Abdication of Juan Carlos I explained

Juan Carlos I, King of Spain, announced his pending abdication from the throne on 2 June 2014. It was made effective on 19 June, following its approval and subsequent publication in the Official State Gazette of Organic Law 3/2014.[1] The organic law, which was required by the 1978 Constitution in its article 57.5,[2] was drafted by the government of Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and approved by the Cortes Generales, then formally signed on 18 June during a ceremony in the of the Royal Palace of Madrid.[3] It became effective after its publication, at midnight (CEST) on the 19th, in the Official State Gazette.

The Prince of Asturias, Felipe de Borbón y Grecia, immediately succeeded to the throne under the name Felipe VI.[4] [5] Juan Carlos I retained the title of King Emeritus for life, with the ceremonial functions entrusted to him by the newly proclaimed king.[6] [7] [8]

Background

See main article: Reign of Juan Carlos I. In 2010, the medical team at the Royal Household detected a nodule in one of the King's lungs that could be cancerous.[9] The news caused concern for the monarch's health at all levels of the country and raised the question of his continuity as head of state.[10] [11] In order to study the possibility of establishing a regency in those first months of the year, Juan Carlos himself and Felipe González met with then Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, and with President of the Congress of Deputies José Bono.[12] Finally, on 8 May, surgeons at the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona removed the tumor. The subsequent biopsy determined that it was benign[13] and the discussion on the matter of the succession was put on hold.

From 2011 onwards, the King's public image began to deteriorate significantly due to the Nóos corruption case, in which his daughter, Infanta Cristina de Borbón, was implicated.[14] [15]

In this atmosphere of mistrust towards the institution, a scandal broke out in April 2012 over the accident in which the king suffered injuries during a Botswana hunting trip. Because of this, it became known that in the midst of the economic crisis, with the risk premium at historic highs, and the country on the verge of being intervened, the monarch had traveled to that African country to hunt elephants with his mistress, businesswoman Corinna Larsen. In addition, the incident brought to light the lucrative private business that the monarch had been conducting for years with the Saudi oligarchy.[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

Despite the scandal, the king continued to feel protected by the political class. Only Madrid socialist Tomás Gómez had spoken publicly about the possibility of the monarch abdicating.[22] [23] [24] [25]

Meanwhile, the king's health problems followed one after the other. Since the accident in Africa, Juan Carlos had undergone several surgeries to try to alleviate his mobility problems: the first one in November 2012 on his left hip joint; then in March 2013, a herniated disc repair surgery; and in September 2013, the second operation on his left hip.[26] [27] [28]

The first person to learn of the king's concerns was Félix Sanz Roldán, director of the National Intelligence Centre (CNI) and a personal friend of the king.[29] On 19 November 2012 and in the presence of Sanz Roldán, Juan Carlos informed Rafael Spottorno, the, that he was considering the possibility of abdicating the throne.[30] The king set a symbolic date—5 January 2014—on occasion of his 76th birthday, that is, still 15 months to go.[31] [32] Ten days later, Spottorno called his two predecessors, and, to a meeting in which the four of them began to study the many legal and political issues, and also those of a personal nature for the king himself, related to the drafting of the future law.[33] [34] This is because the Constitution merely dictated, in article 57.5, that any doubt would have to be resolved by an organic law and approved by the Congress of Deputies by absolute majority. The Constitution did not specify whether the role of Congress was to authorize or to sanction, whether it would have to accept the decision made by the king, if he had to submit to the approval of Congress, or if, in short, the politicians could prevent him from abdicating. Among the personal issues, it was a matter of determining, among other things, if Juan Carlos could continue to reside or not in Zarzuela Palace.[35]

In any case, the greatest fear of "the fantastic four" (as they came to be known colloquially around the palace) was that the political forces that were not in favor of the monarchy would "take advantage" of this law to "open the can of worms" about the form of the State. Given the doubts and the diversity of opinions among them, the king's men (among whom was also General as Head of the Planning and Coordination Cabinet) decided to ask for help from the former president of the Congress of Deputies, former minister of justice, and permanent advisor to the Council of State, Landelino Lavilla, one of the jurists who had contributed the most to establishing the legal foundation for the Transition. Lavilla studied the matter and reached a preliminary conclusion: the law should be very brief so as not to stir a debate in Congress.[36]

During the deliberations, another thorny issue arose concerning dynastic rights within the royal family itself, as those in favor of Felipe being the undisputed successor faced a dilemma: on one hand, it was essential to develop and approve the organic law required by the Constitution, which would make unavoidable the pending reform of that same article 57 to abolish the prevalence of men over women in the succession to the throne.[37] On the other hand, this issue would have to be addressed after Felipe became king because, otherwise, those who would be able to claim their rights would be the Infantas, Elena and Cristina. As if that were not enough, there was also the issue of immunity. Would it have to be resolved in the same organic law? In the end, it was decided that it was not convenient to risk the proclamation of the future king to shield the previous one, but that the priority was to get Parliament to approve the abdication without any problems and then, in a second organic law, "go for the immunity. "As Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy summed it up at the time, the whole thing was "a mess."[38]

Throughout 2013, the small group continued to work on the matter, but Spottorno was not sure that His Majesty's decision was firm. He knew that, in spite of the disrepute into which his reign had fallen and the pressures to step aside, Juan Carlos maintained that "kings only leave when they die," that he, who had sacrificed his childhood and youth to one day be King of Spain, would never resign, and that he would "die with his crown on."[39] In spite of all the precautions, in February 2013, someone with access to the king's inner circle let it slip to writer and journalist that the monarch, overwhelmed by his difficult family situation and by the wear and tear of his public reputation, as well as his own physical deterioration, was thinking of renouncing the throne. To verify the information, the journalist met with the head of the Royal Household, who did not deny it. Thus, on 22 February, Zarzalejos published an article in El Confidencial with the title El rey baraja ya la abdicación (The king is already considering abdication).[40] The monarch, annoyed at the indiscretion and despite being aware of its veracity, ordered these claims to be refuted.[41] [38] [42]

Personal matters

Juan Carlos I, married by law to Sofía of Greece but separated de facto from her for more than 40 years,[43] was determined to divorce her and then marry his mistress at the time, Corinna Larsen—27 years his junior—but to keep the throne, as Edward VIII had tried to do in 1936 when he married US celebrity Wallis Simpson.[44] According to someone close to the king, the German-Danish businesswoman and Juan Carlos were preparing everything they needed to start a new life together. Included in that plan were the millionaire commission from the Arabs,[45] [46] the duplex in the Swiss Alps,[47] and the luxury apartment in the exclusive London neighborhood of Belgravia.[48]

