List of aces of aces explained

Ace of aces is a title accorded to the top active ace within a branch of service in a nation's military in time of war. The title is most closely associated with fighter aces, though there are other types, such as tank aces and submarine aces.

Flying aces

Ace of aces is a title accorded to the top flying ace of a nation's air force during time of war.

World War I

See also: Lists of World War I flying aces. The concept of aces emerged in 1915 during World War I.

Person	Country	WWI years active	Overall years active	Aerial victories	Plane flown	Notes
Adolphe Pégoud	French Third Republic	5 February 1915 – 31 August 1915	1907–1915			The first flying ace in history.
Jean Navarre	French Third Republic	September 1914 – 17 June 1916	1914–1919	12	Nieuport 11, Nieuport 16 and Morane-Saulnier L	Wounded in action on 17 June 1916.
Georges Guynemer	French Third Republic	8 June 1915 – 11 September 1917	1914–1917	54	Morane-Saulnier L, Spad VII, SPAD XII and SPAD XIII	^[1] ^[2]
Charles Nungesser	French Third Republic	July 1915 – 14 August 1918	1914–1918	43	Voisin 3, Nieuport 17, Nieuport 25 and SPAD XIII
René Fonck	French Third Republic	May 1915 – 1 november 1918	1914–19181937–1940	75	Caudron G III, SPAD VII, SPAD XII and SPAD XIII	All-time Allied ace of aces, with 75 confirmed aerial victories.^[3] ^[4] ^[5]
Oswald Boelcke	German Empire	15 August 1914 – 28 October 1916	1911–1916		Fokker E.I, Fokker E.III, Fokker E.IV, Fokker D.III, Albatros D.I and Albatros D.II
Max Immelmann	German Empire	February 1915 – 18 June 1916	1911–1916		Fokker E.I and Fokker E.IV
Werner Voss	German Empire	27 January 1915 – 23 September 1917	1914–1917	48	Albatros D.III, Fokker Dr.I, Pfalz D.III, Pfalz Dr.I, Albatros D.V	48 confirmed victories, tied with Josef Jacobs.
Erich Loewenhardt	German Empire	March 1917 – 10 August 1918	1914–1918			54 confirmed victories, third after Manfred von Richthofen and Ernst Udet.^[6]
Manfred von Richthofen	German Empire	17 September 1916 – 21 April 1918	1911 - 1918	80		The ace of aces von Richthofen, also called "The Red Baron", achieved 80 air combat victories, the highest score in World War I.
Ernst Udet	German Empire	– end of World War I				62 confirmed victories, second after Manfred von Richthofen^[7]
Raymond Collishaw	Dominion of Canada	August 1916 – end of World War I				Credited with 60 victories, making him the second highest scoring Canadian ace of the war, behind Billy Bishop.^[8]
Frederick Libby	(RAF)	2 December 1916 – 2 December 1917				The first American ace. Fourteen victories.
Billy Bishop	Dominion of Canada	April 1917 – end of World War I				Credited with 72 victories, making him the top Canadian and British Empire ace of the war.^[9] In 1917 he became the highest scoring ace in the RFC and the third top ace of the war, behind only the Red Baron and René Fonck.^[10]
Raoul Lufbery	(Armée de l'air)	2 December 1917 – 15 May 1918				Succeeded Libby by scoring his 15th and 16th victories.
Paul Frank Baer	(Armée de l'air)	15 May 1918 – 18 May 1918				Succeeded Lufbery on his death. Nine victories.^[11]
Frank Leaman Baylies	(Armée de l'air)	18 May 1918 – 12 June 1918				Succeeded Baer on his death.
David E. Putnam	(Armée de l'air)	12 June 1918 – 12 September 1918				Succeeded Bayliss on his capture.
Frank Luke		12 September 1918 – 29 September 1918				Succeeded Bayliss on his death.
Eddie Rickenbacker		29 September 1918 – end of World War I				Succeeded Luke on his death. Was the American ace of aces for overall aerial victories (26).
Indra Lal Roy	British India	1917–1918				India's most successful fighter pilot, with 12 kills (two shared). He remains the only Indian fighter ace to this day.^[12]

World War II

See also: List of World War II flying aces. World War II had more planes than any other war.

