Adyghe morphology explained

In Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, morphology is the most important part of the grammar.[1] [2] An Adyghe word, besides that it has its own lexical meaning, sometimes, by the set of morphemes it is built of and by their aggregate grammatical meanings, can reproduce a sentence. For example, a verb by its set of morphemes can express subject's and object's person, place, time, manner of action, negative, and other types of grammatical categories. For example: къыпфэсхьыщтэп "I will not bring it for you" consists of these morphemes: къы-п-фэ-с-хьы-щт-эп – which have these literal meanings "from there (къы) you (п) for you (фэ) I (с) bring (хьы) will (attribute of the future tense – щт) not (эп)".

Verbal Prefixes

In Adyghe there are two kind of prefixes : Directional prefixes and informative prefixes. Directional prefixes express the direction of the verb while informative prefixes add additional information related to the verb like the location, the reason and the participants.

Directional prefixes
CasePrefixExampleTranslation
Directional къ~ (q~) къаплъэ (qaːpɬa) (s)he is looking toward here
Towards лъ~ (ɬ~) лъэплъэ (ɬapɬa) (s)he is looking towards him
Backwards зэкӏ~ (zat͡ʃʼ~) зэкӏаплъэ (zat͡ʃʼaːpɬa) (s)he is looking backwards
Bypass блэ~ (bɮa~) блэплъы (bɮapɬə) (s)he is looking bypass
Pass through пхыры~ (pxərə~) пхырыплъы (pxərəpɬə) (s)he is looking pass through
Beyond шъхьэпы~ (ʂħapə~) шъхьапыплъы (ʂħaːpəpɬə)(s)he is looking beyond it
Over шъхьадэ~ (ʂħaːda~) шъхьадэплъы (ʂħaːdapɬə)(s)he is looking over it
Neck шӏохэ~ (ʃʷʼaxa~) шӏохаплъэ (ʃʷʼaxaːpɬa) (s)he is looking at the neck of
Informative prefixes
CasePrefixExampleTranslation
Definiteness къ~ (q~) къаплъэ (qaːpɬa) (s)he is looking
Location щ~ (ɕ~) щеплъы (ɕajpɬə) (s)he is looking at that place
Causative гъэ~ (ʁ~) егъаплъэ (jaʁaːpɬa) (s)he is making him look
Comitativeдэ~ (da~) деплъы (dajpɬə) (s)he is looking with him
Benefactive фэ (fa~) Феплъы (fajpɬə) (s)he is looking for him
Against шӏо~ (ʃʷʼa~) шӏуеплъы (ʃʷʼajpɬə) (s)he is looking against his will
Instrumental ре~ (raj~) реплъы (rajpɬə) (s)he is looking using it
Reflexive з~ (z~) зэплъыжьы (zapɬəʑə) (s)he is looking at himself
Functionally зэрэ~ (zara~) зэраплъэрэ (zaraːpɬara) the way (s)he is looking

Directional prefixes

Directional prefixes express the movement of the object and the direction of the verb.

Positional prefixes

See main article: article.

Cislocative (къэ~)

See main article: article.

Towards (лъ~)

The verbal suffix ~лъ (~ɬ) designates action directed towards someone or something. for example:

шъо кӏалэхэмкӏэ шъукъэслъыкӏу
шъо кӏалэхэ-мкӏэ шъу-къэ-с-лъы-кӏу
pronounced as /[ʃʷa]/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮaxamt͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /ʃʷəqasɬəkʷʼ]/
you (plural)from the boys (ins.)follow me (said to plural).
"You boys follow me (said to plural)."
кӏалэр мыжъокӏэ къэслъэгъуе
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /məʒʷat͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /qasɬaʁʷəja]/
the boy (abs.)using a rock (ins.) (s)he is throwing at me
"The boy is throwing at me rocks."

Backwards (зэкӏ~)

To indicate a verb that was done backwards, the prefix зэкӏ- (zat͡ʃʼ-) is added. It indicates that the verb was done toward behind the subject, for example:

зэкӏаплъи плъэгъущт кӏалэр
зэкӏа-плъ-и п-лъэгъу-щт кӏалэ-р
pronounced as /[zat͡ʃʼaːpɬəj]/ pronounced as /pɬaʁʷəɕt/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/
look backwards in order toyou will see the boy (abs.)
"Look behind and you will see the boy."
нахьыеу тӏэкӏу зэкӏакӏу
нахьы-еу тӏэкӏу зэкӏа-кӏу
pronounced as /[naːħəjaw]/ pronounced as /tʼakʷʼ/ pronounced as /zat͡ʃʼaːkʷʼ]/
more a bit move backward
"Move backward a bit more."

Bypass (блэ~)

The verbal prefix блэ~ /bɮa~/ designates action bypass someone or something for example:

гъогум сэ сыблэкӏы
гъогу-м сэ сы-блэкӏы
pronounced as /[ʁʷaɡʷəm]/ pronounced as /sa/ pronounced as /səbɮat͡ʃʼə]/
road (erg.)I I go bypass
"I go pass the road."
сыкъашти цӏыфыхэмэ саблэгъэплъ
сы-къашт-и цӏыфы-хэ-мэ с-а-блэ-гъэ-плъ
pronounced as /[səqaːʃtəj]/ pronounced as /t͡sʼəfxama/ pronounced as /saːbɮaʁapɬ]/
hold me up and people (abs.) let my look bypass them
"Hold me up and let me look bypass the people."
псыхъом къэздачъи блэпкӏ
псыхъо-м къэздачъ-и блэпкӏ
pronounced as /[psəχʷam]/ pronounced as /qazdaːt͡ʂəj/ pronounced as /blapt͡ʃʼ]/
river (erg.) to run from a distance jump bypass
"Start running from a distance and jump over the river."

Pass through (пхы~)

The verbal prefix пхы~ (пхыры~) (pxə~) designates action, motion directed through some obstacle, object; for example:

кӏалэр мэзым пхырыкӏыгъ
кӏалэ-р мэз-ым пхыры-кӏы-гъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /mazəm/ pronounced as /pxərət͡ʃʼəʁ]/
boy (abs.) forest (erg.) (s)he passed through
"The boy passed through the forest."

Beyond (шъхьапы~)

The verbal prefix шъхьапы~ /ʂħaːpə~/ designates movement of an object beyond something. Transference of an object beyond something. for example:

цӏыфыхэмэ сашъхьэпэплъы
цӏыфы-хэ-мэ с-а-шъхьэпэ-плъы
pronounced as /[t͡sʼfəxama]/ pronounced as /saːʂħapapɬə]/
people (erg.) I am looking beyond their heads
"I am looking beyond the people."
унэм мыжъор шъхьэпыдзын ӏо
унэ-м мыжъо-р шъхьэпы-дзы-н ӏо
pronounced as /[wənam]/ pronounced as /məʒʷar/ pronounced as /ʂħapəd͡zən/ pronounced as /ʔʷa]/
house (erg.) rock (abs.) to throw beyond try
"Try throwing the rock beyond the house."
Мыжъор кӏалэм шъхьэпихэгъ
Мыжъо-р кӏалэ-м шъхьэпи-хэ-гъ
pronounced as /[məʒʷar]/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮam/ pronounced as /ʂħapəjxəʁ]/
rock (abs.) boy (erg.) it missed one's head
"The rock barely passed beyond the boy."

Over (шъхьадэ~)

The verbal prefix шъхьадэ~ /ʂħaːda~/ designates movement of an object over something. Transference of an object over something. for example:

къэлапчъэм кӏалэр шъхьэдэплъы
къэлапчъэ-м кӏалэ-р шъхьэдэплъы
pronounced as /[t͡sawpt͡ʂam]/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮar/ pronounced as /ʂħadapɬə]/
gate (erg.) boy (abs.) to look over something
"The boy is looking over the gate."
боксым шъхьэдэпкӏ
боксым шъхьэдэ-пкӏ
pronounced as /[boksəm]/ pronounced as /ʂħadapt͡ʃʼ]/
box (erg.) jump over something
"Jump over the box."

Adjacent (кӏэлъыры~)

The verbal prefix кӏэлъыры~ /t͡ʃʼaɬərə~/ designates action adjacent to something, for example:

кӏалэхэр машӏом кӏэлъырысых
кӏалэ-хэ-р машӏо-м кӏэлъыры-сы-х
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮaxar]/ pronounced as /maːʃʷʼam/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaɬərətəx]/
the boys (abs.) fire (erg.) they are siting adjacent to
"The boys are sitting adjacent to the fire."

Spread to different directions (Зэбгы~)

The verbal prefix Зэбгы~ /zabɣə~/ indicates the spread of action in different directions.

On the neck (шӏохэ~)

The verbal prefix шӏохэ~ /ʃʷʼaxa~/ designates action directed to the neck for example:

пшъэдалъхьэр къэсшӏохалъхь
пшъэдалъхь-р къэ-с-шӏоха-лъхь
pronounced as /[pʂadaːɬħar]/ pronounced as /qasʃʷʼaxaːɬħ]/
necktie (abs.) Wear it on my neck
"Wear the necktieon my neck."
кӏалэм джэгъукӏэлъ шӏохэлъ
кӏалэ-м джэгъукӏэлъ шӏохэ-лъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /d͡ʒaʁʷt͡ʃʼaɬ/ pronounced as /ʃʷʼaxaɬ]/
boy (erg.) necklace it is wore on one's neck
"The necklace is wore on the boy's neck."

Informative prefixes

Informative prefixes add additional information related to the verb like the location, the reason and the participants.

Definiteness (къэ~)

The prefix къэ~ /qa~/ can also be used to add a tinge of definiteness to the verb. In this case the verb does not necessarily have to be done towards the speaker. For example:

кӏалэркъэгущыӏэ
кӏалэ-ркъэ-гущыӏэ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /qaɡʷəɕəːʔa]/
boy (abs.) (s)he speaks
"The boy speaks."
кӏалэрпщынэм къео
кӏалэ-рпщынэ-м къ-ео
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /pɕənam/ pronounced as /qajwa]/
boy (abs.) accordion (erg.) (s)he worked
"The boy is playing the accordion."
кӏалэрӏофым макӏуи къэлэжьагъ
кӏалэ-рӏофэ-ым макӏу-и къэ-лэжь-агъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /ʔʷafəm/ pronounced as /maːkʷʼəj/ pronounced as /qaɮaʑaːʁ]/
boy (abs.) work / job (erg.) (s)he went and (s)he worked
"The boy went to work and worked."

Causative (гъэ~)

The verbal suffix гъэ~ (ʁ~) designates causation; rendered by the verbs. It designates that the object was forced to, compelled to, made to, was ordered to, was allowed to, was permitted to, was given the opportunity to do something. Verbs receive an additional argument in the causative construction, i.e. their valence is increased by one. All Adyghe verbs can form the causative, including intransitives, transitives, and ditransitives.

Examples :

фылымым сегъэплъ
фылым-ым се-гъэ-плъ
pronounced as /[fələməm]/ pronounced as /sajʁapɬ]/
film (erg.) let me watch it
"let me watch the film."
шъхьэхъор ӏанэм тэгъауцу
шъхьэхъо-р ӏанэ-м тэ-гъа-уцу
pronounced as /[ʂħaχʷar]/ pronounced as /ʔaːnam/ pronounced as /taʁaːwt͡sʷ]/
flowerpot (abs.)table (erg.) make it stand on
"place the flowerpot on the table."
Subject
pronouns
Object pronouns
To meTo youTo himTo usTo you (plural)To themTo self
Singular1st personосэгъакӏосэгъакӏошъосэгъакӏосэгъакӏохзэсэгъэкӏожьы
2nd personсэбэгъакӏоогъакӏотэбэгъакӏоогъакӏохзэбэгъэкӏожьы
3rd personсегъакӏоуегъакӏоегъакӏотегъакӏошъуегъакӏоегъакӏохзегъэкӏожьы
Plural1st personотэгъакӏотэгъакӏошъотэгъакӏотэгъакӏохзэтэгъэкӏожьы
2nd personсэшъогъакӏошъогъакӏотэшъогъакӏошъогъакӏохзэшъогъэкӏожьы
3rd personсагъакӏоуагъакӏоагъакӏотагъакӏошъуагъакӏоагъакӏохзагъэкӏожьы

By adding prefix гъэ- (ʁa-), it is possible to create transitive verbs from nouns, adjectives and intransitive verbs.

Examples :

санэпсым хапкӏэмэ егъэплъыжьыщт
санэпсы-м ха-пкӏэ-мэ е-гъэ-плъыжьы-щт
pronounced as /[saːna]/ pronounced as /psəm/ pronounced as /xaːpt͡ʃama/ pronounced as /jaʁapɬəʑəɕt]/
grape water (erg.) if you pour it he will make it red
"If you spill grape on water it will make it red"
фылымыр бащэу агъэукӏэхьэгъ
фылым-ыр ба-щэ-у а-гъэ-укӏэхьэ-гъ
pronounced as /[fələmər]/ pronounced as /baːɕaw/ pronounced as /jaːʁawt͡ʃʼaħaʁ]/
film (abs.) a lot (adv.) they extended it
"they extended the film too much."