In 2012, the king made available to Corinna, in the form of an "absolute gift," the 65 million euros he had received four years earlier. The money had been transferred from the Mirabaud banking group to an account in in the name of shell company Solare, based in Nassau, Bahamas. Larsen was the sole beneficiary of that account. The date on the donation document had been handwritten, which made one suspect that it had been drafted without that piece of information, "in anticipation of [needing] to submit it to the judicial authorities with the most convenient [date] for her defense if an investigation were to be launched.[49] The beneficiary's lawyers argued that it was "an unsolicited gift" from Juan Carlos as a donation to her and her son, with whom he "had become attached."[50]

Juan Carlos continued to look for a residence in which to live with Corinna. It could be in Madrid (in El Pardo) or in London (in Eaton Square). The sultan of Oman, Qaboos bin Said Al Said, offered to serve as host. In 2014, just two weeks after the king's abdication, the sultan would gift Juan Carlos a penthouse in London valued at 62.7 million euros.[51] And Mohammed VI offered him a large estate near Marrakesh where he could build a palace.[52] But CNI Director Félix Sanz Roldán flatly refused: "The king of Spain cannot, under any circumstance, not even after having abdicated, spend long periods of time in non-Western countries with a woman who is not his wife." Thus, the King's longing started to fade due to the influence exerted by two of the people who had the most direct and open access to him: former President Felipe González and Sanz Roldán himself. It was within that environment of trust and openness with the monarch when a veteran advisor was heard telling the king: “Juan, tú eliges: o Corinna o Corona” (Juan, you choose: either Corinna or the Crown).[53]

Ill-fated speech

The most reliable versions define Monday, 6 January 2014, as the point of no return towards the end of the reign of Juan Carlos I.[54] [55] As every year, the Pascua Militar event was being celebrated. Both the Army military leadership itself, as well as the media and the general public, harbored doubts about the real physical capabilities of the monarch to reliably assume the responsibilities of the highest state institution.[56]

The formal ceremony started first thing in the morning. That year, the had been excluded from the ceremony to prevent the king from experiencing any physical discomfort. The speech, however, was unavoidable. Thus, past one o'clock in the afternoon, Juan Carlos approached the lectern and, after the usual greetings, began his speech. The audience immediately realized the difficulties that the speaker was going through. The captain general of the Army, rather than delivering a speech, was "stumbling" over the written words.[57] As journalist Álvaro de Cózar said, Juan Carlos "trips over the words; stutters on every period, on every comma." The head of the Press and Communications Office of the Royal Household, Javier Ayuso, was so distressed—because, in addition, the ceremony was being broadcast live on radio and television throughout the country—that he suffered a fainting fit and had to be discreetly removed from the room. Finally, after skipping entire paragraphs and "with pitiful embarrassment," Juan Carlos ended his speech.[58]

The press, social media, and subsequent publications referred harshly to the distressing episode: "two agonizing minutes, a moment of national embarrassment;" "a dreadful moment of collective shame and chagrin." Moreover, the monarch projected a "pitiful" image before the army leadership, the group to which he felt most united by vocation and affection.[38]

In the following days, it became known that the king, ignoring the warnings of his advisors about the transcendence and imminence of the event, had flown the previous week to London to celebrate his birthday with his "de facto family" (his lover, Corinna Larsen; his friend and Corinna's first husband Philip Adkins; and her son, Alexander),[59] [60] as well as with Mohammed Eyad Kayali, representative of the Royal House of Saudi Arabia in Spain and a close friend of the king.[61] The party lasted until late on Sunday, the 5 of January, when it was already completely dark in the English city. When the time came for the return flight home, the thick fog that covered London caused the take-off to be delayed until well into the early hours of Monday morning. Juan Carlos barely slept that night.

First months of 2014

Just one day after the speech, on Tuesday, 7 January 2014, the Infanta Cristina was charged by Judge,[62] but it was not until late February when Spottorno received the order to implement his decision.

The task force had grown: Spottorno, Ayuso, Lavilla, the former heads of the Royal Household, and the prince himself were joined by Deputy Prime Minister Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría and Under Secretary of the Presidency . Although there were lively discussions on the final form that the law should take, in the end the theory proposed by Lavilla prevailed, which Ayuso would put into words as follows: "Do not put things that require a debate in Congress; only this, so that there will be no discussion: ‘the king abdicates in his son's favor;' but nothing more."

In March 2014, Juan Carlos "surrendered": he notified his son Felipe on the 26 and Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy on the 31. In turn, former Prime Minister José María Aznar told his right-hand man Javier Zarzalejos in late May. The risk of leaks hastened the events and thus it was decided to move up the date to 2 June.[63]

Last official function

The commemorative event to mark the 250th anniversary of the, held in the Alcázar of Segovia on 16 May 2014, was presided over by King Juan Carlos I as the last official function he attended before announcing his abdication.[64]

Development

Institutional statement by Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy

On 2 June, around 9:30 a.m., the Office of the Prime Minister summoned all journalists in charge of covering governmental information. The urgent announcement called for an institutional statement by Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy at around 10:30 a.m. at the Palace of Moncloa.[65] Due to the surprising nature of the announcement, initial speculations pointed to a governmental crisis caused by the results of the European elections; however, this possibility was soon dismissed. At 10 a.m., journalist published in digital newspaper El Confidencial an article titled El rey abdica para salvar a la Monarquía de la crisis institucional (The King abdicates to save the Monarchy from an institutional crisis).[66] Minutes before the statement was due to be announced, several media outlets implied it would deal with the abdication of the monarch.[67] [68] [69]

At 10.30 a.m., the prime minister announced Juan Carlos's intention to renounce the throne and abdicate in his son's favor.

Institutional statement by King Juan Carlos I

Shortly after the prime minister's statement, the Royal Household shared on Twitter the letter by which the King formalized his decision.

The recording at the palace of Juan Carlos's abdication announcement had to be repeated twice due to mistakes he had made, and thus its broadcast was delayed until 13:05.[70] In the speech, which lasted six minutes, Juan Carlos recalled his accession in 1975 and reviewed his work as head of state during the previous 39 years. The speech began with these words:[71] He also stated that he had made the decision to abdicate the Crown in January 2014 after his 76th birthday and that, once he had recovered physically, he had decided to inform the prime minister.

Referring to the economic situation in Spain and the transformations and renovations demanded by society, he acknowledged that these should be carried out by the new generations and that his son, Felipe de Borbón, already had the necessary preparation and maturity to take over as head of state. Juan Carlos concluded by thanking the people of Spain, all the representatives of the state institutions, and the Queen for their support and loyalty.