Person	Country	WWII years active	Overall years active	Aerial victories	Plane flown	Notes
Erich Hartmann	Nazi Germany	19 September 1942-8 May 1945	1940–19451956–1970	352	Bf 109	Hartmann is the highest scoring ace of all time, with 352 aerial victories, the first pilot to achieve 300 aerial victories (on 24 August 1944) and 350 aerial victories (on 17 April 1945)^[13]
Ilmari Juutilainen		1939–1944	1932–1947	94	Fokker D.XXI, Brewster Buffalo and Bf 109	The top scoring Ilmavoimat (Finnish Air Force), and the top scoring non-German fighter pilot of all time. The top flying ace of the Finnish Air Force with 94 confirmed aerial combat victories^[14]
Pat Pattle		4 August 1940– 20 April 1941	1936–1941	50	Hurricanes and Gladiators	Credited with 51 victories, making him the most successful South African Ace of the Second World War.
Sailor Malan		1939–1944	1932–1946		Spitfire	Commanded Biggin Hill at the height of the Battle of Britain, shooting down Werner Molders. Credited with over 30 confirmed victories.
George 'Buzz' Beurling		1940–1944	1940–1944, 1948	31	Spitfire and P-51 Mustangs	Credited with 31 confirmed victories, making him the most successful Canadian ace of the Second World War.^[15]
James Edgar 'Johnnie' Johnson		1941–1945	1939–1966	34	Spitfire	Highest scoring RAF ace of the war, with 34 confirmed kills.
Richard Bong		19 January 1942–6 August 1945	1941–1945	40	P-38 Lightning and P-80 Shooting Star	Top US flying ace of the war, credited with 40 confirmed downed Japanese aircraft. Awarded the Medal of Honor.^[16]
Ivan Kozhedub		6 July 1943 – 17 April 1945	1940–1985	64	La-5 and La-7	Credited with 64 victories, Kozhedub is the top scoring Allied ace of World War II. One of the few pilots to shoot down a Messerschmitt Me 262.^[17] ^[18]
William R. Dunn	(Eagle Squadron)	16 April 1941 – June 1944	1934–19351939–1973		Spitfire, Hurricanes and P-47 Thunderbolt	First US ace of the war, while flying with the RAF.^[19]
Joe Foss		October 1942–1944	1939–1955	26	F4U Corsair and F4F Wildcat	Credited with 26 confirmed downed Japanese aircraft. Awarded the Medal of Honor.^[20]
Werner Mölders	Nazi Germany	1 September 1939 – 22 November 1941	1931–1941		Bf 109	^[21]
Alfred Schreiber	Nazi Germany	-26 November 1944	1933-1944	5	Messerschmitt Me 262	First aerial victory by a jet fighter and first jet ace in aviation history.^[22]
Robin Olds		August 1943–1945	1943-1973	13	P-38 Lightning and P-51 Mustang	Triple ace - Olds was the only pilot to "make ace" in both the P-38 (five victories) and the P-51 (eight victories) in the war.

