Gladiolus Explained

Gladiolus (from Latin, the diminutive of gladius, a sword) is a genus of perennial cormous flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae).[1] It is sometimes called the 'sword lily', but is usually called by its generic name (plural gladioli).[2]

The genus occurs in Asia, Mediterranean Europe, South Africa, and tropical Africa. The center of diversity is in the Cape Floristic Region.[3] The genera Acidanthera, Anomalesia, Homoglossum, and Oenostachys, formerly considered distinct, are now included in Gladiolus.[4]

Description

Gladioli grow from round, symmetrical corms (similar to crocuses) that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.[5]

Their stems are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved leaves, enclosed in a sheath.[6] The lowest leaf is shortened to a cataphyll. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.

The flowers of unmodified wild species vary from very small to perhaps 40 mm across, and inflorescences bearing anything from one to several flowers. The spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce are the products of centuries of hybridisation and selection.

The flower spikes are large and one-sided, with secund, bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery, green bracts. The sepals and the petals are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.[7]

The ovary is 3-locular with oblong or globose capsules,[7] containing many, winged brown, longitudinally dehiscent seeds.These flowers are variously coloured, ranging from pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red.

Ecology

The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthophorini bees,[8] but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and Hawk-moths, long-tongued flies and several others.[9] In the temperate zones of Europe many of the hybrid large flowering sorts of gladiolus can be pollinated by small well-known wasps. Actually, they are not very good pollinators because of the large flowers of the plants and the small size of the wasps. Another insect in this zone which can try some of the nectar of the gladioli is the best-known European Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum which usually pollinates many popular garden flowers like Petunia, Zinnia, Dianthus and others.[10]

Gladioli are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Large Yellow Underwing,[11] and gladiolus thrips.

Horticulture

Gladioli have been extensively hybridized and a wide range of ornamental flower colours are available from the many varieties. The main hybrid groups have been obtained by crossing between four or five species, followed by selection: 'Grandiflorus', 'Primulines' and 'Nanus'. They can make very good cut flowers for display.

The majority of the species in this genus are diploid with 30 chromosomes (2n=30) but the Grandiflora hybrids are tetraploid and possess 60 chromosomes (2n=4x=60). This is because the main parental species of these hybrids is Gladiolus dalenii which is also tetraploid and includes a wide range of varieties (like the Grandiflora hybrids).

Cultivation

In temperate zones, the corms of most species and hybrids should be lifted in autumn and stored over winter in a frost-free place, then replanted in spring. Some species from Europe and high altitudes in Africa, as well as the small 'Nanus' hybrids, are much hardier (to at least -26C) and can be left in the ground in regions with sufficiently dry winters. 'Nanus' is hardy to Zones 5–8. The large-flowered types require moisture during the growing season, and must be individually staked as soon as the sword-shaped flower heads appear. The leaves must be allowed to die down naturally before lifting and storing the corms. Plants are propagated either from small cormlets produced as offsets by the parent corms, or from seed. In either case, they take several years to get to flowering size. Clumps should be dug up and divided every few years to keep them vigorous.[12]

They are affected by thrips, (thrip simplex),[12] [13] and wasps Dasyproctus bipunctatus, which burrow into the flowers causing them to collapse and die.[14]

Numerous garden cultivars have been developed, of which ‘Robinetta’ (a G. recurvus hybrid), with pink flowers, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[15] [16]

In culture

Species

The genus Gladiolus contains about 300 species, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families had over 276 species in 1988,[25], it accepted 300 species.[26]

There are 260 species of Gladiolus endemic to southern Africa,[27] and 76 in tropical Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia.[28]

The genus Gladiolus has been divided into many sections. Most species, however, are only tentatively placed.

Known hybrids include:

See also: List of Gladiolus cultivars.