Meanwhile, Corinna Larsen, who was staying at The Mark hotel in New York City, received a personal message from the king, to which she reacted with "a mixture of displeasure and contempt".

Special Council of Ministers

In his statement, Rajoy had announced the convening of a special meeting of the Council of Ministers, which was indeed held on 3 June, and which approved the submission to the Cortes Generales of the draft organic law, thus making effective the abdication. According to Article 57.5 of the Spanish Constitution, "abdications and renunciations and any doubt, de facto or de jure, occurring in the order of succession to the Crown shall be resolved by an organic law."[72]

Finally, the draft organic law that was approved consisted of a single article and a single final provision, as follows:[73] Moreover, the Council of Ministers approved an Agreement requesting an urgent procedure for its processing in Parliament.[74]

Final activities of King Juan Carlos I

Between 3 and 8 June, Juan Carlos concluded his antepenultimate week on the Spanish throne. On 4 June, several members of the business sector honored Juan Carlos in a ceremony at the Royal Palace of El Pardo.[75] The same day he presided over the traditional from the Royal Box at Las Ventas bullfighting ring. It was the last time the king presided over this event once his abdication of the crown was announced.[76] On 6 June, former Prime Minister José María Aznar bade him farewell in a column for The Wall Street Journal.[77] On Sunday, 8 June, he bade farewell to the Armed Forces as commander-in-chief, with the presence of his Royal Guard, the Army, the Air and Space Force, the Navy, and the Civil Guard.[78] [79]

The following day, he received President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto, to whom he awarded the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic.[80] On 12 June, Juan Carlos received from Adolfo Suárez Illana the Collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece, awarded posthumously to his father, former Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez González.[81] On the same day, he held his last meeting with, the president of the Catalan employers' association .[82]

Approval of the draft organic law in Congress

Rift in the PSOE

In order for the law to be approved by an absolute majority, support from the socialists was key. The then leader of the opposition, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, played a decisive role. Rubalcaba, who had served as minister of education, minister of the interior, government spokesperson, and deputy prime minister in successive PSOE governments, had forged a close friendship with Juan Carlos I dating back to 1992, when both presided over numerous events and competitions during the Olympic Games in Barcelona.[83]

In the spring of 2014, Juan Carlos asked the veteran politician for help in getting his group to support the law that would guarantee dynastic continuity. The request came at a very bad time for the secretary general, who in those days was going through his most difficult period as the leader of the main opposition party.[84] But, putting his own interests behind those of the monarch, he replied: "Sir, if that is your decision, you can count on me. It is not ideal for me, but I will not leave without having settled the matter."[85] And indeed, he remained at the head of the party even after the electoral results of the European Parliament elections, which meant a significant decline in support from left-wing voters. In an interview recorded shortly before his death, in 2019, he recalled it thusly: "I resigned the day after the European elections; [but] I did not resign and leave, which is what I could have done, what Joaquín Almunia did: you resign, appoint a management committee, and leave. No, I resigned and stayed, and I called on a congress for the following month."[86]

To try and convince the most reluctant deputies and regional leaders to vote "yes," Rubalcaba appealed to the "constitutional consensus," which he placed above even the foundational "deep republican roots" of the party.

Even in spite of his attempts, many parliamentarians continued to align themselves with the theories of other left-wing parties and insisted that the final approval of the law could be conditioned to an either prior or simultaneous public consultation. From United Left, Alberto Garzón summed up the internal debates and tensions of those days as follows:[87] In that context, Odón Elorza, a Basque socialist deputy and former mayor of San Sebastián, sent to the leadership of the Socialist Group a letter in which he asked for an in-depth internal debate or, in any case, that those parliamentarians who so requested it, be granted the freedom to vote "for reasons of republican conscience."[88] The secretary general refused.[89]

Holding of the plenary session and voting

On Wednesday, 11 June, the Plenary of the Congress of Deputies debated the draft organic law that would make the abdication effective.

The plenary session began with an agreement for the direct processing and single reading of the draft bill submitted by the government. The draft bill was presented by Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and the debate continued with the participation of the representatives of the various parliamentary groups.

After all the speeches, then came the vote for the amendments to the whole text of the bill. Some of them (Plural Left and part of the) advocated for holding a referendum to decide on the form of the State, and others (Galician Nationalist Bloc and Republican Left of Catalonia) added to this demand the recognition of the right to self-determination of the various state territories. All initiatives were rejected.[90] [91]

The vote took place then via roll call, whereby each of the parliamentarians had to state their position on the document out loud as they were called.[92] During the vote, some deputies expressed their support for the Republic and others for an independent Catalan republic.

Of the 350 deputies who made up the chamber, 341 expressed their vote, since two deputies from PSOE did not appear due to their disagreement with the leadership and the seven from Amaiur were absent from the plenary session as a sign of protest. There were 299 deputies in favor and 19 against, while 23 of them abstained.[93] One of these abstentions was that of the former mayor of San Sebastián, Odón Elorza, who refused to follow the party line.[94]

Once approved, the document was sent directly to the Senate.[95]

Approval of the bill in the Senate

The Organic Law that regulated the abdication of King Juan Carlos received the approval of the Senate on Tuesday, 17 June. The debate, in which the senators representing the different Parliamentary Groups took part, began with the proposals of veto of the law presented by United Left, Republican Left of Catalonia, and Initiative for Catalonia Greens. This was followed by the debate of the text as a whole by the spokespersons of the various groups.

The parliamentary session ended with the vote on the veto proposals, which were rejected, and the approval of the draft Organic Law with 233 votes in favor, five against, and 20 abstentions out of a possible 266.

With the completion of this procedure, the Organic Law was deemed to have been approved by the Cortes Generales.[96]

Sanction and promulgation of the organic law on abdication

The sanction and promulgation of Organic Law 3/2014 of 18 June, by which the abdication of King Juan Carlos I was made effective, took place during a solemn ceremony at the Royal Palace of Madrid.[97] The ceremony, although short, was witnessed by a considerable number of guests, among whom were the presidents of the high state institutions, members of government, former prime ministers, and some notable political figures. Also present were some members of the Royal Family, such as King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía; the Prince and Princess of Asturias, Felipe and Letizia; and the Infantas Leonor, Sofía, and Elena. Also in attendance were the King's sisters, Infanta Pilar and Infanta Margarita, the Infante Carlos and his wife Princess Anne, the King and Queen of Greece Constantine and Anne Marie, and the eldest grandson of the King and Queen of Spain, Felipe.

