Abra (bivalve) explained

Abra is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the family Semelidae. Members of this genus are mostly under 1.5 centimeters long, and have thin shells which are usually white. These bivalves normally live under the surface of sandy and muddy sediments, in the neritic zone.^[1]

They are considered an important food source for flat fish.^[2]

Species

Species within the genus Abra include:

• Abra aegyptiaca P. G. Oliver & Zuschin, 2000
• Abra aequalis (Say, 1822)
• Abra affinis E. A. Smith, 1899
• Abra africana Bartsch, 1915
• Abra alba (Wood W., 1802)
• Abra braziliensis (E. A. Smith, 1885)
• Abra californica Kundsen, 1970
• Abra chuni (Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931)
• Abra cistula (Melvill, 1907)
• Abra convexior E. A. Smith, 1895
• † Abra cytheraeformis Cossmann & Peyrot, 1909
• † Abra deltoidea (Deshayes, 1857)
• Abra demosia (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1906)
• † Abra depressa (Deshayes, 1857)
• † Abra deshayesi (Bosquet, 1864)
• † Abra difficilis (Deshayes, 1857)
• Abra elata Nicklès, 1955
• Abra exigua (H. Adams, 1862)
• † Abra exilis (Deshayes, 1857)
• Abra fragillima (Issel, 1869)
• † Abra fragosa (Marwick, 1931)
• Abra fujitai Habe, 1958
• Abra grimaldii (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1906)
• Abra inanis Prashad, 1932
• Abra infans (E. A. Smith, 1885)
• † Abra inflata (Laws, 1939)
• Abra intesi Cosel, 1995
• Abra jarli Nicklès, 1955
• Abra kinoshitai (Kuroda & Habe, 1958)
• Abra kyurokusimana (Nomura & Hatai, 1940)
• † Abra lamberti (Deshayes, 1857)
• Abra lecointrei Nicklès, 1955
• Abra lioica (Dall, 1881)
• Abra longicallus Sacchi, 1836
• Abra longidentata M. Huber, 2015
• Abra lunella (A. Gould, 1861)
• † Abra macrodonta (Deshayes, 1857) †
• † Abra marshalli (H. J. Finlay, 1927) †
• † Abra media (Deshayes, 1857)
• Abra nitida (O. F. Mueller, 1776)
• † Abra obtusa (Deshayes, 1857)
• Abra pacifica Dall, 1915: synonym of Cumingia pacifica (Dall, 1915) (original combination)
• Abra palmeri Dall, 1915
• Abra philippinensis (E. A. Smith, 1885)
• Abra pilsbryi (Dautzenberg, 1912)
• Abra pini Cosel, 1995
• Abra prismatica (Montagu, 1808)
• Abra profundorum E. A. Smith, 1885
• † Abra pusilla (Lamarck, 1806)
• † Abra recluzii (Deshayes, 1857)
• † Abra reflexa (Eichwald, 1830)
• Abra regularis (E. A. Smith, 1885)
• Abra salamensis (Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931)
• Abra scarlatoi (Kamenev, 2004)
• Abra scotti M. Huber, 2010
• † Abra scythica (Sokolov, 1899)
• Abra segmentum (Récluz, 1843)
• Abra seurati (E. Lamy, 1906)
• Abra siberutensis (Thiele, 1931)
• Abra sibogai Prashad, 1932
• Abra soyoae Habe, 1958
• † Abra striatula (Deshayes, 1857)
• † Abra suessoniensis (Deshayes, 1857)
• Abra tenuis (Montagu, 1818)
• Abra tepocana Dall, 1915
• Abra truncata Hedley, 1906
• Abra uruguayensis (Pilsbry, 1897)
• † Abra vouastensis Périer, 1941
• Abra weberi Prashad, 1932