Adyghe allows "double causatives", i.e. the causative suffix can be added to a transitive verb that has already been derived by causativization: thus the causative гъэжъон /ʁaʒʷan/ "make boil, cook" can be causativized to гъэгъэжъон /ʁaʁaʒʷan/ "make someone cook", taking three arguments.

сэ пшъашъэм есгъэгъашхэ шхыныр кӏэлэцӏыкӏум
сэ пшъашъэ-м е-с-гъэ-гъ-ашхэ шхын-ыр кӏэлэцӏыкӏу-м
pronounced as /[sa]/ pronounced as /pʂaːʂam/ pronounced as /jasʁaʁaːʃxa/ pronounced as /ʃxənər/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaɮat͡sʼəkʷʼəm]/
I girl (erg.) I am making him/her feed someone food (abs.) little boy (erg.)
"I am making the girl feed the little boy with the food."
кӏалэм егъэгъакӏо пшъашъэр кӏэлэцӏыкӏур
кӏалэ-м е-гъэ-гъа-кӏо пшъашъэ-р кӏэлэцӏыкӏу-р
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /jaʁaʁaːkʷʼa/ pronounced as /pʂaːʂar/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaɮat͡sʼəkʷʼər]/
boy (erg.) (s)he is making him/her make someone go girl (abs.) little boy (abs.)
"The boy is making the girl force then boy to go."

Causative reflexive (зыгъэ~)

A verb that one does to himself has the prefix зыгъэ~ /zəʁa~/

Examples :

кукунэгъэбылъымкӏэкӏэлэцыкӏухэмэ загъэбылъы
pronounced as /[kʷəkʷnaʁabəɬəmt͡ʃʼa]/ pronounced as /zajʁadaːxa/ pronounced as /d͡ʒaːnaxamt͡ʃa]/
hide and seek (ins.)the little boys (erg.) they are hiding themselves
"In hide and seek, the little boys are hiding themselves."
кӏалэм зыкъемыгъэдел
кӏалэ-м зы-къе-мы-гъэ-дел
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /zəqajməʁadajl]/
the boy (erg.)don't make him fool you
"don't get the boy fool you."
кӏалэм дахэу зыкъегъэлъагъо джанэхэмкӏэ
кӏалэ-м дахэ-у зы-къе-гъэ-лъагъо джанэ-хэ-мкӏэ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /daːxae/ pronounced as /zajʁadaːxa/ pronounced as /d͡ʒaːnaxamt͡ʃa]/
the boy (erg.)beautify (s)he is making himself look with (using) the clothes (ins.)
"the boy is making himself look pretty using the clothes"

Time (з~)

To indicate the time a certain verb was done, the prefix з~ (z~) and the past tense suffix ~гъэ (~ʁa) are added. To indicate the time the verb gonna happen, the prefix з~ (z~) and the future tense suffix ~щтэ (~ɕta) are added. For example:

щэджэгъожэ сэ сызычъагъэр
щэджэгъожэ сэ сызычъагъэр
pronounced as /[ɕad͡ʒaːʁʷaʒar]/ pronounced as /sa/ pronounced as /səzət͡ʂaːʁar]/
after noon (abs.) I the time I ran
"The time I ran was after noon."
кӏалэр чэщыр залъэгъугъэр
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /t͡ʃaɕər/ pronounced as /zaːɬaʁʷəʁar]/
the boy (abs.) the night (abs.) the time they saw him
"The time they saw the boy was the night."

To indicate an event, a plan or something that gonna happen after a certain verb will take place, will have the prefix з- (z-) and the conditional suffix -кӏэ (-t͡ʃʼa) (-гьэ in Shapsug dialect and -джэ in Bzhedugh dialect). For example:

кӏалэр макӏоу зыплъэгъукӏэ къысадж
кӏалэ-р макӏо-у зы-п-лъэгъу-кӏэ къы-са-дж
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /maːkʷʼaw/ pronounced as /zəpɬaʁʷət͡ʃʼa]/ pronounced as /qəsaːd͡ʒ]/
boy (abs.) while (s)he is going at the time you see it call me
"At the time you see the boy is going, call me."
фылымэр къызежьэкӏэ къыосӏощт зэрэкъежьагъэр
фылым-эр къы-зе-жьэ-кӏэ къы-о-с-ӏо-щт зэрэ-къ-ежь-агъ-эр
pronounced as /[fələmar]/ pronounced as /qəzajʑat͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /qəwasʔʷaɕt/ pronounced as /zaraqajʑaːʁar]/
the film (abs.) at the time it starts I will tell you the moment it started
"At the time the film starts I will tell you it is started."
сызкъэплъэгъукӏэ еплъ джанэу къэсщыгъым
сы-з-къэ-п-лъэгъу-кӏэеплъ джанэ-у къэ-с-щыгъэ-м
pronounced as /['''səzqapɬaʁʷt͡ʃʼa''']/ pronounced as /japɬ/ pronounced as /d͡ʒaːnaw/ pronounced as /qasɕəʁəm]/
when you see me look shirt (adv.) the thing I am wearing (erg.)
"When you see me, look at what I am wearing."
банкэр затыгъукӏэ пулисым феу
pronounced as /[baːnkar]/ pronounced as /zaːtəʁt͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /pulisəm/ pronounced as /few]/
the bank (abs.) when they steal it from the police (erg.)call him
"When they rob the bank, call the police."

To indicate an event that happened after a certain verb took place on a certain time, the prefix з- (z-) and suffix -эм (-am) are added. For example:

кӏалэртучаным зэкӏом силъэгъогъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /pɕəna/ pronounced as /zewarar/ pronounced as /səjɬaʁʷaʁ]/
the boy (abs.) to the shop (erg.) when (s)he went (s)he saw me
"When the boy went to the shop he saw me."
кӏалэр зэгуабжым къэтлъежагъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /zaɡʷaːbʒəm/ pronounced as /qatɬeʒaːʁ]/
the boy (abs.) when (s)he got angry (s)he chased after us
"When the boy got angry he chased after us."

Location (щ~)

The verbal prefix щ~ (ɕ~) designates abode/residence somewhere. It is used to indicate the location or place an action occurred. For example:

кӏалэр щагум щэджэгу
кӏалэ-р щагу-м щэ-джэгу
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /ɕaːgʷəm/ pronounced as /ɕad͡ʒaɡʷə]/
the boy (abs.)yard (erg.) (s)he is playing at that place
"the boy is playing in the yard."
кӏалэр еджапӏэм непэ щеджагъ
кӏалэ-р еджапӏэ-м непэ щ-еджэ-агъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /jad͡ʒaːpʼam/ pronounced as /najpa/ pronounced as /ɕajd͡ʒaːʁ]/
the boy (abs.)school (erg.) today (s)he studied in that place
"the boy studied in school today."
кӏалэр тучаным къэсщэӏукӏагъ
кӏалэ-р тучан-ым къэ-с-щэ-ӏукӏэ-агъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /tuːt͡ʃaːnəm/ pronounced as /qasɕaʔʷət͡ʃʼaːʁ]/
the boy (abs.)shop (erg.) I met him/her on that place
"I met the boy in the shop."

Comitative (дэ~)

The verbal prefix дэ~ (da~) designates action performed jointly with somebody, or stay/sojourn with somebody, for example:

кӏалэр пшъашъэм дакӏо
кӏалэ-р пшъашъэ-м д-макӏо
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /pʂaːʂam/ pronounced as /daːkʷʼa]/
the boy (abs.)the girl (erg.) he is going with
"the boy is going with the girl"
шхынэр къэсдэшх
шхын-эр къэ-с-дэ-шх
pronounced as /[ʃxənar]/ pronounced as /qasdaʃx/
the food (abs.)eat it with me
"eat the food with me"
кӏалэр лӏыхэмэ адэлажьэ яӏофкӏэ
кӏалэ-р лӏы-хэ-мэ а-дэ-лажьэ я-ӏоф-кӏэ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /ɬʼəxama/ pronounced as /jaːdaɮaːʑa/ pronounced as /jaːʔʷaft͡ʃʼa]/
the boy (abs.)old men (erg.) he is working with them with their works (ins.)
"the boy is working with the men with their work."

Benefactive (фэ~)

The prefix фэ~ /fa~/ designates action performed to please somebody, for somebody's sake or in somebody's interests.

кӏалэр иянэ тучаным фэкӏо
кӏалэ-р и-янэ тучан-ым фэ-кӏо
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /jəjaːna/ pronounced as /təwt͡ʃaːnəm/ pronounced as /fakʷʼa]/
the boy (abs.)his other shop (erg.) (s)he is going with for
"the boy is going for his mother."
уатэр сэ къэсфэхь
уатэ-р сэ къэ-с-фэ-хь
pronounced as /[waːtar]/ pronounced as /sa/ pronounced as /qasfaħ]/
hammer (abs.)I bring it for me
"bring me the hammer."
ащ непэ гъончэдж зыфищэфыжьыгъ
ащ непэ гъончэдж зы-ф-ищэфы-жь-ыгъ
pronounced as /[aːɕ]/ pronounced as /najpa/ pronounced as /ʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒ/ pronounced as /zəfəjɕafəʑəʁ]/
(s)he (erg.) today pants (s)he bought it for himself
"today (s)he bought pants for himself."

Malefactive (шӏо~)

The verbal prefix шӏо~ (ʃʷʼa~) designates action done against somebody's will or interest. It also designates that the action was done to take an object or an opportunity away from somebody else, for example:

кӏалэм мыӏэрысыр къэсшӏуешхы
кӏалэ-м мыӏэрыс-ыр къэ-с-шӏу-ешхы
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /məʔarəsər/ pronounced as /qasʃʷʼajʃxə]/
boy (erg.) apple (abs.)(s)he is eating it against my interest
"The boy is eating the apple against my interest."

It can be understood from the sentence that "the boy (кӏалэ) is eating the apple (мыӏэрыс) to take away my opportunity to eat it myself".

Subject
pronouns
Object pronouns
To meTo youTo himTo usTo you (plural)To themTo self
Singular1st personпшӏосэхьы
къыпшӏосэхьы
шӏосэхьы
къышӏосэхьы
шъушӏосэхьы
къышъушӏосэхьы
ашӏосэхьы
къашӏосэхьы
зшӏосэхьыжьы
къызшӏосэхьыжьы
2nd person
сшӏобэхьы
къэсшӏобэхьы
шӏобэхьы
къышӏобэхьы
тшӏобэхьы
къэтшӏобэхьы
ашӏобэхьы
къашӏобэхьы
зшӏобэхьыжьы
къызшӏобэхьыжьы
3rd personсшӏуехьы
къэсшӏуехьы
пшӏуехьы
къыпшӏуехьы
шӏуехьы
къышӏуехьы
тшӏуехьы
къэтшӏуехьы
шъушӏуехьы
къышъушӏуехьы
ашӏуехьы
къашӏуехьы
зшӏуехьыжьы
къызшӏуехьыжьы
Plural1st personпшӏотэхьы
къыпшӏотэхьы
шӏотэхьы
къышӏотэхьы
шъушӏотэхьы
къышъушӏотэхьы
ашӏотэхьы
къашӏотэхьы
зышӏотэхьыжьы
къызшӏотэхьыжьы
2nd personсшӏошъохьы
къэсшӏошъохьы
шӏобэхьы
къышӏошъохьы
тшӏошъохьы
къэтшӏошъохьы
ашӏошъохьы
къашӏошъохьы
зышӏошъохьыжьы
къызшӏошъохьыжьы
3rd personсшӏуахьы
къэсшӏуахьы
пшӏуахьы
къыпшӏуахьы
шӏуахьы
къышӏуахьы
тшӏуахьы
къэтшӏуахьы
шъушӏуахьы
къышъушӏуахьы
ашӏуахьы
къашӏуахьы
зышӏуахьыжьы
къызшӏуахьыжьы
сишхынкъэсшӏобэшхыжьы
си-шхынкъэ-с-шӏо-бэ-шхы-жьы
pronounced as /[siʃxən]/ pronounced as /qasʃʷʼabaʃxəɕə]/
my foodyou are eating it instead of me
"You are eating my food"
Видео джэгумкӏэ сицӏыф кӏалэм къэсшӏуиукӏыгъ
Видео джэгу-мкӏэ си-цӏыф кӏалэ-м къэ-с-шӏуи-укӏы-гъ
pronounced as /[vɪdioʊ d͡ʒaɡʷəmt͡ʃʼa]/ pronounced as /səjt͡sʼəf/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮam/ pronounced as /qasʃʷʼəjwt͡ʃʼəʁ]/
with the video game (ins.) my human the boy (erg.) (s)he killed it against me
"(S)he killed my human in the video game."
кӏалэм мыеучъыгым къыпигъэтэкъухэрэр пшъашъэм шӏуештэжьых
кӏалэ-м мые-учъыгы-м къы-пи-гъэ-тэкъу-хэ-рэ-р пшъашъэ-м шӏу-ештэ-жьы-х
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /məjaw/ pronounced as /t͡ʂəɣəm/ pronounced as /qəpəjʁataqʷxarar/ pronounced as /pʂaːʂam/ pronounced as /ʃʷʼajʃtaʑəx]/
boy (erg.) apple (adv.)the tree (erg.) the ones that (s)he drops from hanging (abs.) girl (erg.) (s)he is taking them away from him
"The girl is taking away the apples the boy dropped from the tree."

