Al-Shahrastani Explained

Religion:Islam
Region:Shahristān, Khorasan
Era:Islamic Golden Age
Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī
Nā’ib (Deputy) of the chancellery for Sanjar, the Saljūq ruler of Khurāsān
Birth Name:al-Shahrastani
Birth Date:1086 CE
Birth Place:Shahristān, Khorasan (province of Persia)
Death Date:1153
Death Place:Shahristān, Khorasan
Jurisprudence:Shafi'i
Creed:Ash'ari[1] [2]
Main Interests:History, theology, Kalam, philosophy, historiography, Islamic jurisprudence
Notable Works:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal, Nihayat al-Iqdam fi 'Ilm al-Kalam
Influences:Al-Juwayni
Influenced:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi

Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī (Arabic: تاج الدين أبو الفتح محمد بن عبد الكريم الشهرستاني; 1086–1153 CE), also known as Muhammad al-Shahrastānī, was an influential Persian historian of religions, a historiographer, Islamic scholar, philosopher and theologian.[3] His book, Kitab al–Milal wa al-Nihal (lit. The Book of Sects and Creeds) was one of the pioneers in developing an objective and philosophical approach to the study of religions.[4]

Life

Very few things are known about al-Shahrastānī's life. He was born in 1086 CE A.H., in the town of Shahristān, (Khorasan, province of Persia) where he acquired his early traditional education. Later, he was sent to Nīshāpūr where he studied under different masters who were all disciples of the Ash`ari theologian al-Juwaynī (d. 1085). At the age of thirty, al-Shahrastānī went to Baghdad to pursue theological studies and taught for three years at the prestigious Ash`ari school, al-Nizāmiyya. Afterwards, he returned to Persia where he worked as Nā’ib (Deputy) of the chancellery for Sanjar, the Saljūq ruler of Khurāsān. At the end of his life, al-Shahrastānī went back to live in his native town, where he died in the year 1153.

Works

Al-Shahrastani distinguished himself by his desire to describe in the most objective way the universal religious history of humanity.[5]

This is reflected in his Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal (The Book of Sects and Creeds), a monumental work, which presents the doctrinal points of view of all the religions and philosophies which existed up to his time. The book was one of the earliest systematic studies of religion, and is noted for its non-polemical style and scientific approach.[6] A French translation of the book by Gimaret, Monnot and Jolivet was sponsored by UNESCO (Livre des religions et des sectes. Peeters: 1986, 1993).

Al-Shahrastani's philosophical and theological thoughts manifested in his other major works, which include:

Religious belief

Although self-identified as an Ash'ari in terms of theology and a Shafi’i in terms of law, as can be seen in his books, Al-Milal wa al-Nihal, and Nihayat al-Iqdam fi 'Ilm al-Kalam, a few of his contemporaries accused him of covertly being an Isma'ili, and modern scholars believe that he was actually an Isma’ili practicing taqiya, or dissimulation, based on statements throughout his writings that correspond strongly with Isma’ili mysticism and its central doctrine of the Imamate.[7] [8] [9] [10]

Al-Shahrastani was amongst those attracted by the "new preaching" (da'wah jadidah) which Hasan-i Sabbāh, the Isma'ili da'i and founder of the medieval Nizari Isma'ili state, initiated. This preaching sought to spread the idea that humanity is always in need of infallible and divine teaching, which can only be provided by a divinely appointed guide. Al-Shahrastani tried to keep this a secret, but it was revealed by his student Al-Sam'ani. His works include a Quranic commentary that is infused with Isma’ili terminology, in which he hinted at his conversion by a "pious servant of God" who taught him how to find the esoteric (batin) meaning of the Quran. In his Kitab Al-musara'ah (Book of the wrestling match), al-Shahrastani criticizes Avicenna's belief that God is the involuntary necessitating cause of the world, and he also provides support for the Ismaili thesis that God is beyond being and nonbeing.[11]

Christian commentary

In Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal, al-Shahrastani records a portrayal of Christianity very close to the orthodox tenets while continuing the Islamic narrative:

“The Christians. (They are) the community (umma) of the Christ, Jesus, son of Mary (peace upon him). He it is who was truly sent (as prophet; mab'uth) after Moses (peace upon him), and who was announced in the Torah. To him were (granted) manifest signs and notable evidences, such as the reviving of the dead and the curing of the blind and the leper. His very nature and innate disposition (fitra) are a perfect sign of his truthfulness; that is, his coming without previous seed and his speaking without prior teaching. For all the (other) prophets the arrival of their revelation was at (the age of) forty years, but revelation came to him when he was made to speak in the cradle, and revelation came to him when he conveyed (the divine message) at (the age of) thirty. The duration of his (prophetic) mission (da'wa) was three years and three months and three days."[12]

Al-Shahrastani also explains the differences between Christians in Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal regarding the incarnation (tajassud):

"They affirmed that God has three hypostases (aqanim). They said that the Creator (may he be exalted) is one substance (jawhar), meaning by this what is self-subsistent (al-qa'im bi-n-nafs), not (what is characterized by) spatial location and physical magnitude; and he is one in substantiality, three in hypostaticity (uqnumiyya). By the hypostases they mean the attributes (sifat), such as existence, life and knowledge, and the father, the son and the holy spirit (ruh al-qudus). The (hypostasis of) knowledge clothes itself and was incarnated, but not the other hypostases."[13]

Bibliography

Works and studies in English
Works and studies in French
Works and studies in German
Works in Arabic

See also

References

Books

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: John B. Henderson. The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns. 1998. SUNY Press. 9780791437599. 28.
  2. Book: Israr Ahmad Khan, Hilman Latief, Maher Abu-Munshar, Khosrow Bagheri and Zohreh Khosravi. Katherine Bullock. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 23:4. 2006. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). 36.
  3. Schimmel, Annemarie (1992). Islam: An Introduction (Translation of: Der Islam). SUNY Press. . . p. 86
  4. Book: Watt, William Montgomery. W. Montgomery Watt. 1991. Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions. London and New York. Routledge. 0415054109.
  5. https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 Watt 1991, p. 68.
  6. https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 Watt 1991, p. 68.
  7. Web site: Steigerwald. Diana. Al-Shahrastānī (d. 1153 C.E.). live. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://web.archive.org/web/20100612182520/http://www.iep.utm.edu/shahras/ . 2010-06-12 .
  8. Web site: Abu al-Fath Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Shahrastani. https://web.archive.org/web/20171116014921/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2157. dead. 16 November 2017. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam.
  9. Lawson. Todd. Jan–Mar 2011. Keys to the Arcana: Shahrastani's Esoteric Commentary on the Qur'an: A Translation of the Commentary of Surat al-Fatiha from Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Karim Shahrastani's Mafatih al-asrar wa masabih al-abrar. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 131. 170–171. .
  10. Web site: Shahrastani's 'Mafatih al-asrar' Introduction The Institute of Ismaili Studies. 2021-12-31. www.iis.ac.uk.
  11. Book: Jones, Lindsay. Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan Reference. 2004. USA. English.
  12. https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 Watt 1991, p. 68.
  13. https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 Watt 1991, p. 69.

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