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Manning, John . Goldblatt, Peter . The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification . Timber Press . Portland, Oregon. 138–42 . 2008. 978-0-88192-897-6.
  2. Book: Shorter Oxford English dictionary: 6th edition . Oxford University Press . 2007 . United Kingdom . 978-0199206872.
  3. Goldblatt, P. &, J.C. Manning. Gladiolus in Southern Africa : Systematics, Biology, and Evolution. Fernwood Press, Cape Town; 1998.
  4. Goldblatt . P. . De Vos . M. P. . 1989 . The reduction of Oenostachys, Homoglossum and Anomalesia, putative sunbird pollinated genera, in Gladiolus L. (Iridaceae-Ixioideae) . Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section B . 11 . 4. 417–428 .
  5. Web site: The Purple Gladiolus. wordpress.com. 2 February 2017. 11 September 2011.
  6. Web site: Perry . Dr. Leonard. Gladiolus . pss.uvm.edu. 2 February 2017.
  7. William Berman
  8. Goldblatt. Peter. Manning. John C.. Bernhardt. Peter. Notes on the Pollination of Gladiolus brevifolius (Iridaceae) by Bees (Anthophoridae) and Bee Mimicking Flies (Psilodera: Acroceridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. October 1997. 70. 4. 297–304. 25085792.
  9. Goldblatt. Peter. Manning. John C.. Radiation of Pollination Systems in the Iridaceae of sub-Saharan Africa. Ann. Bot.. 2006. 97. 3. 317–344. 10.1093/aob/mcj040. 2803647. 16377653.
  10. Alexandersson . R . Johnson . SD. . Pollinator-mediated selection on flower-tube length in a hawkmoth-pollinated Gladiolus (Iridaceae). . Proc R Soc Lond B . 2002 . 269 . 1491 . 631–636 . 10.1098/rspb.2001.1928. 1690929 . 11916480.
  11. David J. Carter
  12. Book: Lloyd. Christopher. Garden Flowers. 2000. Cassell and Co. 0304354279. 170–172.
  13. Ramon Albajes, Maria Lodovica Gullino, Joop C. van Lenteren and Yigal Elad (Editors)
  14. Arnold S. Menke
  15. Web site: RHS Plantfinder – Gladiolus 'Robinetta' . 16 February 2018.
  16. Web site: AGM Plants – Ornamental . July 2017 . 43 . Royal Horticultural Society . 2 March 2018.
  17. Web site: August Birth Flowers. almanac.com. 2 February 2017.
  18. Web site: Gladiolus Rag . Library of Congress. 14 October 2020.
  19. Web site: Champions and their winning words. spellingbee.com/. 2 February 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121117084950/http://www.spellingbee.com/champions-and-their-winning-words. 17 November 2012.
  20. http://www.gardening-tools-direct.co.uk/general/gladiolus.html Dame Edna Everage and gladioli
  21. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle (Paris, 1819), pp. 315–316; Julius Billerbeck, Flora classica (Leipzig, 1824), p. 13; "L'origine dei maccheroni," Archivo per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari 17 (1898), vol. 36, p. 428.
  22. Ancient sources on phasganion, xiphion and gladiolus, generally called "corn-flag" by historical botanists, include Theophrastus, Historia Plantarum 7.12.3; Dioscorides, De Materia Medica E 2.101; Pliny, Natural History 21.107–115; Pseudo-Apuleius, Herbarius 79, as cited by Andrew Dalby, Food in the Ancient World from A to Z (Routledge, 2003), p. 105, characterizing Pliny's entry on the plant as "confused." The correspondence of ancient plant names to modern species is always uncertain. Both the Greek xiphion and the Latin word gladiolus ("little sword") come from a word meaning "sword."
  23. News: Entertainment – Rainy-day voice of a generation. 17 May 2004. BBC.
  24. YouTube. YouTube.
  25. A. Mujib (Editor)
  26. Web site: Search for Gladiolus. . . 2 February 2017.
  27. Trevor R. Hodkinson and John A.N. Parnell (Editors)
  28. Rina Kamenetsky and Hiroshi Okubo (Editors)
  29. Web site: Gladiolus acuminatus F.Bolus – The Plant List. theplantlist.org. 9 April 2018.
  30. Web site: Gladiolus bullatus. rhs.org. 3 March 2018.
  31. Web site: Foden. W.. Potter. L.. Caledon Bluebell. 2005. redlist.sanbi.org/. 3 March 2018.
  32. Web site: More About Us . https://web.archive.org/web/20170828194025/http://www.darlingromery.co.za/about-us/. 28 August 2017.
  33. Web site: Gladiolus Communis. the.botanical-magazine.com. 3 March 2018. 3 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180303110056/http://the.botanical-magazine.com/flower/gladiolus-communis. dead.
  34. Web site: Gladiolus communis. rhs.org. 3 March 2018.

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