Unintentional (ӏэкӏэ~)

The verbal prefix ӏэкӏэ~ (ʔat͡ʃʼa~) denotes unintentional actions or actions that occurred unexpectedly.

сикомпютэр сӏэкӏэкӏосагъ
си-компютэ-р с-ӏэкӏэ-кӏос-агъ
pronounced as /[səjkompəjutar]/ pronounced as /sʔat͡ʃʼakʷʼasaːʁ]/
my computer (abs.) it switched off unexpectedly to me
"My computer switched off unexpectedly to me."
пысмэбэ сӏэкӏэтхагъ
пысмэбэ с-ӏэкӏэ-тх-агъ
pronounced as /[pəsma]/ pronounced as /ba/ pronounced as /sʔat͡ʃʼatxaːʁ]/
letter a lot I wrote unintentionally
"I wrote a lot of letters (though I didn’t intend to write so many)"
сихьакӏэхэмэзэкӏэ мыӏэрысхэр сӏэкӏашхыхьагъ
си-хьакӏэ-хэ-мэзэкӏэ мыӏэрыс-хэ-р с-ӏэкӏ-а-шхы-хь-агъ
pronounced as /[səjħaːt͡ʃʼaxama]/ pronounced as /zat͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /məʔarəsxar/ pronounced as /qasʔat͡ʃʼaːʃəħaːʁ]/
my guests (erg.) all apples (abs.) they ate them unexpectedly to me
"My guests ate all the apples unexpectedly to me."
сэ мыӏэрысхэр сӏэкӏэшхыхьагъ
сэ мыӏэрыс-хэ-р с-ӏэкӏэ-шхы-хь-агъ
pronounced as /[sa]/ pronounced as /məʔarəsxar/ pronounced as /sʔat͡ʃʼaʃxəħaːʁ]/
I apples (abs.) I ate them unintentionally
"I ate the apples unintentionally."

Instrumental (ре~)

To indicate the tool or instrument the verb was done with, the prefix (ре-) (raj-) is added

къэлэмымшъуретхэ
pronounced as /[qalaməm]/ pronounced as /ʂʷəretxa]/
the pencil (erg.)you (plural) writing with it
"you (plural) are writing with a pencil"
къалэмсырикӀорагъу
pronounced as /[qaːlam]/ pronounced as /sərikʷʼaraːʁʷ]/
the wall (erg.)i want to go on it
"i want to go on the wall"

Reflexive (зэ~)

To indicate a verb that the subject does to himself, the suffix зэ- (za-) is added. verbs in reflexive also usually have the suffix -жьы (-ʑə).

Гъунджэмкӏэ зэплъыжь
pronounced as /[ʁʷənd͡ʒamt͡ʃʼa]/ pronounced as /zapɬəʑ]/
using the mirror (ins.) look at yourself
"Look at yourself in the mirror."
Сыкъызэгъэлъэгъу уиджанэ кӏэхэ къыпшыгъэхэу
pronounced as /[seqəzaʁaɬaʁʷ]/ pronounced as /wəjd͡ʒaːna/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaxa/ pronounced as /qəpʃəʁaxaw]/
Let me see you Your shirt news while you are wearing them
"Let me see you wearing your new shirts."

It can also be used to indicate a verb that some subjects (more than one; group) do to themselves.

Кӏалэмрэ пшъашъэмрэ зэбэух
Кӏалэ-м-рэ пшъашъэ-м-рэ зэ-бэу-х
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮamra]/ pronounced as /pʂaːʂamra/ pronounced as /zabawəx]/
the boy and (abs.) the girl and (abs.) they are kissing each other
"The boy and the girl are kissing each other."
Шъузэзэонэу шъуфаемэ мэу шъузэмызау
pronounced as /[ʃʷəzazawanaw]/ pronounced as /ʃʷəfaːjama/ pronounced as /maw/ pronounced as /ʃʷəzaməzaːʷ]/
You (plural) (to) fight each other if you (plural) want here don't fight each other (said to plural)
"If you wanna fight each other, don't fight here"
Comitative reflexive (зэдэ~)

To indicate a verb that is done by some subjects (more than one; group) together, the suffix зэдэ~ (zada~) is added.

Сиунэ тисэу тызэдэшхэщт
pronounced as /[siwna]/ pronounced as /təjsaw/ pronounced as /təzadaʃxaɕt]/
my house while we are sitting inside we will eat together
"We will eat together while sitting in my house."
Томымрэ Джекобрэ тестэр зэдашӏы
pronounced as /[toməmra d͡ʒekobra]/ pronounced as /testar/ pronounced as /zadaːʃʼə]/
Tom and Jacob the test (arg.) they are doing it together
"Tom and Jacob are doing the test together."
Reciprocity (зэры~)

Transitive verb in the reciprocal form expresses that its two core arguments (the Actor and the Undergoer) act on each other simultaneously. The reciprocal form has the prefix зэры~ (zara~), for example:

Оррэ сэррэ тызэрэлъэгъу
Ор-рэ сэр-рэ ты-зэрэ-лъэгъу
you and me and we see each other
"We see each other."

Functionally (зэрэ~)

To indicate the way a certain action is performed, the prefix зэрэ~ (zara~) and the suffix ~рэ /~ra/ are added.

кӏалэр псынкӏэу зэрачъэрэ олъэгъуа?
кӏалэ-р псынкӏэ-у зэрэ-чъэ-рэ о-лъэгъу-а?
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /psənt͡ʃʼaw/ pronounced as /zaraːt͡ʂara/ pronounced as /waɬaʁʷaː]/
the boy (abs.) quickly the way (s)he runs do you see it?
"do you see the way the boy runs fast?"
пшъашъэр зэратхэрэр дахэ
пшъашъэi-р зэра-матхэ-рэ-р дахэ
pronounced as /[pʂaːʂar]/ pronounced as /zaraːtxarar/ pronounced as /daːxa]/
girl (abs.) the way (s)he writes beautiful
"The way the girl writes is beautiful."
непэ зэрэфабэр хэпшӏыкӏрэба?
непэ зэрэ-фабэ-р хэ-п-шӏыкӏ-рэ-ба?
pronounced as /[najpa]/ pronounced as /zarafaːbar/ pronounced as /xapʃʼət͡ʃʼrabaː]/
today the way it is hot don't you feel it?
"Don't you feel how it is hot today?"

The prefix зэрэ~ (zara~) and the suffix ~рэ /~ra/ can also be used to indicate a fact.

лӏыжъыр зэрэхъужьыгъэр пшӏагъэба?
лӏыжъ-ыр зэрэ-хъужьы-гъэ-р п-шӏ-агъэ-ба?
pronounced as /[ɬʼəʐər]/ pronounced as /zaraχʷəʑəʁar/ pronounced as /pʃʼaːʁabaː]/
old man (abs.) the fact (s)he became healthy again didn't you know"
"Didn't you know the old man became healthy again?"
пшъашъэр зэрэдахэр сылъэгъогъ
пшъашъэр зэрэ-дахэ-р сы-лъэгъо-гъ
pronounced as /[pʂaːʂar]/ pronounced as /zaradaːxar/ pronounced as /səɬaʁʷaʁ]/
girl (abs.) the fact (s)he is pretty I saw
"I saw that the girl is pretty."
унэшъуа? ор зэрэплъыжьэ улъэгъурэба?
у-нэшъу-а? ор зэрэ-плъыжьэ у-лъэгъу-рэ-ба?
pronounced as /[wənaʃʷaː]/ pronounced as /war/ pronounced as /zarapɬəʑa/ pronounced as /wəɬaʁʷərabaː]/
are you blind? that (arg.) the fact it is red don't you see it?
"are you blind? don't you see it is red?"

Instantly after (зэрэ~) and (~эу)

To indicate an event that happened instantly at the beginning of a certain verb, the prefix зэрэ- (zara-) and the suffix -эу / -ыу (-aw/-əw) are added. Can only be used on verbs and nouns.

кӏалэр псы зэрешъоу сыкъэсэгъ
кӏалэ-р псы зэрэ-ешъо-у сы-къэсы-эгъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃaːlar]/ pronounced as /psə/ pronounced as /zarajaʃʷaw/ pronounced as /səqasaʁ]/
the boy (abs.) water as he started drinking I got here
"as the boy started drinking water I got here"
кӏалэр еджапӏэм зэрежьэу къещхэу къиублагъ
кӏалэ-р еджапӏэ-м зэрэ-ежь-эу къещхы-эу къеублэ-агъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /jad͡ʒaːpʼam/ pronounced as /zarajaʑaw/ pronounced as /qajɕxaw/ pronounced as /qəjwbɮaːʁ]/
the boy (abs.) the school (erg.) as he started while it was raining (s)he/it started
"as the boy started to go to school, it started to rain."

Verbal Infixes

Negative (~мы~)

It is posited most often before root of verb, after all other prefixes.

When to use this Prefix :

умыкӀомэ /wəmkʷʼama/ "if you don't go", умыкӀорагъоми /wəmkʷʼaraːʁʷami/ "even if you don't want to

go", мамкӀуу /maːmkʷʼəw/ "while he didn't want to go".

Ащтыу умышI!
pronounced as /[aːɕtu]/ pronounced as /wməʂʼ]/
like that don't do it
"Do not do this"
ау шъумыкӏу!
pronounced as /[aːw]/ pronounced as /ʂʷəɕəmət]/
there don't go (plural)
"Don't go there (Said to several people)"
зыгори ащ ешъумыӏу
pronounced as /[zəɡʷari]/ pronounced as /aːɕ/pronounced as /jaʂʷəməʔʷ]/
something him/that don't tell him (plural)
"Do not tell him anything"

Cannot be used simultaneously with both the negative prefix (мы~) (mə~) and the negative suffix (-п) (-p).

Optative mood (~рэ~)

To indicate a verb that someone wishes to happen, the verbal infix ~рэ~ (~ra~) is added.

Examples :

мы уцым уерэгъэхъужь
мы уцы-м у-е-рэ-гъэ-хъу-жь
pronounced as /[mə]/ pronounced as /wət͡səm/ pronounced as /wajraʁaχʷəʑ]/
this plant (erg.) may it cure you
"may this plant cure you"
кӏалэм сишхын ерэшх
кӏалэ-м си-шхын е-рэ-шх
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /səʃxən/ pronounced as /jaraʃx]/
boy (erg.) my food may (s)he eat it
"may the boy just eat my food."
кӏалэр мэрэмыкӏуи джары
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /maraməkʷʼəj/ pronounced as /d͡ʒaːrə]/
the boy (abs.) may (s)he doesn't go then that's it
"If the boy just won't go that's it."

Verbal Suffixes

SuffixExampleTranslation
Frequentative ~жь (~ʑ) мэплъэжьы (mapɬaʑə) (s)he is looking again
Non-intervention (s)he is looking without interference
Too late (only now) (s)he is looking
Realization ~гъах (~ʁaːx) мэплъэгъах (mapɬaʁaːx) (s)he already looked
While ~эу (~aw) маплъэу (maːpɬaw) while (s)he was looking
Plural ~хэ (~xa) маплъэх (maːpɬax) they are looking
Negative ~эп (~ap) маплъэрэп (maːpɬarap) (s)he is not looking
Desirement ~рагъу (~raːʁʷ) мэплъэрагъу (mapɬaraːʁʷ) (s)he wants to look
Capability ~шъу (~ʃʷə) мэплъэшъу (mapɬaʃʷə) (s)he can look
Connective ~и (~əj) маплъи (maːpɬəj) (s)he looked and
Connective II ~зэ (~za) мэплъэзэ (mapɬaza) (s)he looked and
Until ~фэ (~fa) мэплъэфэ (mapɬafa) until (s)he looks
Downward ~хы (~xə) еплъэхы (japɬaxə) (s)he is looking down
Upward ~е (~ja) дэплъые (dapɬəja) (s)he is looking up
For a while ~гу (~ɡʷə) маплъэго (maːpɬaɡʷa) (s)he is looking for now
Optative mood ~гъэет (~ʁahat) мэплъэгъэет (mapɬaʁajat) wish (s)he would have looked
Diminution of degree ~рашъу (~raːʃʷ) мэплъэрашъу (mapɬaraːʃʷ) (s)he kind of looking
Surprise ~уи (~wəj) маплъэуи (maːpɬawəj) (s)he is looking!?
Moment of completion ~эм (~am) маплъэм (maːpɬam) when (s)he looked
Recurrence ~рас (~raːs) мэплъэрас (mapɬaraːs) (s)he usually looks
About to ~пэт (~pat) мэплъэпэт (mapɬapat) (s)he is about to look
Always ~зэпыт (~zapət) мэплъэзэпыт (mapɬazapət) (s)he always looks
Just recently ~гъакӏ (~ʁaːt͡ʃʼ) мэплъэгъакӏ (mapɬaʁaːt͡ʃʼ) (s)he just looked
Should have ~пхъагъ (~pxaːʁ) мэплъэпхъагъ (mapɬapχaːʁ) (s)he should have looked
Around ~хь (~ħ) зеплъэхьы (zajpɬaħə) (s)he is looking around
Manner ~кӏэ (~t͡ʃʼa) ыплъакӏэ (əpɬaːt͡ʃʼa) the manner (s)he is looking
Difficult ~гъуай (~ʁʷaːj) еплъыгъуай (japɬəʁʷaːj) (s)he is looking with difficulty
Easily ~гъошӏу (~ʁʷaʃʷʼ) еплъыгъошӏу (japɬəʁʷaʃʷʼ) (s)he is looking easily
Willingly ~п (~p) еплъыпэ (japɬəpa) (s)he is looking willingly
Absolutely ~х (~x) еплъыхэ (japɬəxa) (s)he is definitely looking
Concessive mood ~ми (~məj) маплъэми (maːpɬaməj) even if (s)he is looking
Conditional mood ~мэ (~ma) маплъэмэ (maːpɬama) if (s)he is looking
Interrogative mood ~а (~aː) маплъа (maːpɬaː) is (s)he looking?
Warning mood ~къон (~qʷan) мэплъэкъон (mapɬaqʷan) should (s)he not dare to look

Interrogative mood (~а)

Questions are indicated by the suffix ~a /aː/, which, in verbs that end with /a/, lengthens the end vowel.