Post-World War II era

Person	Country	Wars	Years active	Plane flown	Notes
Royal N. Baker		Korean War	1941–1975	F-86 Sabre	Was the ace of aces for jet-vs-jet combat. Succeeded Davis on his death.^[23] ^[24]
Joseph C. McConnell		Korean War	1940–1954	F-86 Sabre	Was the ace of aces for jet-vs-jet combat.^[25]
Muhammad Mahmood Alam	Pakistan	Indo-Pakistani War of 1965	1953–1982	F-86 Sabre	Muhammad Mahmood Alam is credited with having shot down five Indian aircraft in less than a minute, the last four within 30 seconds.^[26]
Giora Even Epstein	Israel	Six-Day War	1956–1997	Mirage III, Mirage 5, Kfir and F-16	Credited with 17 victories, 16 against Egyptian jets, making Epstein the ace of aces of supersonic fighter jets and of the Israeli Air Force.^[27] ^[28]
Randy H. Cunningham			1967–1987	F-4 Phantom II	First American ace of the Vietnam War.^[29]
Nguyen Van Coc	Democratic Republic of Vietnam		1961–2002	MiG-17 and MiG-21	From seven to nine victories on US-crewed aircraft, as well as two drones.^[30] ^[31]
Legesse Tefera	Ethiopia			Northrop F-5	Ethiopia's most successful pilot, and the most successful Northrop F-5 pilot, with six or seven kills.^[32] ^[33] ^[34] ^[35]
Shahram Rostami	Iran		1967–2007	F-14 Tomcat	^[36] ^[37]
Jalil Zandi	Iran		1970–2001	F-14 Tomcat	Iran's most successful fighter pilot ever, with eight confirmed aerial victories. The most successful F-14 Tomcat pilot.^[38] ^[39] ^[40]
Mohommed "Sky Falcon" Rayyan	Iraq		1977–1986	MiG-21 and MiG-25	Iraq's most successful fighter pilot ever, with five confirmed aerial victories. The most successful MiG-25 pilot.^[41] ^[42]

21st Century era

}|-| Kanamat Botashev| | Russian invasion of Ukraine

Eastern Ukraine campaign

- - - Annexation of Crimea 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Battle of Kyiv

| Soviet Union 1989–1991
Ukraine 1991–2018, 2022|10|Sukhoi Su-27| One of the first fighter aces of the 21st century with at least 10 confirmed aerial victories. ^[50] He was shot down and killed during the Battle of Kyiv. He was later awarded the Order of the Gold Star posthumously.^[51] |-| Vadym "Karaya" & "Ghost of Vinnytsia" Voroshylov| Ukraine| | 2011 to Present |10+|Mikoyan MiG-29|On October 10, during a massive missile attack, he shot down two Russian cruise missiles. On October 12, he destroyed five Shahed 136 drones three in southern Ukraine and two over Vinnytsia, making him the first ace in a day in the 21st century and since 1st Lieutenant Oscar Perdomo, USAAF 475th FG, who on 13 August 1945 was the last individual to active the title. He was forced to eject from his MiG-29 aircraft after it was hit by debris from the last Shahed-136 that had shot down. Vadym ejected in Vinnytsia region, having previously diverted the fighter jet from the settlement. He was awarded the Hero of Ukraine award for his actions. ^[52] |-|Ilya Andreevich Sizov| Russia||2016 to Present|13+|Sukhoi Su-30SM|Shot down 11 Ukrainian aircraft (3 Su-24s, 3 Su-27s, 2 MiG-29s, 2 Mi-24s, and 1 Mi-14) and destroyed two Buk-M1 anti-aircraft missile systems. He is currently the highest scoring ace of the 21st century.^[53] ^[54] ^[55] |-|}

Submarine aces

Ace of the Deep is a title accorded to the top subsea ace/undersea ace/submarine ace of a nation's submarine force during time of war.

Persons accorded the title *ace of aces*
Person	Country	War	Period	Notes
Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière	Imperial Germany	World War I	1915–18	The commander of U-35, Arnauld de la Perière sank a total of 194 merchant vessels and gunboats totaling 453,716 gross metric tons.^[56] ^[57]
Dick O'Kane		World War II	– 25 October 1944	Was captured and made Prisoner of war.^[58]
Eugene Fluckey		World War II		^[59]
Malcolm David Wanklyn		World War II	– 14 April 1942	Wanklyn was the British Ace of Aces in terms of tonnage.^[60] ^[61]
Benjamin Bryant		World War II	– end of World War II	Bryant was the British Ace of Aces.^[62] ^[63]
Reinhard Suhren	Nazi Germany	World War II		A U-boat ace.^[64]
Gianfranco Gazzana-Priaroggia	Italy	World War II		The highest scoring Italian submarine commander, with 11 ships sunk for a total of 90,601 tons.^[65]
Carlo Fecia di Cossato	Italy	World War II		With 16 sinkings, he is credited with the most kills in the Regia Marina, as well as the second most successful Italian submarine commander with 86,545 tons.

