| Adana kebabı | |
| Alternate Name: | Acılı kıyma kebabı |
| Country: | Turkey |
| Region: | Adana-Mersin[1] |
| Creator: | Unknown |
| Served: | Hot |
| Course: | Main dish, with salad (onion, leaves and spice) |
| Main Ingredient: | Hand-minced lamb and tail fat |
Adana kebab is a dish that consists of long, hand-minced meat, mounted on a wide iron skewer and grilled on an open mangal filled with burning charcoal. The kebab is named after Adana, the fifth-largest city of Turkey, and was originally known as the kıyma kebabı (lit: minced meat kebab) or kıyma in Adana-Mersin and the southeastern provinces of Turkey.[1]
Kebabs are usually made out of ground lamb meat and tail fat, though there are many regional variations. Kebabs are fairly common in the area from Mersin in Turkey to Kirkuk in Iraq, and includes Aleppo in Syria.[1] According to many authors, this kebab was born out of a fusion of Turkish and Arab cultures. Birecik, once an important locality in the Eyalet of Aleppo, is said to be the creator of this very kind of kebab.[1] The version prepared and consumed today in the province of Adana also has a history rooted in the modern Turkish culture, only to receive a "Controlled Designation of Origin" in February 2005, after subsequent legal trials.[2] [3]
According to the Patent Registrar, an original is made only by a vendor who has successfully passed an inspection conducted on the spot by the Adana Chamber of Commerce.[4]
The kıyma kebabı is still prepared in its historical location. Similar dishes are prepared in neighboring zones of Turkey, Syria and Iraq, where the meat is hand-ground with the addition of tail fat and occasionally a non-spicy capsicum.[1] [5]
New variants of the kıyma kebabı, not protected under the same patents, have been enjoyed since the 1950s,[1] in communities in the former Ottoman Empire territories, including Istanbul, Baghdad, and Damascus. These versions are adapted to the local tastes and cannot be considered the original kıyma kebabı:
According to the Designation of Origin, Adana kebabı is made from the meat of a male lamb that is younger than one year of age. The animal has to be grown in its natural environment and fed with the local flora.[6]
The meat should then be cleansed of its silverskin, nerves and internal fat. After the cleansing, it should be cut into rough chunks and, along with tail fat at a proportion of one to five, rested for a day.[6]
The next day, the rested meat and fat must be ground by hand, using a crescent-shaped iron cleaver known as the zırh. Only sweet red peppers (also hand-chopped with the zırh) and salt should be added. The Designation of Origin also authorizes, "under certain circumstances", the addition of spicy green capsicum and fresh garlic cloves.[6]
The meat is then thoroughly kneaded together with the fat, the salt and the additional ingredients until reaching a homogenous consistency.[6]
After reaching homogeneity, the mixture is placed on iron skewers that are 0.5 cm thick, 3 cm wide and anywhere from 90 to 120 cm long. One portion of is typically 180 grams of meat on one skewer. A "portion-and-half", impaled on slightly wider skewers can not include less than 270 grams, as per the designation label.[6]
A little water allows the minced meat to adhere better to the skewer, which is the hardest step in the making of this kebab. If not done properly by an Usta,[7] the meat will separate from the skewer during roasting.[6] The Turkish word "Usta" derives from the Arabic "ustadth" or "ustaz" (أستاذ) originally meaning "professor," but also now a common honorific to show deference to someone's expertise.https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B0
The impaled skewers are roasted over flame-less coals of oak wood. When the meat turns dark brown, it is ready. The skewers are frequently turned during this process. The melting fat is collected on flatbread by pressing pieces of flatbread against the meat as it roasts; this also serves to heat the bread.[6]
The kebab is commonly served on a plate, as a Porsiyon, or wrapped in flatbread, as a Dürüm.
The kebab is served over the flatbread used to catch the drippings. It is accompanied by roasted tomatoes, green or red peppers and julienned onions with parsley and sumac. Other typical mezes in Adana-Mersin served with the kebab include red pepper ezme with pomegranate molasses, fresh mint and tarragon leaves, braised shallot hearts with olive oil and pomegranate molasses, pickled small green chili peppers, and, around Mersin, green shallot stems with slices of bitter orange, citron, lime and lemon. Many restaurants around Adana will also bring hot hummus with butter topped with pastırma on the side.[6]
The way to eat porsiyon is to skin and crush the charred tomatoes and peppers into a paste, to put them in a piece of flatbread with part of the kebab, topped by a generous pinch of the onion-sumac-parsley mixture, and to wrap the whole thing into a few small thick dürüms.
Ayran and salgam are two staple beverages consumed with kebab in daytime. On hot summer evenings, ice-cold rakı alongside salgam is often preferred.
The browned kebab is taken out of the mangal, removed from the skewer and placed on top of a large loaf of flatbread (mostly lavaş or tırnak pidesi), topped by a pinch of julienned onions, small diced tomatoes, some parsley, then sprinkled with a little salt, cumin and sumac and finally wrapped into a long roll. Ayran is more commonly consumed with dürüm compared to the Şalgam.
Many variations of the kıyma kebabı, all based on hand-chopped lamb meat and tail fat, are found around the Cilician and Mesopotamian parts of the former Ottoman Empire.[1]
Some notable regional examples are:
Adana kebab, has been celebrated as a festival in Adana since 2010. Adana Kebab and Şalgam Festival, emerged from a hundred-year tradition of enjoying kebab, with liver, şalgam and rakı. The event turned into a nationwide popular street festival, street musicians playing drums and zurna, entertain visitors all night long at the second Saturday night of every December.[8]