кӏалэр къэущыжьыгъа?
кӏалэ-р къэущыжь-агъ-а
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /qawɕəʑəʁaː]/
the boy (arg.) did (s)he woke up?
"Did the boy woke up?"
дэгуха мы унэм исыхэр?
дэгу-х-а мы унэ-м ис-ыхэ-р
pronounced as /['''daɡʷəxaː''']/ pronounced as /mə/pronounced as /wənam/ pronounced as /jəsəxar]/
are they deaf? this house the people that are in
"Are the people that are in this house deaf?"

If question is posited to word having negative suffix ~п (~p), it is converted to suffix ~ба (~baː). for example:

кӏалэр къэущыжьыгъэба?
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /qawɕəʑəʁabaː]/
boy (abs.) isn't he woke up?
"Has not the boy woke up?"
кӏалэр тиунэ къакӏорэба?
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /tiwna/ pronounced as /qaːkʷarabaː]/
boy (abs.) our house isn't he coming?
"Isn't the boy coming to my house?"
кӏалэр тиунэ къакӏоба?
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /tiwna/ pronounced as /qaːkʷabaː]/
boy (abs.) our house he is coming to right?
"The boy is coming to my house right?"

Optative mood (~гъот)

Optative mood is expressed with the complex suffix ~гъот or ~гъует or ~гъэмэ :

укIуа-гъот "If only you had gone".

птхы-гъагъот "If only you had written".

сыкӏо-гъагъует: If only I had gone.

седжэ-гъагъоет: If only I had studied.

сыкӏо-гъагъэмэ: If only I had gone.

седжэ-гъамэ: If only I had studied.

экзамыным сыфеджэгъагъот, джэщгъум дэгъоу сышӏышъущтыгъ
pronounced as /[akzaːmənəm]/ pronounced as /səfajd͡ʒaʁaːʁʷat/ pronounced as /d͡ʒaɕʁʷəm/ pronounced as /daʁʷaw/ pronounced as /səʃʼəʃʷəɕtəʁ]/
exam (erg.)if only I studied for it then good (adv.) I could have done it
"If only I would have studied for the exam, then I could have done it good."

Frequentative (~жь)

The verbal suffix ~жь (~ʑ) designates recurrence/repetition of action. It can also be used to indicate an action that someone was doing before and now continuing it.

Examples :

TenseSuffixTo look at (еплъы)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Far past~жьыгъагъ~ʑəʁaːʁеплъыжьыгъагъmakʷʼaʑəʁaːʁ(s)he looked at it again (then)
Recent past~жьыгъ~ʑəʁеплъыжьыгъjapɬəʑəʁ(s)he looked at it again
Present~жьы~ʑəеплъыжьыjapɬəʑə(s)he looks at it again
Future~жьыщт~ʑəɕtеплъыжьыщтjapɬəʑəɕt(s)he will look at it again
Future of the past~жьыщтэгъ~ʑəɕtaʁеплъыжьыщтэгъjapɬəʑəɕtaʁ(s)he was going to look at it again
уиунэ кӏожьи уиӏанэ лэжь
уи-унэ кӏо-жь-и уи-ӏанэ лэ-жь
pronounced as /[wiwna]/ pronounced as /kʷʼaʑi/ pronounced as /wiʔana/ pronounced as /laʑ]/
your house go back and your table color it again
"Go back to your house and continue coloring your table."
фылымым зэдегъэплъыжь
фылым-ым зэ-де-гъэ-плъы-жь
pronounced as /[fələməm]/ pronounced as /zadajʁapɬəʑ]/
film (erg.) let us watch it again together
"Let us watch the film again together."
кӏэлэегъаджэм къиӏогъагъэр къэсфэӏотэжь
кӏэлэегъаджэ-м къ-и-ӏо-гъагъэ-р къэ-с-фэ-ӏотэ-жь
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaɮajaʁaːd͡ʒam]/ pronounced as /qəjʔʷaʁaːʁar/ pronounced as /qasfaʔʷataʑ]/
teacher (erg.) the thing (s)he said (abs.) explain it to me
"Explain me the things the teacher said."

Non-intervention (~жь)

The verbal suffix ~жь (~ʑ) designates performance of the action directly, without the intervention of another agent.

кӏалэм тишхынхэр къэтшӏуешхыжьых
кӏалэ-м ти-шхын-хэ-р къэ-т-шӏу-е-шхы-жьы-х
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /təjʃxənxar/ pronounced as /qatʃʷʼajʃxəʑəx]/
boy (erg.) our foods (abs.) (s)he is eating without an intervention against our interests
"The boy is eating our foods."
дэпкъыр уизакъоу улэжьын фай
дэпкъы-р уи-закъо-у у-лэ-жьы-н фай
pronounced as /[dapqər]/ pronounced as /wəjzaːqʷaw/ pronounced as /wɮaʑən/ pronounced as /faːj]/
wall (abs.) you alone (you) to color it without an intervention must
"You will have to color the wall alone."

This is also used to designates that the action was completed finally. For example:

Too late (~жь)

The verbal suffix ~жь (~ʑ) also indicates an action that was done with a great delay, to the point it even might be too late or pointless.

къэгъэгъэ лӏагъэм псы чӏэбэгъэхьажьа?
къэгъэгъэ лӏагъэ-м псы чӏэ-бэ-гъэ-хьа-жь-а?
pronounced as /[qaʁaʁa ɬʼaːʁam]/ pronounced as /psə/ pronounced as /tʂʼabaʁaħaːʑaː]/
dead flower water are you making it go under it just now?
"Are you watering a dead flower?"
кӏалэм нэущы иэкзаменфеджэжьы
кӏалэ-м нэущы и-экзаменф-е-джэ-жьы
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮan]/ pronounced as /nawɕə/ pronounced as /jəʔakzaːmen/ pronounced as /fajd͡ʒadʑə]/
boy (erg.) tomorrow exam (s)he is studying for it just now
"The boy is studying for the exam tomorrow."

To indicate to someone, not to bother doing a certain action, the negative infix ~мы~ (~mə~) and the suffix ~жьы (~ʑə) are added.

чэщы мэхъумэ сиунэ укъэмыкӏожь
чэщы мэхъу-мэ ти-унэ у-къэ-мы-кӏо-жь
pronounced as /[t͡ʃaɕə]/ pronounced as /maχʷəma/ pronounced as /təjwəna/ pronounced as /wəqaməkʷʼaʑ]/
night if it becomesmy house do not bother coming to my house
"If it becomes night, don't bother coming to my house."
цӏыфым умышӏемыӏожь ышӏэгъахэу
цӏыфы-м у-м-ышӏе-мы-ӏо-жь ы-шӏы-гъа-хэу
pronounced as /[t͡sʼəfəm]/ pronounced as /wəməʃʼ/ pronounced as /jaməʔʷaʑ/ pronounced as /əʃʼaʁaːxaw]/
person (erg.) don't do that don't bother telling him after (s)he already done it
"Don't bother telling the person, "don't do it" after he already done doing it."

Completion (~гъах)

The verbal suffix ~гъах (~ʁaːx) designates absolute accomplishment/realization of the action.

кӏалэреджапӏэм мэкӏогъах
кӏалэ-реджапӏэ-м мэкӏо-гъах
pronounced as /[t͡ʃaːɮar]/ pronounced as /jad͡ʒaːpʼam/pronounced as /makʷʼaʁaːx]/
the boy (abs.)school (erg.) he already went
"the boy already went to school."
тэтеджэгъах экзаменым Фэшӏыкӏэ
тэт-еджэ-гъах экзамен-ым Фэшӏыкӏэ
pronounced as /[ta]/ pronounced as /ted͡ʒaʁaːx/ pronounced as /akzaːmenəm/ pronounced as /faʃʼət͡ʃʼa]/
wewe already studied exam (erg.) for
"we already studied for the exam."

To indicate an event that is happening after the absolute accomplishment/realization of an action, the suffixes ~гъах (~ʁaːx) and ~эу (~aw) are added. For example:

сымышхэгъахэулаж къысэмыӏу
сы-мы-шхэ-гъах-эулаж къы-сэ-мы-ӏо
pronounced as /['''səməʃxaʁaːxaw''']/ pronounced as /laːʒ/ pronounced as /qəsaməʔʷ]/
while I am not done eating work! (Imperative mood) don't tell me
"Don't tell me to work while I haven't done eating"
мыӏэрысэр сышхыгъахэу къысэбэӏожьа умышх
мыӏэрысэ-р сы-шхы-гъах-эу къы-сэ-бэ-ӏо-жьа у-мы-шх
pronounced as /[məʔarəsar]/ pronounced as /səməʃxəʁaːxaw/ pronounced as /qəsabaʔʷaʑaː/ pronounced as /wəməʃx]/
apple (abs.) after I done eating it are you telling me? don't eat it!
"After I done eating the apple, are you telling me not to eat it?"

To indicate an event that happened after the absolute accomplishment/realization of an action, the suffixes -гъах (-ʁaːx) and -эм (-am) are added. For example:

сылэжьэгъахэм сылъэгъогъ кӏалэр
сы-лажьэ-гъах-эм сы-лъэгъу-эгъ кӏалэр
pronounced as /[səlaʑaʁaːxam]/ pronounced as /sɬaʁʷaʁ/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/
when i done workingI saw the boy (abs.)
"When I done working, I saw the boy."
экзаменым уфеджэгъахэмэ къэтдэджэгу
экзамен-ым у-ф-е-джэ-гъахэ-мэ къэ-т-дэ-джэгу
pronounced as /[akzaːmenəm]/ pronounced as /wfajd͡ʒaʁaːxama/ pronounced as /qatdad͡ʒaɡʷ]/
exam (erg.) when you done studying for it play with us
"When you done studying for the exam, play with us."

To indicate not accomplishment/realization of an action, the suffix -гъах (-ʁaːx) and the negative suffix (~эп) (~ap) are added.

экзаменым феджэгъахэп кӏалэр
экзамен-ым ф-е-джэ-гъах-эп кӏалэ-р
pronounced as /[akzaːmenəm]/ pronounced as /fajd͡ʒaʁaːxap/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/
exam (erg.) (s)he still have not studied for boy (abs.)
"The boy still have not studied for the exam."
сышхэгъахэп
pronounced as /['''səʃxaʁaxap''']/
I haven't done eating
"I still have not done eating."

While (~эу)

To indicate an event that is happening while a certain verb is done, the suffix ~эу (-aw) is added to the verb. Usually this suffix is added to present tense verbs regardless if the whole sentence is about the past or future. For example:

The verb with the suffix ~эу is usually followed by another verb that has a tense suffix indicating the time the sentence occurred. For example:

сыкӏоукӏалэр слъэгъогъ
pronounced as /[səkʷʼaw]/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮar/ pronounced as /sɬaʁʷaʁ]/
while I was goingthe boy (erg.) I saw
"while I was going, I saw the boy"
кӏалэр мэщынэу псым хэхьэшъугъэп
кӏалэ-р мэщынэ-у псы-м хэ-хьэ-шъу-гъэ-п
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /maɕənaw/ pronounced as /psəm/pronounced as /xaħaʃʷʁap]/
boy (abs.) while (s)he was afraid water (erg.) (s)he couldn't enter it
"The boy couldn't enter the water while being afraid."
зыпакӏэ сыкӏощтыгъэу укъысэджагъ
зыпакӏэ сы-кӏо-щтыгъэ-у у-къы-сэ-дж-агъ
pronounced as /zəpaːt͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /səkʷʼaɕtəʁaw/ pronounced as /wəqsad͡ʒaːʁ]/
somewhere while I was going to go you called me
"You called me while I was going to go somewhere."