Tank aces

A "tank ace" or Panzer ace has been described by Historian Robert Kershaw as being the minority of tank commanders that accounted for the most destroyed enemy armor, saying it is roughly analogous with a flying ace.^[67]

Person	Country	War	Period	Tanks destroyed	Tank type crewed	Notes
Kurt Knispel	Nazi Germany	World War II	1940 – 28 April 1945	168	Tiger I and Tiger II	168 confirmed and 195 unconfirmed tank kills. He fought in nearly every type of German tank, working as a loader, gunner, or commander. He is credited with destroying a T-34 tank from 3,000 meters.
Otto Carius	Nazi Germany	World War II	1940 – 7 May 1945	150	Tiger I, various others	Credited with over 150 tank kills and 1 aircraft shot down, mostly in various Tiger tanks.^[68]
Johannes Bölter	Nazi Germany	World War II	1940 – 28 April 1945	139	Tiger I	Destroyed 139 enemy tanks, including 16 tanks in one action. Referenced in Wolfgang Schneider's "Tigers in Combat, Volume 1"^[69]
Michael Wittmann	Nazi Germany	World War II	1941 – 8 August 1944	138	Tiger I and Sturmgeschütz III	Credited with over 138 tank kills^[70]
Paul Egger	Nazi Germany	World War II	1941 – 3 May 1945	113		SS obershafuehrer Credited with 113 tank kills^[71]
Fritz lang	Nazi Germany	World War II	1941 – ????	111	Stug III	Germany's WW2 top assault gun ace.^[72]
Albert Kerscher	Nazi Germany	World War II	???? – 19 April 1945	100	Tiger I	Feldwebel Albert Kerscher, a member of Schwere Panzer Abeteilung 502. Credited with 100 tanks destroyed^[73] ^[74]
Zvika Greengold	Israel	Yom Kippur War	6 October 1973 – 25 October 1973	60	Centurion (more specifically Sho't)	In total 60 tanks were accredited to him.^[75] Greengold himself claims 20 Syrian tanks over the space of holding his position for 20 hours. He changed tanks six times.^[76] ^[77]
Dmitry Lavrinenko	USSR	World War II	1941	52	T-34	Dmitry Fyodorovich Lavrinenko was a Soviet tank commander and Hero of the Soviet Union. He was the highest scoring tank ace of the Allies during World War II. Lavrinenko destroyed 52 tanks in just 2.5 months of fierce fighting in 1941.
Alfred Nickolls	United Kingdom	World War II	1940 – 1943	30	M4 Sherman	According to the 22nd November 1942 citation,^[78] Corporal Nickolls, in a Sherman tank at El Alemain destroyed 14 tanks, including destroying 9 German tanks in one single engagement. He destroyed 30 tank during the entire North Africa campaign, making him the top tank ace of the United Kingdom and the top tank ace of the western Allies during World War II^[79] Awarded the Military Medal by Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery^[80]
Zinovy Grigoryevich Kolobanov	USSR	World War II	1941	25	KV-1	Destroyed 22 tanks and 2 artillery pieces before running out of ammunition, while leading a unit of 5 KV-1Es in an ambush near Leningrad on 20 August 1941. His unit destroyed a total of 43 German tanks that day.^[81]
Sydney Valpy Radley-Walters	Canada	World War II	October 1942 - end of World War II	18	M4 Sherman	Credited with 18 tank kills and many other armoured vehicles, whilst in command of three Sherman tanks, named 'Caribou'.^[82] The tank squadron under his command may have been responsible for the death of German tank ace Michael Wittmann.
Lafayette G. Pool		World War II	27 June 1944 – 15 September 1944	12	M4 Sherman	Widely recognised as the American tank ace of aces, with 12 confirmed tank kills and 258 armoured vehicle kills, whilst in command of a Sherman tank.^[83] ^[84]
Börje Bror Brotell	Finland	World War II	1943 – 1944	11	Sturmgeschütz III	Recognised as the Finnish tank ace of aces, with 11 confirmed and 4 unconfirmed tank kills during World War II. Brotell’s role during The Battle of Tali–Ihantala was decisive and his Sturmgeschütz III destroyed multiple enemy tanks which had achieved a breakthrough.^[85]
Arun Khetarpal	India	Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Battle of Basantar	9 December 1971 - 16 December 1971	10	Centurion	Indian tank ace. Personally responsible for destroying 10 tanks before he was killed in action in Battle of Basantar^[86]
Edmund Roman Orlik	Poland	Invasion of Poland	1 September 1939 - 28 September 1939	10 (official)	TKS (20mm variant)	Polish "tank ace of aces". During the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in September 1939 he claimed to have destroyed ten German tanks, including one Panzer IV Ausf. B, the largest tank then fielded by Germany, with a 2.6 tonne TKS tankette armed with a 20mm autocannon. The unofficial claim is that he destroyed 13 tanks, although this has not been confirmed by any trustworthy sources to date.