The ceremony began with the reading of the text of the Organic Law by Under Secretary of the Presidency . Next, Juan Carlos I signed the contents of the law, a power conveyed to him by Article 91 of the Constitution of Spain (CE). Afterwards, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy signed the text, given that by constitutional mandate (art. 56.3 CE) the acts of the King are not valid if they do not receive the endorsement of the head of the government, as established in article 64 of the Constitution. With this act, the Law was promulgated, and its publication ordered.

As a noteworthy anecdote, it is worth mentioning that, when he had finished signing the document, King Juan Carlos addressed his son, to whom he gave his seat as a symbol of succession.

Publication of Organic Law 3/2014 of 18 June

The law was published in the Official State Gazette on Thursday, 19 June 2014, at which time its contents came into force and consequently the abdication of Juan Carlos I from the Spanish Crown became effective.

The succession to the throne followed the order of primogeniture and representation and called on the Prince of Asturias to succeed his father, in accordance with Article 57.1 of the Spanish Constitution, being the person who in the same degree of succession was the closest to the king, and in the same degree, was the only male.

Express immunity

At the beginning of June, the last issue (and one of the most important) of Spottorno's roadmap was addressed: Juan Carlos's legal protection after having lost his sovereign immunity.[98] Deputy Prime Minister Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría had had the idea of including the new legal status of the outgoing king within a law that was already in force, in order to be able to move it forward without problems. The State bureaucracy got down to work and, so as to make the move more effective, gave it a name that was as long as it was vague: Ley Orgánica 4/2014, de 11 de julio, complementaria de la Ley de racionalización del sector público y otras medidas de reforma administrativa por la que se modifica la Ley Orgánica 6/1985, de 1 de julio, del Poder Judicial (Organic Law 4/2014 of 11 July, supplementary to the Law for the streamlining of the public sector and other measures of administrative reform by which Organic Law 6/1985 of 1 July 1985 of the Judiciary is amended).[99] Two amendments included in that obscure law for the streamlining of the public sector would henceforth protect Juan Carlos I under the cloak of the Supreme Court. Although it only received the support of the People's Party,[100] [101] the law was approved and arrived in time for the paternity lawsuits by [102] [103] and Ingrid Sartiau[104] [105] —which had been filed in various ordinary Spanish courts a while back—to be shelved definitively.

This same legal instrument would henceforth also protect the two queens, Sofía and Letizia, and the heiress, the Princess of Asturias.[106]

Proclamation of Felipe VI

Upon the abdication of Juan Carlos, the leadership of the state would be assumed by his firstborn son, Felipe. took place on 19 June 2014.[107] His firstborn, Leonor de Borbón, subsequently became Princess of Asturias and, at the age of eight, the youngest direct heir in Europe as the first in the line of succession to the throne.[108]

Juan Carlos did not attend his son's proclamation. According to a spokesperson for the royal household, the decision was made in order to "give more prominence to the new king."

Reactions

Movement in favor of a citizen consultation on the form of the State

As an immediate reaction to the abdication message, there were numerous public demonstrations in several Spanish cities in favor of a consultation of the Spanish people on their preferred model of State.[109] Political party Podemos, which had just had remarkable success in the European Parliament elections, issued a communiqué calling for a referendum to decide on the model of State, a pact that would definitively recognize Spaniards "as citizens and not as subjects." In addition to Podemos, other republican-leaning political parties, such as United Left and EQUO, publicly called for the convening of a referendum. Along the same lines, some internal currents of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, such as, took the same position.[110]

Also on that day, those same political parties, as well as social movements opposed to the monarchy, called on rallies in dozens of Spanish cities to demand a constituent process.[111] All of them took place "without incident" and in a "festive atmosphere," according to El Mundo.[112] Those in attendance waved the tricolor flag and chanted slogans such as España, mañana, será republicana (Spain, tomorrow, will be republican), Felipe, querido, nadie te ha elegido (Felipe, dear, nobody elected you), or Los borbones, a las elecciones (The Bourbons, to the elections) (and, also, Los borbones, a los tiburones [The Bourbons, to the sharks]). They demanded "a real transition without a king."[113]

The republican demonstration in Madrid, which took place in the Puerta del Sol, gathered between 10,000 and 20,000 people, according to El País. Around 5,000 people gathered at the Plaça de Catalunya in Barcelona. Republican Left of Catalonia, one of the organizing parties, called on all Catalans in favor of an independent Catalan Republic to go out to the squares of their respective town halls and support the secession.[114] Valencia and Alicante were also the scene of demonstrations.[115]

In Galicia, rallies took place in several cities, called, among others, by the Galician Nationalist Bloc and Nós–Unidade Popular, both in favor of Galician independence.[116] The largest of these rallies was in Vigo.[117] During the demonstrations, there were flags and chants in favor of an independent Galician Republic.[118] A rally was also held in Zaragoza, with close to 2,000 people in attendance.[119] In Andalusia, the main demonstrations took place in Seville and Granada.[120] The constitutional flag in the square was replaced by a republican flag in this latter city.[121] In total, more than 60 rallies were held throughout the national territory.

On Saturday, 7 June, demonstrations were held once again in more than 40 Spanish cities. This time, attendance was much lower.[122] [123] [124]

Outside Spain, demonstrations were held in other European capitals such as Paris and Brussels, and the press echoed the situation in Spain.[125] [126] [127] Thus, The New York Times reported on the petition that a Spanish broker living in London, Helena Fernández de Bobadilla, had made through a signature collection platform. The question sought to determine whether Spaniards wanted "another king" or "no king."[128]

Pro-monarchy demonstrations

Supporters of the monarchy as a model of state also called for demonstrations to be held on 6 June in various parts of Spain, such as Madrid and Seville.[129] [130] The latter gathered around 200 people.[131] [132]

Social networks

One hour after the announcement, the abdication occupied the top ten trending topics in Spain on social network Twitter.[133] Hashtags such as #ElReyAbdica (The King abdicates), #VivaElRey (Long live the King), #FelipeVI, #ReyFelipeVI (King Felipe VI), #JuanCarlos, #ElRey (The King), #Borbones, or #IIIRepública (Third Republic) were at the top of the list.[134]