To indicate an action that occurred instead of another action, the action that did not happen is expressed in the present tense form and it gets the suffix ~эу and the negative infix ~мы~. For example:

уемыджэу тэ къэтдэджэгу
уе-мы-джэ-у тэ къэ-т-дэ-джэгу
pronounced as /['''wajməd͡ʒaw''']/pronounced as /ta/pronounced as /qatdad͡ʒaɡʷ]/
instead of studying we play with us
"Instead of studying play with us."
умышхэу лажь
у-мы-шхэ-у лажь
pronounced as /['''wəməʃxaw''']/pronounced as /ɮaːʑ]/
instead of eating work
"Instead of eating work."
кӏалэр сэ синэмым къэсдэмыкӏоу пшъашъэм дэкӏуагъ
кӏалэ-р сэ синэм-ым къэ-с-дэ-мы-кӏо-у пшъашъэ-м дэ-кӏу-агъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/pronounced as /sa/ pronounced as /səjnaməm/ pronounced as /qasdaməkʷʼaw/ pronounced as /pʂaːʂam/ pronounced as /dakʷʼaːʁ]/
boy (abs.) I cinema (erg.) instead of coming with me girl (erg.) (s)he went with
"The boy instead of coming with me went with the girl to the cinema."

To indicate something before a certain verb was done, the suffix ~эу and the negative infix ~мы~ are added. In this case the verb should also get the tense suffix indicating the time.

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Far past~гъагъэу~ʁaːʁawмэмыкӏогъагъэуmaməkʷʼaːʁaːʁawbefore (s)he went (then)
Recent past~гъэу~ʁawмэмыкӏуагъэуmaməkʷʼaːʁawbefore (s)he went
Future~щтэу~ɕtawмэмыкӏощтэуmaməkʷʼaɕtawbefore (s)he will be going
Future of the past~щтыгъэу~ɕtəʁawмэмыкӏощтэгъэуmaməkʷʼaɕtaʁawbefore (s)he was going to go
унэм умыкӏыгъэу зыгъэпсыкӏ
унэ-м у-мы-кӏы-гъэу зы-гъэ-псыкӏ
pronounced as /[wənam]/ pronounced as /wəmət͡ʃʼəʁaw/ pronounced as /zəʁapsət͡ʃʼ]/
house (erg.) before you get out of take a shower
"Before you get out of the house, take a shower."
умыджэгугъэу тӏэкӏу едж
у-мы-джэгу-гъэ-у тӏэкӏу едж
pronounced as /['''wəməd͡ʒaɡʷəʁaw''']/pronounced as /tʼakʷʼ/pronounced as /jad͡ʒ]/
before you play a bit study
"Before you play study a bit."
еджапӏэм семыжьэгъагъэу къещхэу къиублэгъагъ
еджапӏэ-м се-мы-жьэ-гъагъэ-у къещхэ-у къ-иублэ-гъагъ
pronounced as /[jad͡ʒaːpʼam]/pronounced as /sajmaʑaʁaːʁaw/pronounced as /qajɕxaw/ pronounced as /qəjwbɮaʁaːʁ]/
school (erg.) before I started going to while raining it started (then)
"Before I went to school it stated raining."

Plural (~хэ)

In addition to distinguishing between singular and plural nouns by marking the latter with the suffix '-хэ' pronounced as //-xa//.

у мэлажьэхэрэр сишых
у мэлажьэ-хэ-рэ-р си-шы-х
pronounced as /[wə]/ pronounced as /maɮaːʑaxarar/ pronounced as /səjʃəx]/
those the ones that are working (abs.) they are my brothers
"Those guys that are working are my brothers"

To indicate a plural verb (verb that was done by more than one thing) also has the additional suffix '-хэ' pronounced as //-xa//.

илъэсхэр псынкӏэу блэкӏых
илъэсхэ-р псынкӏэ-у блэкӏ-ых
pronounced as /[jəɬasxar]/ pronounced as /psənt͡ʃʼaw/ pronounced as /bɮat͡ʃʼəx]/
the years (abs.) fast (adv.) they are passing
"the years are passing fast"

Negative (~эп)

The Negation suffix is ~п (~p) and it's ~рэп (~rap) when the verb is

in present tense:

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Far past~гъагъэп~ʁaːʁapмэкӏогъагъэпmakʷʼaʁaːʁap(s)he did not go (then)
Recent past~гъэп~ʁapмэкӏуагъэпmakʷʼaːʁap(s)he did not go
Present~рэп~rapмакӏорэпmaːkʷʼarap(s)he does not go
Future~штэп~ɕtapмэкӏоштэпmakʷʼaɕtap(s)he will not go
Future of the past~щтыгъэп~ɕtəʁapмэкӏощтыгъэпmakʷʼaɕtəʁap(s)he was not going to go
Ахэр къэкӏуагъэхэп
Ахэ-эр къэ-кӀо-агъ-эх-эп
pronounced as /[aːxar ]/ pronounced as /qakʷʼaːʁaxap]/
the those (erg.) they didn't come
"they did not come."
Кӏалэр иныбджэгъумэ ядэджэгурэп
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːlar]/ pronounced as /jənəbd͡ʒaʁʷəma/ pronounced as /jaːdad͡ʒaɡʷərap]/
the boy (arg.) his friends (erg.) he doesn't play with them
"the boy does not play with his friends."
Непэ чъыӏэп фабэ нахь
pronounced as /[najpa]/ pronounced as /t͡ʂəʔap/ pronounced as /faːba naːħ]/
todayit is not cold it is actually hot
"Today is not cold, it is actually hot."

Desirement (~рагъу)

To indicate something desired, the suffix (~рагъу) (~raːʁʷ) is added For example:

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Far past~рэгъогъагъ~raʁʷaʁaːʁмэкӏоmaːkʷʼ(s)he wanted to go (then)
Recent past~рэгъуагъ~raʁʷaːʁмэкӏоmaːkʷʼa(s)he wanted to go
Present~рагъу~raːʁʷмакӏоmaːkʷʼ(s)he wants to go
Future~рэгъощт~raʁʷaəɕtмэкӏоmakʷʼa(s)he will want to go
Future of the past~рэгъощтэгъ~raʁʷaɕtaʁмэкӏоmakʷʼa(s)he would want to go
кӏалэр пшъашъэм иунэ мэкӏорагъоп
кӏалэ-эр пшъашъэ-эм и-унэ мэ-кӀо-рагъу-эп
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /pʂaːʂam/ pronounced as /jəwna/ pronounced as /makʷʼaraːʁʷap]/
the boy (abs.) the girl (erg.) his house he don't want to go
"the boy don't want to go to the girl's house"
дышъэм фэдэу пшъашъэр дэхэрагъу
pronounced as /[dəʂam]/ pronounced as /fadaw/ pronounced as /pʂaːʂar/ pronounced as /daxaraːʁʷ]/
the gold (erg.) like him the girl (abs.) (s)he wants to be pretty
"the girl wants to be pretty like a gold"
лxым фэдэу сыкӏочӏэрэгъуагъ
pronounced as /[ɬʼəm]/ pronounced as /fadaw/ pronounced as /səkʷʼat͡ʃʼaraʁʷaːʁ]/
the man (erg.) like him I wanted to be strong
"I wanted to be strong like the man"

Capability (~шъу)

The suffix ~шъу (~ʃʷə) designates the ability to perform the indicated action. It is used to indicated that the subject is able to carry out the indicated action. For example:

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Past~шъогъ~ʃʷaʁмэкӏошъогъmakʷʼaʃʷaʁ(s)he went successfully; (s)he managed to go
Past 2~шъугъагъ~ʃʷʁaːʁмэкӏошъугъагъmakʷʼaʃʷʁaːʁ(s)he was going successfully
Present~шъу~ʃʷəːмэкӏошъуmakʷʼaʃʷəː(s)he manages to go
Future~шъущт~ʃʷəɕtмэкӏошъущтmakʷʼaʃʷəɕt(s)he will be able to go; (s)he is able to go
Future of the past~шъущтэгъ~ʃʷəɕtaʁмэкӏощтэгъmakʷʼaʃʷəɕtaʁ(s)he was able to go; (s)he could have gone
кӏалэм шхыныр фэшхышъурэп
кӏалэ-м шхыны-р фэ-шхы-шъу-рэп
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮa,]/ pronounced as /ʃxənər/ pronounced as /faʃxəʃʷrap]/
boy (erg.)the food (abs.) (s)he does not manages to eat it
"The boy doesn't manages to eat the food."
лӏыжъэр ныбжьыкӏэм мэкӏошъущтыгъагъ тэрэзэу
лӏыжъ-эр ныбжьыкӏ-эм мэкӏо-шъу-щт-эгъ тэрэз-эу
pronounced as /[ɬʼəʐar]/ pronounced as /nəbʑət͡ʃʼam/ pronounced as /makʷʼaʃʷəɕtəʁaːʁ/ pronounced as /tarazaw]/
old man (abs.)when he was young (s)he was able to go correctly
"When the old man was young, he was able to go correctly."
унэмуехьэмэ псы къысфэпхьышъущта?
унэ-эму-ехьэ-эм псы къы-с-фэ-п-хьы-шъу-щт-а
pronounced as /[wənam]/ pronounced as /wajħam/ pronounced as /psə/ pronounced as /qəsfapħəʃʷəɕtaː]/
house (erg.)when you enter the house a water could you bring it for me?
"when you enter the house, could you bring me a water?"

When the suffix ~шъу (~ʃʷə) is used on adjectives or nouns, it is to indicate the possibility of what the indicated adjective or noun can be.

мы шхыныри ӏэшӏушъущт
мы шхыны-ри ӏэшӏу-шъу-щт
pronounced as /[mə]/ pronounced as /ʃxənərəj/ pronounced as /ʔaʃʷʼəʃʷəɕt]/
this the food as well (abs.) it could be tasty
"This food also could be tasty."
иджы мэфэшъущтыгъагъэба?
иджы мэфэ-шъу-щты-гъагъэ-ба
pronounced as /[jəd͡ʒə]/ pronounced as /mafaʃʷəɕtəʁaːʁabaː]/
now couldn't it be a day?
"Couldn't it be a day now?"

Concessive mood (~ми)

To indicate an event that will happen even if something/someone does a specific verb, has the Suffix ~ми (~məj).

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Far past~гъагъми~ʁaːʁməjмэкӏогъагъмиmaːkʷʼaʁaːʁməjeven if (s)he went (then)
Recent past~гъми~ʁməjмэкӏуагъмиmaːkʷʼaːʁməjeven if (s)he went
Present~рэми~raməjмакӏорэмиmaːkʷʼaraməjeven if (s)he is going
Close future~ми~məjмакӏомиmaːkʷʼaməjeven if (s)he goes
Future~щтми~ɕtməjмэкӏощтмиmakʷʼaɕtməjeven if (s)he will go
Future of the past~щтыгъми~ɕtəʁməjмэкӏощтыгъэмиmakʷʼaəɕtəʁaməjeven if (s)he was going to go
кӏалэмепӏуагъэми къыодэӏущтэп
кӏалэ-мепӏо-агъэ-ми къы-о-дэӏу-щт-эп
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /japʔʷaːʁaməj/ pronounced as /qəwadaʔʷəɕtap]/
the boy (erg.)even if you told him (s)he will not listen to you
"even if you told the boy he will not listen to you"
кӏалэрмэкӏошъущтыми нахьышӏу мамыкӏомэ
кӏалэ-рмэ-кӏо-шъу-щты-ми нахьышӏу ма-мы-кӏо-мэ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /makʷʼaʃʷəɕtəməj/ pronounced as /naːhəʃʷʼə/ pronounced as /maːməkʷʼama]/
the boy (abs.)even if (s)he can go it is better if (s)he don't go
"even if the boy could go it is better if he don't go"
улажьэми ахъщэ къыуатыщтэп
у-лажьэ-ми ахъщэ къы-у-а-ты-щт-эп
pronounced as /['''wəɮaːʑaməj''']/ pronounced as /aːχɕa/ pronounced as /qəwaːtətaɕp]/
even if you work money they will not give it to you
"even if you work they will not give you money"

Conditional mood (~мэ)

To indicate a result of a certain verb that if someone/something done, doing or will do, has the Suffix -мэ (-ma).

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Far past~гъагъмэ~ʁaːʁmaмэкӏогъагъмэmaːkʷʼaʁaːʁmaif (s)he went (then)
Recent past~гъмэ~ʁmaмэкӏуагъмэmaːkʷʼaːʁmaif (s)he went
Present~рэмэ~ramaмакӏорэмэmaːkʷʼaramaif (s)he is going
Close future~мэ~maмакӏомэmaːkʷʼamaif (s)he goes
Future~щтмэ~ɕtmaмэкӏощтмэmakʷʼaɕtmaif (s)he will go
Future of the past~щтыгъэмэ~ɕtəʁamaмэкӏощтыгъэмэmakʷʼaəɕtəʁamaif (s)he was going to go
кӏалэр мэлажьэмэ ахъщэ къыратыщт
кӏалэ-р мэлажьэ-мэ ахъщэ къы-р-а-ты-щт
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /maɮaːʑama/ pronounced as /aːχɕa/ pronounced as /qəraːtəɕt]/
the boy (abs.)if he work money they will give him
"if the boy work they will give him money"
усымаджэу удэкӏымэ нахьиу усымэджэщт
у-сымаджэ-у у-дэкӏы-мэ нахьиу у-сымэджэ-щт
pronounced as /[wəsəmaːd͡ʒaw]/ pronounced as /wədat͡ʃʼəma/ pronounced as /naːħjəw/ pronounced as /wəsəmad͡ʒaɕt]/
while you are sick if you go out even more you will get sick
"if you go out while you are sick, you will get even more sick"
учъэрагъомэ унэм икӏи чъэ
у-чъэ-рагъо-мэ унэ-м икӏый чъэ
pronounced as /[wət͡ʂaraːʁʷama]/ pronounced as /wənam/ pronounced as /jət͡ʃʼəj/ pronounced as /t͡ʂa]/
if you want to run the house (erg.) get out (in order for something to happen) run!
"if you want to go, get out from the house and go"

Can not be used simultaneously both the suffix -мэ (-ma) and the suffix -ми (-mi).

