Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing explained

The Qing dynasty of China ruled over the Mongolian Plateau, including Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia. Both regions, however, were separately administered within the empire.

The estate of Jebtsundamba Khutugtu, the Great (from Mongolian, disciple) in 1723, became independent from the four in the sense that its subjects were exempt from most taxes and corvees. The did not—except the three Darkhad in Khövsgöl—control territory. Rather, its subjects mostly lived among the general population. Similar existed for other high lamas.[1]

Direct control

The direct-controlled Mongols were banners controlled by provinces, generals and ambasa. The following regions were directly controlled by the Manchu:

Inner Mongolia

Inner Mongolia's[2] original 24 were replaced by 49 banners (s) that would later be organized into six leagues (assemblies). The eight Chakhar banners and the two Tümed banners around Guihua were directly administered by the Manchu.

Outer Mongolia (Khalkha)

The Khalkha were preserved—with the notable exception of the establishment of Sain Noyan in 1725. Each had a, usually named after the place (mountains or rivers) where it convened. The were divided into banners - whose number increased from originally eight eventually to 86—and further into .[3] A consisted of 150 men fit for military service, a of 50.[4] A military governor was installed in Uliastai, and two civil governors in Khüree and in Kobdo.

Tannu Uriankhai

Western Hetao Mongolia

Other Mongolian banners

Kobdo

Thirty :

Qinghai Mongols

Xinjiang

13 banners (in modern-day Xinjiang)

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Bawden, Charles R.. [{{google books |plainurl=y |id=9tmpPwAACAAJ|page=106}} Modern History of Mongolia]. 2002. Kegan Paul Internat.. 9780710307781. 106f. en.
  2. Michael Weiers (editor) Die Mongolen. Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte und Kultur, Darmstadt 1986, p. 416ff
  3. Weiers 1986, p.446
  4. S. Demberel et al., BNMAU-yn tüükhiin zarim ner tomyoo, on tsagiin tailbar toli, Ulaanbaatar 1991, p. 18, 65

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