Satirical magazines

Several cartoonists from satirical magazine El Jueves resigned after accusing magazine owner of self-censorship. According to the cartoonists, the magazine's publisher refused both to illustrate the cover with drawings of the Royal Household and to mention topics related to the monarchy. They accused the company of destroying 60,000 copies that had already been printed with a cover referring to the abdication to replace them with others with a different subject matter. Official sources of the magazine denied this accusation, stating literally that the published cover "was the one planned and on Monday an attempt was made to change it," and that "it was not possible due to time, because we could not wait any longer and we had to go to print," claiming that "we have not been taken hostage and the matter of the abdication is mentioned on the inside pages," and specifying that the publication of the magazine had even been delayed "because new pages had been added on the abdication.”[135] [136] [137] On 18 June, the day before Felipe VI's proclamation, these cartoonists published a special digital comic on the occasion called .[138]

Polls

Meanwhile, a poll conducted by polling company Metroscopia for newspaper El País revealed that, although Prince Felipe de Borbón enjoys a higher approval rating than King Juan Carlos, having obtained a score of 7.3 out of 10, most Spaniards (62%) wish that at some point a consultation is called on to decide on the form of state. The same poll revealed that the majority of those interviewed, almost 50%, would be in favor of the continuity of the monarchy embodied in Felipe VI, as opposed to 36% who would be against it.[139]

Another poll carried out by La Sexta revealed that 53.1% of Spaniards are in favor of the continuity of the monarchy, compared to 36% who are in favor of the republic. Likewise, 63.1% are in favor of Prince Felipe inheriting the crown, compared to 32% who are against.[140] A poll carried out by newspaper El Mundo shows that the abdication has improved the Crown's image, going from 49.9% of support to 55.7% in favor of the continuity of the monarchical institution. Likewise, the poll shows an increased support of the Crown among the voters of the various political parties: going from 77.7% to 80.3% among People's Party voters, from 45.2% to 52.7% among PSOE voters, and from 14.1% to 22.6% among United Left voters.[141]

A poll conducted by TNS Demoscopia for Antena 3 reveals that two out of three citizens believe that the abdication has taken place at an opportune moment, and 60% support the proclamation of Prince Felipe as the new king.[142]

Spaniards, like those closest to King Juan Carlos, overwhelmingly considered that his decision to abdicate the Crown was already convenient. Moreover, 76% and raising their degree of support for the monarchy (56%) recognized it as their preferred form of state for Spain. In fact, in a referendum, this option would have won by 20 points over the republican one. Since then, in any case, support for the monarchy has not stopped falling steadily, with some polls showing greater support for the republican cause than for the monarchic one, starting on 2020.[143] [144] [145] [146]