Conditional Mood II (~кӏэ)

The conditional mood can be indicated by adding the suffix ~кӏэ (~t͡ʃʼ). For example: Натрыфыр зы мафэ-мэфит1у губгъэм еты-к1э, зи щыш1ыщтэп – If the corn will be in the field a day or two, nothing will happen to it.

It is mostly used with the time prefix з~:

Фылымыр къызыублэкӏэ къысаӏу
Фылымы-р къы-зы-ублэ-кӏэ къы-с-аӏу
pronounced as /[fələmər]/ pronounced as /qəzəwbɮat͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /qəsaːd͡ʒ]/
film (Abs.) when it starts tell me
"tell me when the movie starts."
Шъхьэнгъупчъэр къегъас къызещхыкӏэ
Шъхьэнгъупчъэ-р къегъас къы-з-ещхы-кӏэ
pronounced as /[ʂħanʁʷəpt͡ʂa]/ pronounced as /qajʁaːs/ pronounced as /qəzajɕxət͡ʃʼa]/
windows (Abs.) close when it rains
"close the windows when it rains."

Connective (~и)

When the connective suffix ~и (-əj) is used on present tense verbs, it is to indicate a chain of different verbs that occurred in the past.

кӏалэрмакӏуи унэм къеплъи къэкӏожьэгъ
кӏалэ-рмакӏу-и унэ-м къ-еплъ-и къэ-кӏо-жь-эгъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /maːkʷʼəj/ pronounced as /wənam/ pronounced as /qajpɬəj/ pronounced as /qakʷʼaʑaʁ]/
the boy (abs.)(s)he went and house (erg.) (s)he look at it and (s)he returned
"the boy went, looked at the house and returned"
кӏалэр мэкӏожьи мые къэсфихьэгъ
кӏалэ-р мэкӏожь-и мые къэ-с-ф-ихь-эгъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /makʷʼaʑəj/ pronounced as /məja/ pronounced as /qasfəjħaʁ]/
the boy (abs.)(s)he went back and an apples(he) brought it for me
"the boy went back and brought me an apple"

When the suffix ~ни (-nəj) is used on present tense verbs, it is to indicate a chain of different verbs that will occur in the future or planned to be done in the future.

кӏалэрмэкӏони псы къэтфихьыщт
кӏалэ-рмэкӏо-ни псы къэ-т-ф-ихьы-щт
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /makʷʼanəj/ pronounced as /psə/ pronounced as /qatfəjħəɕt]/
the boy (abs.)(s)he will go and water (s)he will bring us it
"the boy will go and will bring us water."
уиунэ сыкъэкӏони тызэдеджэщт
уи-унэ сы-къэ-кӏо-ни ты-зэ-де-джэ-щт
pronounced as /[wəjwəna]/ pronounced as /səqakʷʼanəj/ pronounced as /təzadajd͡ʒaɕt]/
you houseI will come and we will study together
"I will come to your house and we gonna study together."
мары, зысгъэпсыкӏыни сыкъыдэкӏыщт
мары, зы-с-гъэ-псыкӏы-ни сы-къы-дэкӏы-щт
pronounced as /[maːrə]/ pronounced as /zəsʁapsət͡ʃʼənəj/ pronounced as /səqədat͡ʃʼəɕt]/
just a moment I gonna take a shower and I gonna come out
"A moment, I gonna take a shower and gonna come out."

When the connective suffix ~и (-əj) is used in imperative mood, it is to indicate a chain of different verbs that the listener(s) should do at that moment.

кӏуи кӏалэр улъэгъущт
кӏо-и кӏалэ-р у-лъэгъу-щт
pronounced as /['''kʷʼəj''']/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮar/ pronounced as /wɬaʁʷəɕt]/
go and the boy (abs.) you will see it
"go and you will see the boy"
лажьи ахъщэ къыуатыщт
лажь-и ахъщэ къы-у-а-ты-щт
pronounced as /['''ɮaːʑəj''']/ pronounced as /aːχt͡ʃa/ pronounced as /qʷaːtəɕt]/
work (in order for the event to occur) money they will give you money
"work and they will give you money"

When the suffix ~и (-əj) is added to past and future tense verbs, nouns and adjectives, it is to indicate the cause of a certain event.

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Far past~гъагъи~ʁaːʁəjмэкӏогъагъиmaːkʷʼaʁaːʁəjbecause (s)he went (then)
Recent past~гъи~ʁəjмэкӏуагъиmaːkʷʼaːʁəjbecause (s)he went
Future~щти~ɕtəjмэкӏощтиmakʷʼaɕtəjbecause (s)he will go
Future of the past~щтыгъи~ɕtəʁəjмэкӏощтыгъиmakʷʼaəɕtəʁaəjbecause (s)he was going to go
улэжьагъи ахъщэ къыуатэгъ
у-лэжь-агъ-и ахъщэ къыу-а-тэ-гъ
pronounced as /['''wəɮaʑaːʁəj''']/ pronounced as /aːχɕa/ pronounced as /qəwaːtaʁ]/
because you worked money they gave you it
"because you worked, they gave you money"
уцӏапӏи ӏаеукъыпдэзакӏох
у-цӏапӏ-и ӏае-укъып-дэзакӏо-х
pronounced as /['''wət͡sʼaːpʼəj''']/ pronounced as /ʔaːjaw/ pronounced as /qəpdazaːkʷʼax]/
because are mean in a bad way they are treating you like it
"because you are mean, they are treating you bad"
кӏалэрмэкӏощтгъагъи цуакъэхэр щилъагъэх
кӏалэ-рмэкӏо-щт-гъагъ-и цуакъэ-хэ-р щылъ-агъ-эх
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /makʷʼaɕtəj/ pronounced as /t͡sʷaːqaxar/ pronounced as /t͡ʃaːlar]/
the boy (abs.)because (s)he was going to go the shoes (abs.) (s)he wear them
"because the boy was going to go, he wore the shes on."
пшъашъэр дахи кӏалэхэр къеплъых
пшъашъэ-р дахэ-и кӏалэ-хэ-р къе-плъы-х
pronounced as /[pʂaːʂar]/ pronounced as /daːxəj/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮaxar/ pronounced as /qajpɬəx]/
the girl (abs.)because he/she is pretty the boys (abs.)they are looking at it
"because the girl is pretty, the boys are looking at her"

Until (~фэ)

To indicate an event that will happen until the verb is done, the verbal suffix ~фэ /~fa/ is added. For example:

The suffix ~нэс /~nas/ can also be used for the same meaning :

кӏалэр мэкӏофэ паплъ
кӏалэ-р мэкӏо-фэ паплъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /makʷʼafa/ pronounced as /paːpɬ]/
the boy (abs.) until (s)he goes wait
"wait until the boy goes"
кӏалэр къэсыфэ зыб ригъэхьыра?
кӏалэ-р къэсы-фэ зыб ригъэхьыра?
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /qasəfa/ pronounced as /zəb/ pronounced as /riʁaħraː]/
boy (abs.) until (s)he arrive so much he is taking (time)
"it's taking so much time until the boy arrives"
чэщынэс лажьэгу
чэщы-нэс лажьэ-гу
pronounced as /[t͡ʃaɕənas]/ pronounced as /ɮaːʑaɡʷ]/
until it is night work for now
"work until it is night"

Downward (~хы)

The verbal suffix ~хы /~xə/ designates action performed downwards or action performed towards a lower level :

кӏалэр унэм еплъэхы
кӏалэ-р ун-эм еплъэ-хы
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /wənam/ pronounced as /japɬaxə]/
the boy (abs.) house (erg.) (s)he is looking down
"The boy is looking down from the house."
бзыор уашъом къедзыхы
бзыу-р уашъо=м къ-едзы-хы
pronounced as /[bzəwar]/ pronounced as /waːʃʷam/ pronounced as /qajd͡zəxə]/
the bird (abs.) sky (erg.) it is falling
"The bird is falling down from the sky."
унашъхьэм укъемыпкӏэх
унашъхьэ-м у-къ-е-мы-пкӏэ-х
pronounced as /[wənaːʂħam]/ pronounced as /wəqajməpt͡ʃʼax]/
roof (erg.) don't jump down
"Don't jump down from the roof."

Upward (~е)

To designate action in an upward direction, the prefix д~ (d~) and the verbal suffix ~е (ja) are added.

волюмэр дэгъэкӏуай
волюмэ-р дэ-гъэ-кӏу-ай
pronounced as /[vɑljəmar]/ pronounced as /daʁakʷʼaːj]/
volume (abs.) raise
"Raise the volume."
кӏалэр унашъхьэм дэкӏуае
кӏалэ-р унашъхьэ-м дэ-кӏуа-е
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /wənaːʂħam/ pronounced as /dakʷʼaːja]/
the boy (abs.) house roof (erg.) (s)he is going upwards
"The boy is going up to the roof."

For a while (~гу)

The suffix ~гу (~ɡʷ) designates that the indicated action was performed for a period of time. It might be used to indicated that the action will be performed quickly. For example:

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Far past~гъагъэгу~ʁaːʁaɡʷмэкӏогъагъэгуmakʷʼaʁaːʁaɡʷ(s)he went for a while; (s)he went for now
Recent past~гъэгу~ʁaɡʷмэкӏуагъэгуmakʷʼaːʁaɡʷ(s)he went for a while; (s)he went for now
Present~го~ɡʷaмакӏогоmaːkʷʼaɡʷa(s)he goes for a while; (s)he goes for now
Future~щтыгу~ɕtəɡʷмэкӏощтыгуmakʷʼaɕtəɡʷ(s)he will go for a while; (s)he will go for now
Future of the past~щтыгъэгу~ɕtəʁaɡʷмэкӏощтыгъэгуmakʷʼaɕtəʁaɡʷ(s)he was going to go for a while; (s)he was going to go for now

This also can be add to noun and adjective :

кӏалэр тучанэм мэкӏуагъэгу
кӏалэ-р тучанэ-м мэкӏо-агъэгу
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼɮar]/ pronounced as /təwt͡ʃaːnam/ pronounced as /makʷʼaːʁaɡʷ]/
the boy (abs.) the shop (erg.) he went for a while
"the boy went to the shop for now"
Томыр еджэгуи, къэтдэджэгушъущтыгоп
Том-ыр еджэ-гу-и,къэ-т-дэ-джэгу-шъу-щты-го-п
pronounced as /[tomər]/ pronounced as /jad͡ʒaɡʷəj/ pronounced as /qatdad͡ʒaɡʷəʃʷəɕtəɡʷap]/
Tom (abs.) because (s)he is studying for now (s)he can't play with us for now
"Because Tom is studying for now, he can't play with us for now"
паркэм къэсыкӏохьыщтыгу
паркэ-м къэ-сы-кӏохьы-щтыгу
pronounced as /[paːrkar]/ pronounced as /qasəkʷʼaħəɕtəɡʷ]/
in the park (erg.) I will go around for a while
"I will go around for a while in the park."
джэгуалъэм сыриджэгурагъогу
джэгуалъэ-м сы-риджэгу-рагъо-гу
pronounced as /[d͡ʒaɡʷaːɬam]/ pronounced as /sərəjd͡ʒaɡʷəraːʁʷaɡʷ]/
the toy (erg.) I want to play it for now
"I wanna play the toy for now"

Optative mood (~гъэет)

The verbal suffix ~гъэет (~ʁajat) or ~гъагъэет (~ʁaːʁjat) or designates optative mood.

ӏэгуаор футболы джэгумкӏэ къэсфэптыгъагъэет
ӏэгуао-р футболы джэгу-мкӏэ къэ-с-фэ-п-ты-гъагъэ-ет
pronounced as /[ʔaɡʷaːwar]/ pronounced as /futboləmt͡ʃʼa d͡ʒaɡʷəmt͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /qasfaptəʁaːʁajat]/
ball (abs.) soccer game (ins.) I wish you would have passed me it
"I wish you would have passed me the ball in the soccer game."
сэ сынахь кӏочӏэгъагъэет ӏанэр къэсыштэшъунэу
сэ сы-нахь кӏочӏэ-гъагъэ-ет ӏанэ-р къэ-сы-штэ-шъу-нэу
pronounced as /[sa]/ pronounced as /sənaːħ/ pronounced as /kʷʼat͡ʂʼaʁaːʁajat/ pronounced as /ʔaːnar/ pronounced as /qasəʃtaʃʷnaw]/
I (I) more I wish I had been strong table (abs.) for me to lift it
"I wish I had been more stronger to lift the table."
нахь пасэу сыкъэкӏогъагъэет
нахь пасэ-у сы-къэ-кӏо-гъагъэ-ет
pronounced as /[naːħ]/ pronounced as /paːsaw/ pronounced as /səqakʷʼaʁaːʁajat]/
more early I wish I had come
"I wish I had come earlier."