References

Citations

General and cited references

World War I sources

Book: Franks . Norman . Norman Franks . Bailey . Frank . 2008 . Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918 . Grub Street Publishing . London, UK . 978-0-948817-54-0.
Book: Franks . Norman . Norman Franks . Bailey . Frank . Guest . Russell . 2008 . Above the Lines: A Complete Record of the Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914–1918 . Grub Street Publishing . London, UK . 978-0-948817-73-1.

Later wars

Aces of WWII
.
Toliver, Raymond F. and Trevor J. Constable (1998). Die deutschen Jagdflieger-Asse 1939 – 1945. Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. .
Samuel, Wolfgang W.E. (2004). American Raiders — The Race to Capture the Luftwaffe's Secrets. University Press of Mississippi. .

Notes and References

New York Times, "Saw 40 Air Foes After Guynemer", Thursday 27 September 1917
Wright-Martin Aircraft Corporation, "Hispano-Suiza Aeronautical Engines", Wright-Martin Aircraft Corporation, 1918
Taylor & Francis, "The European Powers in the First World War", Spencer Tucker, Laura Matysek Wood, Justin D. Murphy,
The Lowell Sun, "Record by French "Ace Of Aces" Never Equalled", Associated Press, Friday 21 June 1918
Doubleday, "Ace of Aces", René Fonck, 1967
Osprey Publishing, "Richthofen's Circus", Greg VanWyngarden, 2005
University of Nebraska Press, "Impossible missions?: German economic, military, and humanitarian efforts in Africa", Nina Berman, 2004
Web site: Raymond Collishaw World War I Fighter Ace . www.constable.ca. 2021-09-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20160406101443/http://www.constable.ca/caah/colishaw.htm. 2016-04-06.
Web site: Billy Bishop Canada's finest Ace. veterans.gc.ca. veterans. 23 January 2020. 2021-05-25.
McCaffery 1960, p. 143.
Stokes, "Fighting the Flying Circus", Eddie Rickenbacker, 1919, (accessed 18 April 2009)
Web site: Indra Lal Roy. www.theaerodrome.com.
Toliver & Constable 1998, pp. 385, 386.
"Keskinen, Kalevi; Stenman, Kari and Niska, Klaus. Hävittäjä-ässät (Finnish Fighter Aces). Espoo, Finland: Tietoteas, 1978. .
Web site: George "Buzz" Beurling. historicacanada.ca. historicacanada. 2021-09-28.
"Dick Bong: Ace Of Aces", General George C. Kenney, 1960
Polak, Tomas with Christopher Shores. Stalin’s Falcon – The Aces of the Red Star. Brub Street, London, 1999., p.189
Web site: Николай Бодрихин. Советские асы. Очерки о советских летчиках. www.erlib.com. RU.
"Fighter Pilot: The First American Ace of World War II", William R. Dunn
The Telegraph (London), "Joe Foss", 2 January 2003, (accessed 17 April 2009)
Toliver & Constable 1998, p. 385.
Foreman & Harvey 1995, p. 81.
TIME, "Ace of Aces", Monday 23 March 1953, (accessed 17 April 2009)
The Canberra Times, "Air Ace Ends Task", 16 March 1953, (accessed 17 April 2009)
TIME, "Ace's End", 6 September 1954, (accessed 17 April 2009)
Web site: Fifth death anniversary of war hero MM Alam being observed today. 18 March 2018. Express Tribune.
Desert Aces . Dogfights . Dogfights (TV series) . . 2007-08-10 . 2 . 5 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071010045635/http://www.history.com/minisites/dogfights/ . 2007-10-10 .
Web site: CBSi. findarticles.com. 6 May 2018.