See also

External links

__FORCETOC__

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Ley Orgánica 3/2014, de 18 de junio, por la que se hace efectiva la abdicación de Su Majestad el Rey Don Juan Carlos I de Borbón. . . 46396–46398 . Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (AEBOE) . 19 February 2024 . Spanish.
  2. Web site: Constitución Española . Boletín Oficial del Estado . 29313–29424 . Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (AEBOE) . 19 February 2024 . Spanish.
  3. Web site: El Salón de Columnas, un espacio histórico para una abdicación histórica . La Información . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 17 June 2014.
  4. Web site: Martín Plaza . Ana . La Corona tras la abdicación, ¿y ahora qué? . . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  5. Web site: Urra . Susana . King Juan Carlos abdicates . . 22 February 2024 . 2 June 2014.
  6. Web site: Remírez de Ganuza. Carmen . Don Juan Carlos y Doña Sofía seguirán siendo Reyes . . 19 February 2024 . 13 June 2014 . Spanish.
  7. Web site: Don Juan Carlos y doña Sofía mantendrán el título de Rey y Reina . . 21 February 2024 . Spanish . 13 June 2014.
  8. Web site: Govan . Fiona . Spain will have two kings and two queens . . 23 February 2024 . 13 June 2014. registration.
  9. Web site: Spanish King to have lung nodule removed for tests . . 19 February 2024 . 10 May 2010.
  10. Web site: Operación abdicación: De la renuncia del Rey a la proclamación de Felipe VI . La Información . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 24 June 2014.
  11. Web site: Martínez-Fornés . Almudena . Las razones que llevaron al Rey a abdicar . . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2015.
  12. Book: Quintáns . Rebeca . Rebeca Quintáns . Juan Carlos I: la biografía sin silencios . 2016 . Akal . 978-84-460-4279-2 . Spanish.
  13. Web site: Heckle . Harold . Spain's king undergoes lung surgery . . 20 February 2024 . 8 May 2010.
  14. Web site: Why Spain's Princess Cristina is on trial . . 20 February 2024 . 29 January 2016.
  15. Web site: Jones . Mason . Princess Cristina Charged in Noos Corruption Case . The Olive Press . 21 February 2024 . 5 April 2013 . registration.
  16. Web site: Zarzalejos . José Antonio . Historia de cómo la Corona ha entrado en barrena . . Spanish . 15 April 2012.
  17. Web site: Spain King Juan Carlos sorry for Botswana hunt trip . BBC News. 20 February 2024 . 18 April 2012.
  18. Web site: Pressly . Linda . The king, his lover - and the elephant in the palace . BBC News . 20 February 2024 . 20 August 2020.
  19. Web site: Badcock . James . A wife, a lover and a hunting scandal. How Spain's King Juan Carlos fell from his throne . The Telegraph . 20 February 2024 . 10 October 2020. registration.
  20. Web site: Coro . Cristina . Juan Carlos I Cree que de No Haberse Caído en Botsuana aún Sería Rey y Nada se Sabría de sus Escándalos . . Spanish . 13 April 2022 . subscription.
  21. Web site: Caruana Galizia . Paul . Between Friends . . 20 February 2024 . 2 February 2021.
  22. Book: Romero . Ana . Final de partida: la crónica de los hechos que llevaron a la abdicación de Juan Carlos . 2015 . . 978-84-9060-382-6 . Madrid . Spanish .
  23. Web site: Cué . Carlos E. . King's health leads main parties to mull law governing prince's role . El País. 20 February 2024 . 24 September 2013.
  24. Web site: Junquera . Natalia . González . Miguel . 25 September 2013 . King Juan Carlos "in good spirits" after latest hip surgery . 20 February 2024 . El País.
  25. Web site: Fotheringham . Alasdair . Alasdair Fotheringham . The rise and fall of King Juan Carlos, 'saviour of Spain' . . 20 February 2024 . 28 September 2013.
  26. Web site: Donadio . Rachel . Spain's King Has Surgery Amid Debate on His Reign . . 20 February 2024 . 27 April 2012.
  27. Web site: Junquera . Natalia . King Juan Carlos to go private for latest surgery . El País. 20 February 2024 . 22 September 2013.
  28. Web site: Junquera . Natalia . Wheels come off royal comeback as king prepares for new surgery . El País. 20 February 2024 . 24 September 2013.
  29. Book: Romero . Ana . El rey ante el espejo : crónica de una batalla: legado, asedio y política en el trono de la reina Letizia y Felipe VI . 2018 . La Esfera de los Libros. Madrid . 978-84-9164-221-3 . Spanish.
  30. Web site: Ónega . Fernando . Juan Carlos I, la decisión más difícil de un Rey . . 21 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 August 2020.
  31. Web site: Junquera . Natalia . An abdication plan that was five months in the making . El País . 20 February 2024 . 3 June 2014.
  32. Web site: Cruz Martín . María del Carmen . El rey abdica en su hijo, el príncipe Felipe . RTVE. 21 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  33. Web site: Sánchez . Javi . El ex jefe de la Casa Real habla de la abdicación del rey Juan Carlos por primera vez . . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 19 May 2020.
  34. Web site: Taulés . Silvia . Hablan los hombres del rey: "Había incendios en la familia, con la princesa, la infanta..." . El Confidencial . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 19 May 2020.
  35. Web site: Prego . Victoria . Últimos días de un rey . . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 9 June 2014.
  36. Web site: Landelino Lavilla revela que el Rey le pidió que empezase a preparar su abdicación meses antes de anunciarla . . 20 February 2024 . Spanish . 7 February 2017.
  37. Web site: Carmona Cuenca . Encarna . ¿Por qué hereda la corona un hombre y no una mujer? . El Diario.es . Spanish . 3 June 2014.
  38. Book: Zarzalejos . José Antonio . Mañana será tarde . 2015 . Editorial Planeta, S.A.. 978-84-08-14229-4 . Spanish.
  39. Web site: Ortega Dolz . Patricia . Abdication news catches Spain by surprise . El País . 20 February 2024 . 2 June 2014.
  40. Web site: Zarzalejos . José Antonio . El Rey baraja ya la abdicación . El Confidencial. 20 February 2024 . Spanish . 22 February 2013.
  41. 1x01. Una ley de un solo artículo (primera parte) . XRey . The Story Lab . de Cózar, Álvaro . 2020-05-01 . 2024-02-20 . Spanish.
  42. Book: Zarzalejos . José Antonio . Felipe VI. Un rey en la adversidad . 2021 . Editorial Planeta, S.A. . 9788408241553 . Spanish.
  43. Web site: Tiburcio . N. . Un exmiembro de Casa Real reconoce que Juan Carlos y Sofía no hacen vida marital . El Confidencial . 21 February 2024 . Spanish . 14 July 2020.
  44. Book: Ekaizer . Ernesto . El rey al desnudo : historia de un fraude . 2021 . . 978-84-666-7011-1 . Spanish.
  45. Web site: Besson, Sylvain . Zumbach, Caroline . Une enquête dévoile l'argent secret de l'ex-roi d'Espagne à Genève. . . subscription . 20 February 2024 . French . 3 March 2020.
  46. Web site: Badcock . James . Spain's monarchy shaken by Juan Carlos's hidden Swiss fortune . BBC News . 22 February 2024 . 19 July 2020.
  47. Web site: Romero . Ana . El dúplex del rey Juan Carlos y Corinna en los Alpes suizos . El Español . subscription . 20 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 November 2015.
  48. Web site: Olmo . José María . El ático de Juan Carlos I: vistas a Hyde Park, dos plantas, sala de masaje y 'hall' de escoltas . El Confidencial . 20 February 2024 . Spanish . 1 August 2020.
  49. Web site: Bayo . Carlos Enrique . Juan Carlos I utilizó Patrimonio Nacional para pagar lujos a sus amantes y los gastos de sus palacios, yates y viajes . . 20 February 2024 . Spanish . 19 August 2021.
  50. Web site: Prieto . Carlos . El expediente Corinna: cómo el amor (al dinero) devoró al rey Juan Carlos . El Confidencial . 20 February 2024 . Spanish . 8 March 2020.
  51. Web site: Juan Carlos I recibió un ático en Londres tras abdicar comprado por Omán que luego revendió . Público . 20 February 2024 . Spanish . 31 July 2020.
  52. Web site: Why Does Mohammed VI Give The Spanish King A Plot Of Land In Morocco? . . 20 February 2024 . 27 July 2020.
  53. Web site: Portero, Pilar . Cañil, Ana . "Juan, o Corinna o Corona" . . 21 February 2024 . Spanish . 6 March 2013.