Diminution of degree (~рашъу)

To indicate a diminution of degree ("kind of"), the suffix ~рашъу (~raːʃʷ) is added. It is mostly used on verbs and adjectives and are rarely used on noun.

а лӏыжъыр делэрашъу
а лӏыжъы-р делэ-рашъу
pronounced as /[aː]/ pronounced as /ɬʼəʐər/ pronounced as /dajɮaraːʃʷ]/
thatold man (abs.) (s)he is kind of stupid
"The old man is kind of stupid."

Surprise mood (~уи)

The suffix -уи (-wəːj) indicates a surprise mood.

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Far past~гъагъуи~ʁaːʁwəjмэкӏогъагъуиmaːkʷʼaʁaːʁwəj(s)he went!? (then)
Recent past~гъуи~ʁwəjмэкӏуагъуиmaːkʷʼaːʁwəj(s)he went!?
Present~уи~wəjмакӏоуиmaːkʷʼawəj(s)he goes!?
Future~щтуи~ɕtwəjмэкӏощтуиmakʷʼaɕtwəj(s)he will go!?
Future of the past~щтыгъуи~ɕtəʁwəjмэкӏощтыгъэуиmakʷʼaəɕtəʁawəj(s)he was going to go!?
мы унэр зишӏыгъэр шъузуи?
pronounced as /[mə]/ pronounced as /wənar/ pronounced as /zəjʃʼəʁar/ pronounced as /ʃʷəzwəj]/
this house (abs.) the one who made itis a woman?
"The one who made this house is a woman (surprised)?"
кӏалэм еуагъэр сэруи?
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /jawaːʁar/ pronounced as /sarwəj]/
the boy (erg.) the one (s)he hit me?
"The one who hit the boy is me (surprised)?"
а кӏалэ кӏакор кӏуачӏэуи?
pronounced as /[aː]/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮa/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːkʷar/ pronounced as /kʷʼaːt͡ʂʼawəj]/
thatboy the short one (abs.) is (s)he really strong?
"That short boy is strong (surprised)?"

After the action connection (~эм)

To indicate an event that happened in the past after a certain verb was done, the suffix -эм (-am) is added.

сэкӏомсишы къэслъэгъогъ
сэкӏо-мси-шы къэ-с-лъэгъу-эгъ
pronounced as /[sakʷʼam]/ pronounced as /səjʃə/ pronounced as /qasɬaʁʷaʁ]/
when i wentmy brother i saw
"when I went I saw my brother."
пшъашъэрунэм ехьэм янэ ӏукӏагъ
пшъашъэ-рунэ-м ехьэ-м янэ ӏукӏ-агъ
pronounced as /[pʂaːʂar]/ pronounced as /[wənam]/ pronounced as /jaħam/ pronounced as /jaːna/ pronounced as /ʔʷət͡ʃʼaːʁa]/
the girl (abs.)the house (erg.) when (s)he entered it his/her mother (s)he met him/her
"when the girl entered the house she met her mother."
лӏымедж къысеӏомседжагъ
лӏы-медж къы-с-еӏо-мс-еджэ-агъ
pronounced as /[ɬʼəm]/ pronounced as /jad͡ʒ/ pronounced as /qəsajʔʷam/ pronounced as /sajd͡ʒaːʁ]/
man (erg.) study! when (s)he told me I studied
"when the man told me to study, I studied."

To indicate an event that is happening after a certain verb is done with no indication to the time it happened, the time prefix з~ and the suffix ~рэм (~ram) are added.

сэ сызышхэрэм сиӏэхэр сэтхьакӏыжьых
сэ сы-зы-шхэ-рэм си-ӏэ-хэ-р сэ-тхьакӏы-жьы-х
pronounced as /[sa]/ pronounced as /səzəʃxaram/ pronounced as /səjʔaxar/ pronounced as /satħaːt͡ʃʼəʑəx]/
I whenever I eat my hands (abs.) I am washing them afterward
"Whenever I eat, I wash my hands afterward."
унэм чэщым узкъихьэжьырэм пчъэр къегъэтэу шӏы
унэ-м чэщы-му-з-къ-и-хьэ-жьы-рэм пчъэ-р къ-егъэтэ-у шӏы
pronounced as /[wənam]/ pronounced as /t͡ʃaɕəm/ pronounced as /wəzqəjħaʑəram/ pronounced as /pt͡ʂar/ pronounced as /qajʁataw ʃʼə]/
house (erg.) at the night whenever you enter it door (abs.) be used to lock it
"Whenever you enter the house at night, lock the door."
чылэм сыздэкӏырэм ахъщэ сэӏыгъэ
чылэ-м сы-з-дэ-кӏы-рэм ахъщэ сэ-ӏыгъэ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃəɮam]/ pronounced as /səzdat͡ʃʼəram/ pronounced as /aːχɕa/ pronounced as /saʔəʁa]/
village (erg.) whenever I go out money I am holding it
"Whenever I go out of the village, I hold money."

To indicate an event that happened right before a certain verb was going to be done, the suffix ~ным (~nəm) is added.

сомпыютэрымкӏэ къесхэхь горэкъиухыным сомпыютэрыр къэсшӏокӏосагъ
сомпыютэр-ымкӏэ къе-с-хэхь горэкъ-иухы-ным сомпыютэр-ыр къэ-с-шӏо-кӏос-агъ
pronounced as /[kompəjutarəmt͡ʃʼa]/ pronounced as /qajsxaħ ɡʷara/ pronounced as /qəjwxənəm/ pronounced as /kompəjutarər/ pronounced as /qasʃʷʼakʷʼasaːʁ]/
in the computer (ins.) something I download the moment it was going to finish computer (abs.) it turned off against my interest
"The moment something I download in the computer was about to finish, the computer turned off."
сызышхэным сиукъэкӏыжьэгъ сиӏэхэр сытхьакӏынэу
сы-зы-шхэ-ным с-и-укъэкӏыжь-эгъ си-ӏэ-хэ-р сы-тхьакӏы-нэу
pronounced as /['''səzəʃxanəm''']/ pronounced as /səjwqat͡ʃʼəʑaʁ/ pronounced as /səjʔaxar/ pronounced as /sətħaːt͡ʃʼənaw]/
at the time I was about to eat I remembered my hands (abs.) I (to) wash them
"When I was about to eat, I remembered to wash my hands. "

Recurrence (~расэ)

The verbal suffix ~рас (-raːs) designates recurrence, presence of a characteristic. It designates an action that someone often does. For example:

сэ лимонсышхырасэрэп
сэ лимон сы-шхы-расэ-рэп
pronounced as /[sa]/ pronounced as /limom/ pronounced as /səʃxəraːsarap]/
I a lemon I don't eat it often
"I don't eat lemon often."
"I don't usually eat lemon."
кӏалэр къэлэм плъыжьым ритхэрас
кӏалэ-р къэлэм плъыжьы-м ри-тхэ-рас
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮar]/ pronounced as /qalam pɬəʑəm/ pronounced as /rəjtxaraːs]/
the boy (abs.) red pebcil (erg.) he often writes with
"The boy often writes with the red pencil."

To indicate the subject or the object that usually or often do a certain verb, the suffix ~расэ (-raːsa) is added to the noun that was created from a verb. for example:

непчыхьэ тызкӏорасэрэм тышъугъакӏу
не-пчыхьэ ты-з-кӏо-расэ-рэ-м ты-шъу-гъа-кӏу
pronounced as /[najpt͡ʃəħa]/ pronounced as /təzkʷʼaraːsaram/ pronounced as /təʃʷʁaːkʷʼ]/
tonight the place we often go (erg.) let/allow us to go (said to plural)
"Let us go to the place we usually goes to."
кӏалэм шоколадэхэр ышхырэсэгъагъэх бэрэ
кӏалэ-м шоколад-эх-эры-шхы-рэс-гъагъэ-эх бэрэ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /ʃokolaːdaxar/ pronounced as /jəʃxərasaːʁaːʁax/ pronounced as /bara]/
the boy (erg.) chocolates (abs.) he used to eat them often a lot
"The boy used to eat chocolates a lot"
сэ къэлэмэу сызритхэрасэр плъыжьы
сэ къэлэм-эу сы-з-ри-тхэ-расэ-р плъыжьы
pronounced as /[sa]/ pronounced as /qalamaw/ pronounced as /səzrəjtxaraːsar/ pronounced as /pɬəʑə]/
I pencil (adv.) the thing I often writes with (abs.) red
"The pencil I usually writes with is red."

About to (~пэт)

To indicate a verb that is about to happen, the verbal suffix -пэт (-pat) is added.

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Far past~пэтыгъагъ~patəʁaːʁмакӏопэтыгъагъmaːkʷʼapatəʁaːʁ(s)he almost went (then)
Recent past~пэтыгъ~patəʁмакӏопэтыгъmaːkʷʼapatəʁ(s)he almost went
Present~пэт~patмакӏопэтmaːkʷʼapat(s)he is about to go
Future~пэтыщт~patəɕtмэкӏопэтыщтmakʷʼapatəɕt(s)he will be about to go
Future of the past~пэтыщтэгъ~patəɕtaʁмэкӏопэтыщтэгъmakʷʼapatəɕtaʁ(s)he was about to go
сыкъаубытыпэтэгъ кӏалэхэмэ
сы-къа-убыты-пэтэгъ кӏалэхэмэ
pronounced as /['''səqaːwbətəpataʁ''']/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮaxama]/
they almost caught me the boys (erg.)
"The boys almost caught me."
псым уицуакъэкӏэ ухауцопэтэгъ
псы-м уи-цуакъэ-кӏэ у-ха-уцо-пэтэгъ
pronounced as /[psəm]/ pronounced as /wəjt͡sʷaːqat͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /wəxaːwt͡sʷapataʁ]/
water (erg.) using your shoes (ins.) you almost stepped into it
"You almost stepped into the water with your shoes."
сэ себэджыпэтыгъэп
сэ се-бэджы-пэтыгъ-эп
pronounced as /[sa]/ pronounced as /sajbad͡ʒəpatəʁap]/
I I didn't almost fell on the ground
"I didn't almost fell on the ground."

Always (~зэпыт)

To indicate that the verb is always happen, the suffix -зэпыт (-zapət) is added.

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Past~зэпытэгъ~zapətaʁмэкӏозэпытэгъmakʷʼazapətaʁ(s)he used to go always
Past 2~зэпытыгъагъ~zapətəʁaːʁмэкӏопытыгъагъmakʷʼazapətəʁaːʁ(s)he used to go always
Present~зэпыт~zapətмэкӏозэпытmakʷʼazapət(s)he always go
Future~зэпытыщт~zapətəɕtмэкӏозэпытыщтmakʷʼazapətəɕt(s)he will always be going to
Future of the past~зэпытыщтэгъ~zapətəɕtaʁмэкӏозэпытыщтэгъmakʷʼazapətəɕtaʁ(s)he was always going to
тучаным тышъугъэкӏозэпытыщта?
тучан-ым ты-шъу-гъэ-кӏо-зэпыт-ыщт-а?
pronounced as /[tut͡ʃaːnəm]/ pronounced as /təʃʷʁakʷʼazapətəɕtaː]/
shop (erg.) are you (pl.) gonna make us go always
"Are you (plural) gonna make us go to the shop all the time?."
кӏалэм мые ышхызэпытэгъ
кӏалэ-м мые ышхы-зэпыт-эгъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /məja/ pronounced as /jəʃxəzapətaʁ]/
boy (erg.) an apple (s)he used to eat it always
"The boy used to eat apple all the time."
сэсэчъэзэпыт щэджэгъожьым
сэсэ-чъэ-зэпыт щэджэгъожьы-м
pronounced as /[sa]/ pronounced as /sat͡ʂazapət/ pronounced as /ɕad͡ʒaʁʷaʑəm]/
I I am always running at the after noon (ins.)
"I am always running after noon."

Just recently (~гъакӏ)

To indicate a verb that happened just recently, the suffix -гъакӏ (-ʁaːt͡ʃʼ) is added.

TenseSuffixTo walk (мэкӏон)
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPAMeaning
Far past~гъэкӏэгъагъ~ʁat͡ʃʼaʁaːʁмэкӏогъэкӏэгъагъmaːkʷʼaʁat͡ʃʼaʁaːʁ(s)he was recently going (then)
Recent past~гъэкӏагъ~ʁat͡ʃʼaːʁмэкӏогъэкӏагъmaːkʷʼaʁat͡ʃʼaːʁ(s)he was recently going
Present~гъакӏ~ʁaːt͡ʃʼмакӏогъакӏmaːkʷʼaʁaːt͡ʃʼ(s)he just recently went
Future~гъэкӏэщт~ʁat͡ʃʼaɕtмэкӏогъэкӏэщтmakʷʼaʁat͡ʃʼaɕt(s)he will recently go
Future of the past~гъэкӏэщтэгъ~ʁat͡ʃʼaɕtaʁмэкӏогъэкӏэщтэгъmakʷʼaʁat͡ʃʼaɕtaʁ(s)he was going to recently go
ушхэгъакӏ нэӏэ ушхэжьырагъуа?
у-шхэ-гъакӏ нэӏэ у-шхэ-жьы-рагъу-а?
pronounced as /['''wəʃxaʁaːt͡ʃʼ''']/ pronounced as /naʔa/ pronounced as /wəʃxaʑəraːʁʷaː]/
you just ate recently only do you want to eat again
"You just ate recently, you wanna eat again?"
класым иджы скъихьэгъакӏ
класы-м иджы с-къи-хьэ-гъакӏ
pronounced as /[klaːsəm]/ pronounced as /jəd͡ʒə/ pronounced as /sqəjħaʁaːt͡ʃʼ]/
class (erg.) now I just came in
"I just came into the class right now."
класым тыгъуасэ сихьэгъэкӏэгъагъ тестэр къызеублэм
класы-м тыгъуасэ си-хьэ-гъэкӏэ-гъагъ тестэ-р къы-зе-ублэ-м
pronounced as /[klaːsəm]/ pronounced as /təʁʷaːsa/ pronounced as /səjħaʁat͡ʃʼaʁaːʁ]/ pronounced as /testar/ pronounced as /qəzajwbɮam/
class (erg.) yesterday I just entered recently (in the past) test (arg.) the time it started
"Yesterday after recently entering the class the test began."

