Abrasion (mechanical) explained

Abrasion is the process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away. It can be intentionally imposed in a controlled process using an abrasive. Abrasion can be an undesirable effect of exposure to normal use or exposure to the elements.

In stone shaping

Ancient artists, working in stone, used abrasion to create sculptures. The artist selected dense stones like carbonite and emery and rubbed them consistently against comparatively softer stones like limestone and granite. The artist used different sizes and shapes of abrasives, or turned them in various ways as they rubbed, to create effects on the softer stone's surface. Water was continuously poured over the surface to carry away particles. Abrasive technique in stone shaping was a long, tedious process that, with patience, resulted in eternal works of art in stone.

Models

The Archard equation is a simple model used to describe sliding wear and is based on the theory of asperity contact.[1]

Q=

KWL
H

where:

Q is the total volume of wear debris produced

K is the wear coefficient

W is the total normal load

L is the sliding distance

H is the hardness of the softest contacting surfaces

K is obtained from experimental results and depends on several parameters. Among them are surface quality, chemical affinity between the material of two surfaces, surface hardness process, heat transfer between two surfaces and others.

Abrasion resistance

The resistance of materials and structures to abrasion can be measured by a variety of test methods.[2] These often use a specified abrasive or other controlled means of abrasion. Under the conditions of the test, the results can be reported or can be compared items subjected to similar tests.

Such standardized measurements can produce two quantities: abrasion rate and normalized abrasion rate (also called abrasion resistance index). The former is the amount of mass lost per 1000 cycles of abrasion. The latter is the ratio of former with the known abrasion rate for some specific reference material.[3]

One type of instrument used to get the abrasion rate and normalized abrasion rate is the abrasion scrub tester, which is made up of a mechanical arm, liquid pump, and programmable electronics. The machine draws the mechanical arm with attached brush (or sandpaper, sponge, etc.) over the surface of the material that is being tested. The operator sets a pre-programmed number of passes for a repeatable and controlled result. The liquid pump can provide detergent or other liquids to the mechanical arm during testing to simulate washing and other normal uses.[4]

The use of proper lubricants can help control abrasion in some instances. Some items can be covered with an abrasion-resistant material. Controlling the cause of abrasion is sometimes an option.

Standards

ASTM

DIN

ISO

JSA

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Archard . J. F. . 1953-08-01 . Contact and Rubbing of Flat Surfaces . Journal of Applied Physics . 24 . 8 . 981–988 . 10.1063/1.1721448 . 0021-8979.
  2. Web site: Abrasion Methods Available at ARDL . 2012-10-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130120113747/http://www.ardl.com/Public/Services/Physical/abrasionPOP.html . 2013-01-20 .
  3. S. Grynko, "Material Properties Explained" (2012),, p. 2.
  4. Web site: Abrasion Scrub Tester for testing the resistance to abrasion of coated surfaces.. www.byk.com. 18 May 2017.
  5. Web site: ASTM B611 - 13 Standard Test Method for Determining the High Stress Abrasion Resistance of Hard Materials. www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  6. Web site: ASTM C131 / C131M - 14 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine. www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  7. Web site: ASTM C535 - 16 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine. www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  8. Web site: ASTM D1630 - 16 Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Abrasion Resistance (Footwear Abrader). www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  9. Web site: Abrasion Methods Available at ARDL . 20 January 2013 . 18 May 2017 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20130120113747/http://www.ardl.com/Public/Services/Physical/abrasionPOP.html . 20 January 2013 .
  10. Web site: ASTM D3389 - 16 Standard Test Method for Coated Fabrics Abrasion Resistance (Rotary Platform Abrader). www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  11. Web site: ASTM D4060 - 14 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser. www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  12. Web site: ASTM D4158 - 08(2016) Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion). www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  13. Web site: ASTM D5264 - 98(2011) Standard Practice for Abrasion Resistance of Printed Materials by the Sutherland Rub Tester. www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  14. Web site: ASTM D5963 - 04(2015) Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Abrasion Resistance (Rotary Drum Abrader). www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  15. Web site: ASTM F1978 - 18 Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray Coatings by Using the Taber Abraser. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120819201633/http://www.astm.org:80/Standards/F1978.htm . 2012-08-19 .
  16. Web site: ASTM G56 Standard Test Method for Abrasiveness of Ink-Impregnated Fabric Printer Ribbons and Other Web Materials. astm.org. 18 May 2017.
  17. Web site: ASTM G65 - 16 Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus. www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  18. Web site: ASTM G75 - 15 Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number). www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  19. Web site: ASTM G81 - 97a(2013) Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test. www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  20. Web site: ASTM G99 - 17 Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160413054929/http://www.astm.org:80/Standards/G99 . 2016-04-13 .
  21. Web site: ASTM G105 - 16 Standard Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests. www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  22. Web site: ASTM G132 - 96(2013) Standard Test Method for Pin Abrasion Testing. www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  23. Web site: ASTM G171 - 03(2009)e2 Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus. www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  24. Web site: ASTM G174 - 04(2009)e1 Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Materials by Abrasive Loop Contact. www.ASTM.org. 18 May 2017.
  25. Web site: Scope of Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2005. 21 October 2012 . 18 May 2017 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20121021044522/http://www.ardl.com/Public/Files/Accreditations/0255-01%2001-31-14_and_0255-02%2001-31-14.pdf . 21 October 2012 .
  26. Web site: ISO 9352:2012 - Plastics -- Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels. www.ISO.org. 18 May 2017.
  27. Web site: ISO 28080:2011 - Hardmetals -- Abrasion tests for hardmetals. www.ISO.org. 18 May 2017.
  28. Web site: ISO 23794:2003 - Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic -- Abrasion testing -- Guidance. www.ISO.org. 18 May 2017.
  29. Web site: JSA Web Store - JIS A 1121:2007 Method of test for resistance to abrasion of coarse aggregate by use of the Los Angeles machine. www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. 18 May 2017.
  30. Web site: JSA Web Store-Message. www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. 18 May 2017.
  31. Web site: JSA Web Store-Message. www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. 18 May 2017.
  32. Web site: JSA Web Store-Message. www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. 18 May 2017.
  33. Web site: JSA Web Store-Message. www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. 18 May 2017.
  34. Web site: JSA Web Store - JIS C 60068-2-70:2007 Environmental testing -- Part 2: Tests -- Test Xb: Abrasion of markings and letterings caused by rubbing of fingers and hands. www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. 18 May 2017.
  35. Web site: JSA Web Store-Message. www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. 18 May 2017.
  36. Web site: JSA Web Store-Message. www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. 18 May 2017.
  37. Web site: JSA Web Store-Message. www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. 18 May 2017.
  38. Web site: JSA Web Store - JIS K 5600-5-8:1999 Testing methods for paints -- Part 5: Mechanical property of film -- Section 8: Abrasion resistance (Rotating abrasive-paper-covered wheel method). www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. 18 May 2017.
  39. Web site: JSA Web Store - JIS K 7204:1999 Plastics -- Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels. www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. 18 May 2017.

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