  54. Web site: García Casas . Luis . El fin del reinado de Juan Carlos . . 21 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  55. News: Sánchez-Mellado . Luz . La retirada del rey cansado . El País . 21 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014. subscription.
  56. Web site: Minder . Raphael . Raphael Minder . In Break With Tradition, It's Open Season on the Royal Family . The New York Times . 21 February 2024 . 15 April 2013.
  57. Web site: Junquera, Natalia . González, Miguel . King struggles to deliver speech at first public ceremony since hip operation . El País . 21 February 2024 . 6 January 2014.
  58. Web site: Taulés . Silvia . El último discurso del Rey don Juan Carlos I: de su "buf" al desmayo de su jefe de prensa . El Confidencial . 21 February 2024 . Spanish . 6 January 2022.
  59. Web site: Eyre . Pilar . La extraña familia que el rey Juan Carlos tenía escondida con Corinna y sus exmaridos . Lecturas . 21 February 2024 . Spanish . 20 January 2021.
  60. Web site: Juan Carlos de Borbón y Corinna Larsen eran como un matrimonio . Lecturas . 21 February 2024 . Spanish . 5 October 2020.
  61. Web site: Kayali, el amigo saudí del rey que pagó la cacería de Botsuana . El Confidencial . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 18 April 2012.
  62. Web site: Frayer . Lauren . A Fairy Tale Gone Wrong: Spain's Princess Accused Of Fraud . . 21 February 2024 . 7 February 2014.
  63. Web site: Abdicación. El rey decidió renunciar al trono en su cumpleaños . La Información . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  64. Web site: El Rey presidirá en Segovia el desfile de los 250 años de la Academia de Artillería . ABC.es . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 9 May 2014.
  65. Web site: Entre tres y seis semanas para la proclamación del rey Felipe VI . ¡Hola! . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 3 June 2014.
  66. Web site: Zarzalejos . José Antonio . El Rey abdica para salvar a la Monarquía de la crisis institucional . El Confidencial . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  67. Web site: La noticia de la abdicación del rey toma las portadas de los digitales en tiempo récord . La Información . 22 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051043/http://233grados.lainformacion.com/blog/2014/06/la-noticia-de-la-abdicaci%C3%B3n-del-rey-toma-las-portadas-de-los-digitales-en-tiempo-r%C3%A9cord.html . 5 June 2014 . Spanish.
  68. Web site: Terán . Borja . El Rey abdica: así lo están contando todas las cadenas de televisión . La Información . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  69. Web site: La prensa internacional se hace eco de la abdicación de Juan Carlos I . La Información . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  70. Web site: Junquera . Natalia . How King Juan Carlos revealed his abdication secret . El País . 22 February 2024 . 4 June 2014.
  71. Web site: King addresses Spaniards via television message to announce his abdication . El País . 22 February 2024 . 2 June 2014.
  72. Web site: Spanish politicians set out abdication timetable . BBC News . 22 February 2024 . 3 June 2014.
  73. Web site: Proyecto de Ley Orgánica por la que se hace efectiva la abdicación de Su Majestad el Rey Don Juan Carlos I de Borbón . . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 12 June 2014.
  74. Web site: Referencia del Consejo de Ministros . El Mundo . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 3 June 2014.
  75. Web site: 4 June 2014 . Don Juan Carlos, ovacionado con gritos de '¡Viva el Rey!' en la entrega del Premio Reino de España . 21 February 2024 . ¡Hola! . Spanish.
  76. Web site: Sánchez-Mellado . Luz . 5 June 2014 . The king's last bullfight . 21 February 2024 . El País.
  77. Web site: Aznar . José María . 5 June 2014 . King Juan Carlos, Thank You . subscription . 21 February 2024 . The Wall Street Journal.
  78. Web site: 9 June 2014 . El Rey Juan Carlos I se despide de las Fuerzas Armadas entre vítores y aplausos . 21 February 2024 . . Spanish.
  79. Web site: 8 June 2014 . King of Spain attends last parade before abdicating . 21 February 2024 . CTV News.
  80. Web site: 9 June 2014 . El rey de España condecora al presidente de México y a su esposa . 21 February 2024 . . Spanish.
  81. Web site: 12 June 2014 . El emotivo encuentro de don Juan Carlos y Adolfo Suárez Illana . 21 February 2024 . ¡Hola! . Spanish.
  82. Web site: 12 June 2014 . El Rey celebra con Gay de Montellà su última audiencia como Jefe de Estado . 21 February 2024 . . Spanish.
  83. Así se fraguó la amistad entre el rey Juan Carlos y Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, uno de sus políticos más queridos . Vanity Fair . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 10 May 2019.
  84. Web site: Sanz . Luis Ángel . Rubalcaba se va . El Mundo . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 26 May 2014.
  85. Web site: Rayón . Fernando . Rubalcaba, ante la abdicación de Juan Carlos I: «Me viene fatal, pero contad conmigo» . La Razón . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 11 May 2019.
  86. 1x02. Una ley de un solo artículo (segunda parte) . XRey . The Story Lab . de Cózar, Álvaro . 2020-05-01 . 2024-02-22 . Spanish.
  87. Web site: Alberto Garzón (IU): "Tengo muy claro que pactaremos con Podemos" . La Información . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 4 June 2014.
  88. Web site: Varios diputados del PSOE piden una reunión interna ante la ley de abdicación . . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 4 June 2014.
  89. Web site: Sanz . Gabriel . Rubalcaba irá mañana a la cita del Grupo Socialista para frenar a los «republicanos» . ABC.es . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 9 June 2014.
  90. Web site: La mayoría del grupo mixto muestra sus reticencias a la ley de abdicación . La Información . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 17 June 2014.
  91. Web site: Los partidos presentan cinco enmiendas contra la ley de abdicación y piden un referéndum . RTVE . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 9 June 2014.
  92. Web site: El Congreso aprueba la ley de abdicación del rey Juan Carlos . ¡Hola! . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 11 June 2014.
  93. Web site: Cruz, M.C. . García, A.B. . El Congreso aprueba la ley de abdicación del rey Juan Carlos I con 299 votos a favor . RTVE . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 11 June 2014.
  94. Web site: Elorza y Gasulla rompen la unanimidad del PSOE en favor del relevo monárquico . ABC.es. 22 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140611114114/https://www.abc.es/espana/rey-juan-carlos-i-abdica/20140611/abci-elorza-votacin-psoe-201406111211.html . 11 June 2014 . Spanish.
  95. Web site: 11 June 2014 . Spain Felipe: MPs back royal succession . 23 February 2024 . BBC News.
  96. Web site: Menéndez . María . Juan Carlos I pone fin a su reinado con la sanción de la ley de abdicación . RTVE. 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 18 June 2014.
  97. Web site: 18 June 2014 . Spain king: Juan Carlos signs his abdication . 22 February 2024 . BBC News.
  98. Web site: Ellakuría . Iñaki . El Rey perderá su inviolabilidad tras la abdicación pero puede pasar a ser aforado . . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014. subscription.
  99. Web site: Ley Orgánica 4/2014, de 11 de julio, complementaria de la Ley de racionalización del sector público y otras medidas de reforma administrativa por la que se modifica la Ley Orgánica 6/1985, de 1 de julio, del Poder Judicial. . Boletín Oficial del Estado . 54647–54652 . Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (AEBOE) . 21 February 2024 . Spanish.
  100. Web site: PP defiende la necesidad de regular aforamiento del Rey ante nueva situación . La Información . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 18 June 2014.
  101. Web site: JpD no ve sentido a la "protección jurídica propia" del Rey tras abdicación . La Información . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 18 June 2014.