Should have (~пхъагъ)

To indicate a verb that the subject should have done in the past and haven't, the suffix -пхъагъ (-pχaːʁ) is added.

сиунэ укъакӏом сидиск къэпхьыпхъагъ
си-унэ у-къа-кӏо-эм си-диск къэ-п-хьы-пхъагъ
pronounced as /[siwna]/ pronounced as /wqaːkʷʼam/ pronounced as /sidisk/ pronounced as /qaphəpχaːʁ]/
my house when you came my disk you should have brought it.
"When you came to my house, you should have brought my disk with you"
къэпӏопхъагъ зэрэуимыӏэ гущыӏалъэ
къэ-п-ӏо-пхъагъ зэрэ-уи-мы-ӏэ гущыӏалъэ
pronounced as /['''qapʔʷapχaːʁ''']/ pronounced as /zarawiməʔa/ pronounced as /ɡʷəɕəʔaːɬa]/
you should have said so that you don't have it a dictionary
"You should have said that you don't have a dictionary."

Area (~хь)

The verbal suffix ~хь /~ħ/ designates action performed on an area or repetition of the action in a certain area :

The reflexive verbal prefix зе~ (zaj~) and the verbal suffix ~хь(~ħ) are used together to indicate action performed by someone around the area or location they are standing in. It also designates repetition of the action around someone. for example:

кӏэлэцӏыкӏум зичъэхьыжьэу унэм ит
кӏэлэцӏыкӏу-м зи-чъэ-хьы-жьэ-у унэ-м ит
pronounced as /[t͡ʼaɮat͡sʼəkʷʼəm]/ pronounced as /zəjt͡ʂaħəʑaw/ pronounced as /wənam/ pronounced as /jət]/
little boy (erg.) while running around house (erg.) (s)he is standing inside
"The little boy is running around in the house."
"Literary meaning : The little boy is in the house while running around.."
сэ чъыгым спысэу зэсэплъэхьы
сэ чъыгы-м с-пы-сэ-у зэ-сэ-плъэ-хьы
pronounced as /[sa]/ pronounced as /t͡ʂəɣəm/ pronounced as /spəsaw/ pronounced as /zasapɬaħə]/
I tree (erg.) while sitting on a tree I am looking around
"I am looking around while sitting on a tree."
гъогум кӏалэмзеплъэхьи тет
гъогу-м кӏалэ-мзеплъэхьи тет
pronounced as /[ʁʷaɡʷəm]/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮam/ pronounced as /zajpɬaħəj/ pronounced as /tajt]/
road (erg.) boy (erg.) (s)he is looking around (s)he stands
"the boy is standing on the road looking around."

The verbal prefix къе~ (qaj~) and the verbal suffix ~хь(~ħ) are used together to indicate action performed on an area, for example:

сэ чылэр къэскӏохьышт
сэ чылэ-р къэ-с-кӏо-хьы-шт
pronounced as /[sa]/ pronounced as /t͡ʃəɮar/ pronounced as /qaskʷʼaħəɕt]/
I the village (abs.) I will walk around
"I will walk around the village."
мэзым хахьикъэплъэхь
мэзы-м ха-хь-икъэ-плъэ-хь
pronounced as /[mazəm]/ pronounced as /xaːħəj/ pronounced as /qaspɬaħ]/
forest (erg.)enter it and look around it
"Enter the forest and scout around."

To indicate movement round an object, the prefix дэ~ (da~) and the suffix ~хь (~ħ) are added :

ӏуашъхьэм учӏымыкӏыэу къыдэкӏохь
ӏуашъхьэ-м у-чӏы-мы-кӏ-эу къы-дэ-кӏо-хь
pronounced as /[ʔʷaːʂħam]/ pronounced as /wət͡ʂʼəmət͡ʃʼaw/ pronounced as /qədakʷʼaħ]/
hill (erg.)while you are not going up it go around it
"Instead of going up the hill, go around it."

The suffix ~хь (~ħə) can also be used together with the positional prefixes to indicate action performed on a definite area in a certain direction and position. for example:

унэ чӏэгъым чӏаукӏэхьагъ
унэ чӏэгъы-м чӏ-а-укӏэ-хь-агъ
pronounced as /[wəna t͡ʂʼaʁəm]/ pronounced as /t͡ʂʼaːwt͡ʃʼaħaːʁ]/
under the house (erg.) they killed him under
"they kill him under the house."

The verbal suffix ~хь(~ħ) can also be used to indicate action performed repetitively or action performed for a long extend or action performed nonstop (without interruption or break) or action performed entirely, for example:

ахэр лӏым пыохьыгъэх
ахэр лӏы-м пыохьы-гъэ-х
pronounced as /[aːxar]/ pronounced as /ɬʼəm/ pronounced as /pəwaħəʁax]/
they (abs.) man (erg.) they beat him up
"they beat the man up"
къэрэгъулхэр уиджанэ пыплъэхьыщтых
къэрэгъул-хэ-р уи-джанэ пыплъэхьы-щт-ых
pronounced as /[qaraʁʷəɮxar]/ pronounced as /wəjd͡ʒaːja/ pronounced as /pəpɬaħəɕtəx]/
the guards (abs.) your shirt they gonna search on it
"the guards gonna search on your shirt"

Manner (~кӏэ)

To indicate the manner a verb is done, the verbal suffix ~кӏэ (t͡ʃʼa) is added. In the Shapsug dialect the suffix ~кӏьэ (~kʲʼa) is used instead.

кӏалэм тэрэзэу тхакӏэ къырагъэшӏагъ
кӏалэ-м тэрэзэу тха-кӏэ къы-р-а-гъэ-шӏа-гъ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /tarazaw/ pronounced as /txaːt͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /qəraːʁaʃʼaːʁ]/
boy (erg.) correctly manner of writing they taught him
"They taught the boy how to write correctly."
кӏалэм зэуакӏэ ешӏэ дэгъоу
кӏалэ-м зэу-акӏэ ешӏэ дэгъу-эу
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /zawaːt͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /jaʃʼa/ pronounced as /daʁʷə]/
boy (erg.) manner of fighting (s)he knows good
"The boy knows how to fight well."
мыжъо псынкӏэу дзыкӏэ озгъэлъэгъущт
мащинэ псынкӏэу фы-кӏэ о-з-гъэ-лъэгъу-щт
pronounced as /[məʒʷa]/ pronounced as /psənt͡ʃʼaw/ pronounced as /fət͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /wazʁaɬaʁʷəɕt]/
car quickly manner of throwing I will show you
"I will show you how to throw a rock quickly."

It is also possible to indicate the manner in which someone does a verb. for example:

о уиеджакӏэ дэгъоп
о уи-еджа-кӏэ дэгъо-п
pronounced as /[wa]/ pronounced as /wəjjad͡ʒaːt͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /daʁʷap]/
you your way of studying not good
"Your way of studying is not good."
лӏыжъым икӏуакӏэ лъэщы
лӏыжъы-м и-кӏу-акӏэ лъэщы
pronounced as /[ɬʼəʐəm]/ pronounced as /jəkʷʼaːt͡ʃʼa/ pronounced as /ɬaɕə]/
old man (erg.) his way of going lame
"The way the old man goes is lame."

Difficult (~гъуай)

To indicate that a verb is Difficult to do, the suffix -гъуай (-ʁʷaːj) is added

бзылъфыгъэхэр ащ есэгъуаех
бзылъфыгъэ-хэ-р ащ е-сэ-гъуаех
pronounced as /[bzəɬfəʁaxar]/ pronounced as /aːɕ/ pronounced as /jasaʁʷaːjax]/
women (abs.) that it is difficult to get used to
"It is difficult for women to get used to that."
гъогу лъагъор хэлъэгъогъуаеу щытыгъ
гъогу лъагъо-р хэ-лъэгъо-гъуаеу щыт-ыгъ
pronounced as /[ʁʷaɡʷ ɬaːʁʷar]/ pronounced as /xaɬaʁʷaʁʷaːjaw/ pronounced as /ɕətəʁ]/
road path (abs.) being difficult to see it was
"The path was difficult to see."

Easy (~гъошӏу)

To indicate that a verb is easy to do, the suffix -гъошӏу (-ʁʷaʃʷʼ) is added

джанэр дыгъош1у
джанэ-р ды-гъош1у
pronounced as /[d͡ʒaːnar]/ pronounced as /dəʁʷaʃʷʼ]/
dress (abs.) easy to sewn
"The dress is sewn easily."
гъогу лъагъор хэлъэгъогъуаеу щытыгъ
гъогу лъагъо-р хэ-лъэгъо-гъуаеу щыт-ыгъ
pronounced as /[ʁʷaɡʷ ɬaːʁʷar]/ pronounced as /xaɬaʁʷaʁʷaːjaw/ pronounced as /ɕətəʁ]/
road path (abs.) being difficult to see it was
"The path was difficult to see."

Warning mood (~къон)

To either warn or intimidate the listener(s) from doing a certain verb, the verbal suffix ~къон (~qʷan) is added to it.

Унашъхьэм укъепкӏэкъон
Унашъхьэ-м у-къ-епкӏэ-къон
pronounced as /[wənaːʂħam]/ pronounced as /wəqajpt͡ʃʼaqʷan]/
root (erg.) don't dare to jump from
"Don't dare to jump from the roof."
Кӏалэм епӏотэкъон пысӏохьхэрэр
Кӏалэ-м е-п-ӏотэ-къон пы-с-ӏохь-хэ-рэ-р
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /japʔʷataqʷan/ pronounced as /pəsʔʷaħxarar]/
boy (erg.) don't dare to tell him the things I am saying about him
"Don't dare to tell the boy the things I am saying about him."
Кӏалэхэр Фылымым азакъоу ерэплъыкъоных
Кӏалэ-хэ-р Фылым-ым а-закъо-у е-рэ-плъы-къон-ых
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮaxar]/ pronounced as /[fələməm]/ pronounced as /jaːzaːqʷaw/ pronounced as /jarapɬəqʷanəx]/
the boys (abs.) film (erg.) while they being alone don't they dare to look at
"Don't the boys dare to look at the film."

Directed towards (~лӏ)

The verbal suffix ~лӏ (~lʼ) designates action directed towards, or applied to somebody or something. For example:

кӏалэм дэгъухэ къехъолӏагъэх
кӏалэ-м дэгъу-хэ къ-е-хъо-лӏ-агъ-эх
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /daʁʷəxa/ pronounced as /qajχʷaɬʼaːʁax]/
the boy (erg.) good things they happened to him/her
"Good things happened to the boy."
сыд унэмишъо епӏуалӏэрэ?
сыд унэ-ми-шъо е-п-ӏу-алӏэ-рэ?
pronounced as /[səd]/ pronounced as /wənam/ pronounced as /jəʃʷa/ pronounced as /japʔʷaːɬʼara]/
what house (erg.) its color the thing you say about it
"What do you say about the house's color?"
кӏалэр гъогум екӏуалӏэ
кӏалэ-р гъогу-м екӏу-алӏэ
pronounced as /[t͡ʃʼaːɮam]/ pronounced as /ʁʷaɡʷəm/ pronounced as /jakʷʼaːɬʼa]/
boy (abs.) road (erg.) (s)he is approaching it
"The boy is approaching the road."

Slightly (~ӏо)

The verbal suffix ~ӏо designates slightness; for example:

Mistakenly (~хъу)

The verbal suffix ~хъу designates mistakenness; for example:

Willingly (~п)

The verbal suffix ~п designates action done willingly; for example:

Preliminary condition (~хэ)

The verbal suffix ~хэ designates preliminary condition; for example :

Absolute (~х)

The verbal suffix ~хэ designates absolute; for example:

Pre (~пэу)

Together with the negative ~м~ infix, The verbal suffix ~п designates before; earlier in time. for example :

Post (~уж)

The verbal suffix ~уж designates after; later in time. for example :

References

  1. Book: Hulst, Harry van der . Recursion and Human Language . 2010 . Walter de Gruyter . 978-3-11-021924-1 . 262–283 . en.
  2. Korotkova . Natalia . Lander . Yury . 2010-10-01 . Deriving affix ordering in polysynthesis: evidence from Adyghe . Morphology . en . 20 . 2 . 299–319 . 10.1007/s11525-010-9185-y . 1871-5656.

Further reading