Synonyms

• Abra bella Conrad, 1875: synonym of Semele bellastriata (Conrad, 1837)
• Abra brasiliana [sic]: synonym of Abra braziliensis (E. A. Smith, 1885) (misspelling)
• Abra cadabra Eames & Wilkins, 1957: synonym of Theora mesopotamica (Annandale, 1918)
• Abra fragilis Risso, 1826: synonym of Abra prismatica (Montagu, 1808)
• Abra intermedia (W. Thompson, 1845): synonym of Abra nitida (O. F. Müller, 1776)
• Abra isosceles (Hedley, 1909): synonym of Semele isosceles Hedley, 1909
• Abra kanamarui Kuroda, 1951: synonym of Abra lunella (A. Gould, 1861) 5junior subjective synonym)
• Abra kraemmeri Nicklès, 1955: synonym of Abra pilsbryi (Dautzenberg, 1912) (junior subjective synonym)
• Abra kurodai Habe, 1961: synonym of Abra fujitai Habe, 1958 (junior subjective synonym)
• Abra lactea (Dunker, 1861) : synonym of Iacra seychellarum (A. Adams, 1856)
• Abra longicallis (R. A. Philippi, 1844): synonym of Abra longicallus (Scacchi, 1835) (unaccepted > unjustified emendation of Abra longicallus (Scacchi, 1835))
• Abra maxima (G. B. Sowerby III, 1894): synonym of Abra philippinensis (E. A. Smith, 1885)
• Abra milaschevichi Nevesskaja, 1963: synonym of Abra prismatica (Montagu, 1808)
• Abra nuculiformis Conrad, 1867: synonym of Abra aequalis (Say, 1822)
• Abra ovata (R. A. Philippi, 1836): synonym of Abra segmentum (Récluz, 1843) (junior homonym)
• Abra pacifica Dall, 1915: synonym of Cumingia pacifica (Dall, 1915) (original combination)
• † Abra patagonica Ihering, 1907: synonym of Abra uruguayensis (Pilsbry, 1897)
• Abra petiti (Dautzenberg, 1923): synonym of Iacra petiti Dautzenberg, 1923
• Abra renieri (Bronn, 1831): synonym of Abra alba (W. Wood, 1802)
• Abra segmentina H. Adams & A. Adams, 1856: synonym of Abra segmentum (Récluz, 1843)
• Abra seychellarum (A. Adams, 1856): synonym of Iacra seychellarum (A. Adams, 1856)
• Abra sinica F.-S. Xu, 1996: synonym of Moerella jedoensis (Lischke, 1872) : synonym of Moerella hilaris (Hanley, 1844)
• Abra skinoshitai [sic]: synonym of Abra kinoshitai (Kuroda & Habe, 1958) (misspelling)
• Abra trotteriana (G. B. Sowerby III, 1894): synonym of Iacra trotteriana (G. B. Sowerby III, 1894) (superseded combination)

References

• Habe T. (1952). Genera of Japanese shells. Pelecypoda No. 3. Pp. 187–278. Published by the author, Kyoto.
• Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. Pp 196–219. in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch
• Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp

External links

• Lamarck, J.B. (1818). [volume 5 of] Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, préséntant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s'y rapportent; precedes d'une Introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'Animal, sa distinction du vegetal et desautres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Paris, Deterville. vol 5: 612 pp.]
• Leach, W. E. (1852). Molluscorum Britanniae Synopsis. A synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain arranged according to their natural affinities and anatomical structure. Van Voorst, London, viii + 376 pp. (edited posthumously by J. E. Gray).
• Monterosato, T. A. di. (1884). Nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee. Virzi, printed for the author, Palermo, 152 pp.
• Récluz, C. A. (1843). Monographie du genre Syndosmya. Revue zoologique, par la Société Cuvierienne. 6: 359–369
• Paredes, C.; Cardoso, F.; Santamaría, J.; Esplana, J.; Llaja, L. (2016). Lista anotada de los bivalvos marinos del Perú. Revista peruana de biología. 23(2), 127–150
• Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180–213

Notes and References

1. Barrett, J. & C. M. Yonge (1958) Collins Pocket Guide to the Sea Shore. Collins, London
2. Rees, H.L. and Dare. P.J (1993)Sources of mortality and associated life-cycle traits of selected benthic species: a review. Fisheries Research Data Report No. 33, Directorate of Fisheries Research, Lowestoft.