  102. Web site: Amil . Gema . Las confesiones de Albert Solà, el supuesto hijo ilegítimo del rey Juan Carlos, sobre su infancia antes de morir . Lecturas . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 16 October 2022.
  103. Web site: Casey, Nicholas . Bautista, José . Humble Waiter or Son of a King? A Royal Mystery Piques Spain. . The New York Times . 23 February 2024 . 25 June 2021.
  104. Web site: Amil . Gema . El duro testimonio de Ingrid Sartiau, la mujer que asegura ser hija ilegítima del rey emérito Juan Carlos . Lecturas . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 16 October 2022.
  105. Web site: Navarro . Jennifer . Juan Carlos I keeps his head down: a new paternity request arrives . El Nacional.cat . 23 February 2024 . 8 January 2018.
  106. Web site: El Congreso aprueba el aforamiento del Rey Juan Carlos . ¡Hola! . 22 February 2024 . Spanish . 27 June 2014.
  107. Web site: Urra . Susana . Felipe VI becomes the new king of Spain . El País . 23 February 2024 . 19 June 2014.
  108. Web site: Leonor, la niña que empieza a ser princesa . RTVE . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 19 June 2014.
  109. Web site: Piñol, Àngels . González Moreno, Jesús-Sérvulo . Thousands rally in favor of a republic . El País . 23 February 2024 . 3 June 2014.
  110. Web site: Kassam . Ashifa . Juan Carlos abdication sparks calls for referendum on Spain's monarchy . . 23 February 2024 . 2 June 2014. subscription.
  111. Web site: Olmo . J.M. . Lara anuncia un "frente" por la república entre gritos de "¡Borbones a los tiburones!" . El Confidencial . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  112. Web site: Vera, Joaquín . Álvarez, Rafael J. . Alsedo, Quico . Decenas de miles de voces republicanas en las plazas . El Mundo . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 27 June 2014.
  113. Web site: Villalba . Enrique . Convocan manifestaciones por la república y varios partidos piden un referéndum . Madridiario . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  114. Web site: ERC responde a la abdicación del Rey con una convocatoria de esteladas . La Vanguardia . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014. subscription.
  115. Web site: Una manifestación por la III República recorre las calles de Alicante . La Vanguardia . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014. subscription.
  116. Web site: Rodean el Parlamento gallego para pedir una República . . 7 June 2014 . 23 February 2024 . Spanish.
  117. Web site: Paniagua . Ángel . Manifestación en Vigo: entre independencia y república . . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  118. Web site: Miles de personas salen a la calle en Galicia en favor de "un referéndum ya" y también por la "República gallega" . La Información . 23 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190328/http://noticias.lainformacion.com/politica/sistemas-politicos/miles-de-personas-salen-a-la-calle-en-galicia-en-favor-de-un-referendum-ya-y-tambien-por-la-republica-gallega_1PZatwD41Z7JjQHr88xKy3/ . 14 July 2014 . 2 June 2014.
  119. Web site: Miles de ciudadanos salen a la calle para exigir un referéndum sobre la Monarquía . La Sexta . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  120. Web site: Tarde republicana en las principales capitales andaluzas . El Mundo . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  121. Web site: Fuentes . Ana C. . Granada iza la bandera de la República . Granadaimedia . 2 June 2014 . 23 February 2024 . Spanish.
  122. Web site: Manifestaciones en varias ciudades españolas piden un referéndum sobre la Monarquía . ABC.es . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 7 June 2014. subscription.
  123. Web site: Miles de personas salen a la calle a favor de la República y el derecho a decidir . La Voz de Galicia . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 7 June 2014.
  124. Web site: Vera . Joaquín . Miles de ciudadanos piden una consulta sobre la república . El Mundo . 7 June 2014 . 23 February 2024 . Spanish.
  125. Web site: Schlanger . Zoë . Protests Erupt Calling for Referendum on Existence of the Spanish Monarchy . . 23 February 2024 . 2 June 2014.
  126. Web site: Quinn . Ben . Spaniards in London echo calls for referendum on monarchy . The Guardian . 23 February 2024 . 3 June 2014. subscription.
  127. Web site: Anti-monarchy protests persist in Spain . . 23 February 2024 . 8 June 2014.
  128. Web site: Minder . Raphael . New King or, Spaniards Ask, Is It Time for No King? . The New York Times . 23 February 2024 . 3 June 2014.
  129. Web site: Sáiz-Pardo . Melchor . Republicanos y monárquicos llaman a salir a la calle antes de la proclamación de Felipe VI . . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 5 June 2014.
  130. Web site: Los monárquicos convocan manifestaciones para el viernes en varias ciudades . La Voz Libre . 23 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140607003806/http://www.lavozlibre.com/noticias/ampliar/930670/los-monarquicos-convocan-manifestaciones-para-el-viernes-en-varias-ciudades . 7 June 2014 . Spanish . 5 June 2014.
  131. Web site: La Plaza Nueva, escenario de dos manifestaciones simultáneas a favor y en contra de la Monarquía . El Mundo . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 6 June 2014.
  132. Web site: Ansón . Luis María . Manifestación en apoyo a la Monarquía: "Es un orgullo ser español" . El Imparcial . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 30 June 2014.
  133. Web site: #ElReyAbdica corona las redes . El Mundo . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  134. Web site: Felipe VI, Leti y III República, entre las principales tendencias de twitter . EFE Futuro . 23 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140607012335/http://www.efefuturo.com/noticia/felipe-vi-leti-y-iii-republica-entre-las-principales-tendencias-de-twitter/ . 7 June 2014 . Spanish . 2 June 2014.
  135. Web site: Dibujantes de El Jueves se despiden tras la censura de la portada sobre el rey . El Diario . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 6 June 2014.
  136. Web site: Piña, Raúl . Fernández, Eduardo . Censuran una portada de 'El Jueves' con el Rey y el Príncipe Felipe . El Mundo . 5 June 2014 . 23 February 2024 . Spanish.
  137. Web site: Riveiro . Aitor . El Jueves retira 60.000 ejemplares con una portada sobre la abdicación del rey . El Diario . 5 June 2014 . 23 February 2024 . Spanish.
  138. Web site: Los humoristas que dejaron 'El Jueves' lanzan el cómic 'Orgullo y satisfacción' . RTVE . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 16 June 2014.
  139. Web site: Garea . Fernando . Majority of Spaniards want chance to vote on king or republic . El País . 23 February 2024 . 9 June 2014.
  140. Web site: Uriel . Mónica . Un 53% españoles prefieren la monarquía . Ansalatina.com . 23 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140607223216/http://www.ansa.it/ansalatina/notizie/rubriche/mundo/20140606165935677702.html . 7 June 2014 . Spanish.
  141. Web site: Cruz . Marisa . La Corona gana apoyo y el 73% cree que Felipe VI será buen Rey . El Mundo . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 9 June 2014.
  142. Web site: Unas 2.000 personas piden en Madrid un referéndum sobre la monarquía . . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 7 June 2014.
  143. Web site: Bayo . Carlos Enrique . Los españoles prefieren república a monarquía por una mayoría absoluta . Público . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 6 May 2020.
  144. Web site: Un 40,9% de la población votaría por la República y un 34,9% a favor de la monarquía en caso de referéndum . El Salto . Spanish . 12 October 2020.
  145. Web site: Romero . Alexis . Un 39,4% de los españoles votaría por la república en un referéndum frente a un 31% que apoyaría la monarquía . Público . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 12 October 2021.
  146. Web site: La República (51,7%) adelanta a la Monarquía (44,3%) como Jefatura de Estado preferida en la encuesta de febrero de Electomanía . Tercera Información . 23 February 2024 . Spanish . 9 February 2022.