Achondrogenesis type 2 explained
Achondrogenesis, type 2 is an uncommon skeletal dysplasia that is autosomal dominant and occurs at a frequency of approximately 0.2 per 100,000 births.[1] Also known by the name Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis, it is one of the fatal short-limbed dwarfisms linked to structural mutations in type II collagen.[2]
Typically, achondrogenesis type II manifests in the perinatal period as short stature, edema/hydropic look, narrow chest with pulmonary hypoplasia, severely short limbs (micromelia), and extraskeletal characteristics (e.g., flat midface, Pierre Robin sequence). Most of these babies are stillborn, delivered before their due date, or pass away from cardiorespiratory failure soon after delivery, meaning that they do not live to term.[3]
Signs and symptoms
The characteristic features of achondrogenesis type 2 are short arms and legs, a tiny chest with short ribs, lung hypoplasia, a small chin, a prominent forehead, and an enlarged abdomen that may also include hydrops and polyhydramnios.[4]
Causes
Mutations in the COL2A1 gene can cause a number of skeletal abnormalities, including achondrogenesis type 2. Instructions for producing a protein that produces type II collagen are provided by this gene. Type II collagen molecule assembly is disrupted by mutations in the COL2A1 gene, impairing the normal development of bones and other connective tissues.[5]
Because achromogenesis type 2 is caused by a mutated gene that only needs one copy in each cell, it is regarded as an autosomal dominant disorder.[5]
Further reading
- Maheshwari . Saurabh . Ingole . Dilip . Chatterjee . Samar . Rajesh . Uddandam . Anand . Varun . A case report of achondrogenesis type II (Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis) . Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine . 52 . 1 . 2021 . 2090-4762 . 10.1186/s43055-021-00479-0 . free . none.
- Kobayashi . Yukari . Ito . Yuki . Taniguchi . Kosuke . Harada . Kana . Yamamura . Michihiro . Sato . Taisuke . Takahashi . Ken . Kawame . Hiroshi . Hata . Kenichiro . Samura . Osamu . Okamoto . Aikou . Novel missense COL2A1 variant in a fetus with achondrogenesis type II . Human Genome Variation . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 9 . 1 . 2022-11-15 . 40 . 2054-345X . 10.1038/s41439-022-00218-5 . 36376277 . none. 9663423 .
Notes and References
- Taybi and Lachman's Radiology of Syndromes, Metabolic Disorders and Skeletal Dysplasias, 5th ed . Radiology . 249 . 3 . 2008 . 0033-8419 . 10.1148/radiol.2493082537 . 776.
- Saldino . Ronald M. . Lethal Short-Limbed Dwarfism: Achondrogenesis and Thanatophoric Dwarfism . American Journal of Roentgenology . 112 . 1 . 1971 . 0361-803X . 10.2214/ajr.112.1.185 . 185–197. 5582025 .
- Web site: Gregersen . Pernille Axél . Savarirayan . Ravi . Type II Collagen Disorders Overview . University of Washington, Seattle . 2019-04-25 . 31021589 . 2024-02-25.
- Dogan . P . Varal . IG . Gorukmez . O . Akkurt . MO . Akdag . A . Achondrogenesis type 2 in a newborn with a novel mutation on the COL2A1 gene . Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics . Walter de Gruyter GmbH . 22 . 1 . 2019-06-01 . 1311-0160 . 10.2478/bjmg-2019-0001 . 89–94. 31523626 . 6714336 .
- Web site: Achondrogenesis: MedlinePlus Genetics . MedlinePlus . 2015-03-01 . 2024-02-26.