Texas A&M University Press, "Striving for air superiority: the Tactical Air Command in Vietnam", Craig C. Hannah, 2002,
Web site: Vietnamese Air-to-Air Victories, Part 1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130209163433/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_245.shtml . 2013-02-09 . dead . 2019-08-21.
Web site: Vietnamese Air-to-Air Victories, Part 2 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130304225827/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_246.shtml . 2013-03-04 . dead . 2019-08-21.
Web site: Which is Better, the F-5E Tiger II or the MiG-21?. War Is. Boring. August 8, 2016.
Web site: Ethiopia : Hero Air Force General Passes Away. October 5, 2016.
Web site: Air Force hero General Tefera Legese dies in Washington, DC. www.geeskaafrika.com.
Web site: Jan J. Safarik: Air Aces Home Page. aces.safarikovi.org.
Web site: Welcome to the Air Combat Information Group. 1map.com.
Web site: Conflits Israelo-Arabes : 1948 / 1982 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131017182246/http://www.cieldegloire.com/as_45_00_victoires.php . 2013-10-17 . dead . 2019-08-21.
Iranian F-14 Tomcat Units in Combat by Tom Cooper & Farzad Bishop, 2004, Osprey Publishing, pp. 23–24
Web site: IIAF - ANNOUNCEMENTS. www.iiaf.net.
Web site: Fire in the Hills: Iranian and Iraqi Battles of Autumn 1982, by Tom Cooper & Farzad Bishop, Sept. 9, 2003 . 2013-07-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140822073723/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_214.shtml . 2014-08-22 . dead .
Web site: Iraqi Air-to-Air Victories since 1967 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130805052018/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_404.shtml . 2013-08-05 . dead . 2019-08-21.
Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 Units in Combat, by David Nicolle and Tom Cooper, (2004) Osprey Publishing, p.82
https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-mourns-ace-fighter-pilot-juice-killed-collision-2023-08-29/ - ANNOUNCEMENTS
Web site: Russia confirms flying ace killed in Ukraine. Ukrainska Pravda.
Web site: Russian media: retired Russian major general killed in skies over Ukraine. May 24, 2022. Yahoo News.
Web site: Russia loses its "Captain Maverick", shot down while attacking targets in Ukraine. Pedro. Viana. May 26, 2022. Aeroflap.
Web site: Russian Major General Shot Down Over Ukraine – BBC Russian. The Moscow. Times. May 24, 2022. The Moscow Times.
Web site: Ukrainian paratroopers have probably neutralized the infamous Russian aviation general.
Web site: 63-Year-Old Retired Russian Fighter Pilot Shot Down In Su-25 Over Ukraine. Howard. Altman. May 24, 2022. The War Zone.
Web site: Ukraine Mourns Death Of Former Su-27 Flanker Display Pilot Col. Oksanchenko Shot Down Near Kyiv. David. Cenciotti. March 1, 2022.
Web site: Ukraine-Russia Crisis: Ukrainian Fighter Pilot ‘Grey Wolf’ Killed In Air Combat Against The Russians. March 3, 2022. India Today.
https://nypost.com/2022/12/08/ukrainian-fighter-pilot-shoots-gory-selfie-after-ejecting/}}
Web site: Сизов Илья Андреевич . 2023-01-16 . warheroes.ru.
Web site: Подполковник Илья Сизов был удостоен высшей награды страны — звания Героя Российской Федерации — за совершённый подвиг в небе над островом Змеиный. . Redstar.ru.
