Acquired hemolytic anemia explained

Acquired hemolytic anemia
Field:	Hematology

Acquired hemolytic anemia can be divided into immune and non-immune mediated forms of hemolytic anemia.^[1]

Classification

Immune

• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia^[1]
  • Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia^[1]
    • Idiopathic^[2]
    • Linked with primary immunodeficiency/immunodysregulation syndrome.^[2]
    • Lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated.^[2]
    • Secondary to other malignancies.^[2]
    • Associated with SLE or other collagen-vascular disorders.^[2]
    • Secondary to viral infection.^[2]
  • Cold antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia^[2]
  • Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria^[2]
  • Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia^[2]
• Alloimmune hemolytic anemia^[1]
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)^[1]
    • Rh disease (Rh D)^[1]
    • ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn^[1]
    • Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn^[1]
    • Rhesus c hemolytic disease of the newborn^[1]
    • Rhesus E hemolytic disease of the newborn^[1]
    • Other blood group incompatibility (RhC, Rhe, Kidd, Duffy, MN, P and others)^[1]
  • Alloimmune hemolytic blood transfusion reactions (i.e., from a non-compatible blood type)^[1]

Non-immune

• Traumatic hemolytic anemia^[2]
  • Impact^[2]
  • Macrovascular defects-prostheses^[2]
  • Microvascular causes^[2]
    • Disseminated intravascular hemolysis^[2]
    • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura^[2]
    • Typical and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome^[2]
    • Other microvascular abnormalities
  • Hypersplenism^[2]
  • Hemolytic anemia due to toxic effects on the membrane
    • Spur cell anemia
    • External toxins
      • Animal or spider bites^[2]
      • Metals
      • Organic compounds^[2]
    • Infectious agents
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)

History

The term 'acquired hemolytic anemia' originally appeared in the early 1900s.^[3]

Further reading

• Book: Frewin, Rebecca . Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects . Biochemical aspects of anaemia . Elsevier . 2014 . 978-0-7020-5140-1 . 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5140-1.00027-4 . none.

Notes and References

1. Book: Arnold, Dm . Nazi . I . Moore . Jc . Heddle . Nm . Kelton . Jg . Blood and Bone Marrow Pathology . Acquired hemolytic anemia . Elsevier . 2011 . 978-0-7020-3147-2 . 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3147-2.00010-9 . 157–172.
2. Book: Kalfa, Theodosia A. . Concise Guide to Hematology . Acquired Hemolytic Anemias . Springer International Publishing . Cham . 2019 . 978-3-319-97872-7 . 10.1007/978-3-319-97873-4_9 . 67–79.
3. MACK . P . FREEDMAN . J . Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: A history* . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . Elsevier BV . 14 . 3 . 2000 . 0887-7963 . 10.1053/tm.2000.7392 . 223–233.