0092&query=section%3d%23159 James A. Towle, Commentary on Plato: Protagoras 341c
3. V = vowel, R = sonorant, s is itself. VV = long vowel, RR = doubled or long sonorant.
4. Smyth, Greek Grammar, par. 30 and note, 31: Attic long e, long a
5. Smyth, par. 162 note: (Lesbian) Aeolic recessive accent
6. Smyth, Greek Grammar, par. 656: contract verbs in Aeolic
7. Smyth, par. 214 note 9: first declension in dialects
8. Smyth, par. 230 note: second declension in dialects
9. Smyth, par. 305 note
10. http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=146713&bookid=13&region=3&subregion=6 Boiotia — Orchomenos — early 1st century BC
11. Athenaeus Deipnosophists -9.369
12. http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=147697&bookid=13&region=3&subregion=6 Boiotia —Anthedon
13. Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History https://books.google.com/books?id=V_w5AaqqiGAC&pg=PA67 by David Malcolm Lewis, Peter John Rhodes
14. [Skotoussa]
15. Thessalia — Larisa — 220-210 BC - SEG 27:202
16. http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature.AthV3.p0247&isize=XL&pview=hide Deipnosophists 14.663-4 (pp.1059-1062)
17. Krannon — c. 250 - 215 BC SEG 23:437, 7
18. [Magnesia Prefecture|Magnesia]