Web site: Sizov Ilya Andreevich. russian-torturers.com.
Challenge Publications, "The U-Boat ACE of ACES", William H Langenberg, 2004
Web site: Kapitänleutnant Lothar von Arnauld1 Coulés ou endommagés par U 35 - Sunk or damaged by U 35 . French. History Maritime.
Sutton Publishing, "The Bravest Man", William Tuohy, 2001
The Times (London), "Rear-Admiral Eugene Fluckey", 20 July 2007 (accessed 2009 April 20)
Web site: Malcolm David Wanklyn VC, DSO, RN. Helgason. Guðmundur. German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net.
Naval Institute Press, "Soldiers Lost at Sea", James E. Wise, Scott Baron, 2003,
Web site: Benjamin Bryant DSO, DSC, RN. Helgason. Guðmundur. German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net.
Bantam, "Submarine Commander", Rear Admiral Ben Bryant, 1960
US Naval Institute Press, "Teddy Suhren: Ace of Aces: Memoirs of a U-boat Rebel", Teddy Suhren,
Book: Giorgerini, Giorgio. Uomini sul fondo : storia del sommergibilismo italiano dalle origini a oggi. 2002. Mondadori. Milano. 8804505370. 691.
Web site: Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - W.
Kershaw, Robert. Tank Men: the Human Story of Tanks at War, Hodder, p. 332.
George Forty "Tiger Tank Battalions in World War II" p. 103.
Wolfgang Schneider "Tigers in Combat, Volume 1" 2004 page 81
Forty, George Tank Aces Sutton Publishing, 1977 p 108
Schneider, Wolfgang, "Tigers in Combat, Volume II,", 2020 p 275
Raymond Bagdonas, The Devil's General: The Life of Hyazinth Graf Strachwitz, ...,, Casemate Publishers 2014
Wolfgang Schneider Tigers in Combat, Volume 1 2004 page 91
Traces of War Military Bio Resource https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/39707/Kerscher-Albert.htm
Web site: Zvika's Story . 20 August 2006 . The Department for Jewish Zionist Education . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20040603162627/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/actual/ykippur/4-6.html . June 3, 2004 .
Simon Dunstan, "British Battle Tanks: Post-war Tanks 1946–2016" - Page 108, 2020
Book: Rabinovich, Abraham . The Yom Kippur War . McGraw-Hill . New York . 2005 . 0-8052-1124-1 . 164.
Bright, Joan "The Ninth Queens Royal Lancer, 1939 - 1945." The Naval and Military Press page 308
Bright, Joan "The Ninth Queens Royal Lancer, 1939 - 1945." The Naval and Military Press page 117
The National archives catalogue "Recommendation for Award for Nicholls, Alfred Rank: Lance Corporal Service" https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7360171
"Monument to veteran of Great Patriotic War Zinoviy Kolobanov to be unveiled in Minsk". Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 7 September 2006. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
News: Rose. Larry. Tank Ace began stellar career at Normandy. April 23, 2015. The Globe and Mail.
Book: Tank Aces: From Blitzkrieg to the Gulf War. Forty. George. 1997. Motorbooks Intl. 0750914475.
Woolner. Frank. September 22, 1944. THE TEXAS TANKER. YANK Magazine. 10 March 2017.
Book: Brantberg, Robert . Sotasankarit. 21 suomalaisen sotasankarin elämäntarina . Revontuli . Gummerus . 2000 . 952-5170-11-X . 1st . [Tampere] . 9–19 . fi . 58273901.
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