Zayyanid dynasty explained

Surname:Zayyanid dynasty
Region:Maghreb
North Western Algeria
Titles:Sultan of Tlemcen
Founder:Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan
Final Ruler:Hassan I
Founding Year:1235
Dissolution:1557
Deposition:1557

The Zayyanid dynasty (Arabic: زيانيون, Ziyānyūn) or Abd al-Wadids (Arabic: بنو عبد الواد, Bānu ʿabd āl-Wād) was a Berber Zenata[1] [2] [3] dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Tlemcen, mainly in modern Algeria centered on the town of Tlemcen in northwest Algeria. The Zayyanid dynasty's rule lasted from 1235 to 1557.[4]

History

See main article: Kingdom of Tlemcen.

On the collapse of the Almohad Caliphate's rule around 1236,[5] the Kingdom of Tlemcen became independent under the rule of the Zayyanids, and Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan.[5] [6] Ibn Zyan was able to maintain control over the rival Berber groups, and when faced with the outside threat of the Marinids, he formed an alliance with the Sultan of Granada and the King of Castile, Alfonso X.[5]

After an eight-year siege of Tlemcen by the Marinids that ended in 1307, the reigns of Abu Hammu I (r. 1308–1318) and Abu Tashufin I (r. 1318–1337) marked a second political apogee of the Zayyanids with a consolidated hold over the central Maghreb.[7] This period of strength was followed by a Marinid occupation of Tlemcen between 1337 and 1359 (with an interruption from 1348 to 1352). There were occasional Marinid attempts to retake Tlemcen up to 1370,[8] but they found that they were unable to hold the region against local resistance.[9] Under the long reign of Abu Hammu II (r. 1359–1389), the Zayyanid state enjoyed a third period of political strength.

In the 15th century, Zayyanid expansion eastward was attempted, but proved disastrous, as consequences of these incursions they were so weakened that over the following two centuries, the Zayyanid kingdom was intermittently a vassal of Hafsid Ifriqiya, Marinid Morocco, or Aragon. During the first half of the 16th century, Spain and the Ottoman Regency of Algiers fought over control of Tlemcen, with the Zayyanid sultans often installed as puppets of one side or the other.[10] By 1551, the Ottomans had occupied Tlemcen and the last Zayyanid ruler, Hasan al-Abdallah, fled to Oran under Spanish protection and died a few years later, thus ending Zayyanid rule.

List of rulers

Dates and most alternate names taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989).[11]

No.NameAlternate NameReign BeginReign EndNotes
1Yghomracen Ibn ZyanAbu Yahya I bin Zayyan1236March 1283Founder
2Abu Said Uthman IOthmane Ibn YaghmoracenMarch 12836 June 1304Son of Abu Yahya I
3Abu Zayyan IAbu Zayyar I Muhammad6 June 130414 April 1308Son of Abu Said Uthman I
4Abu Hammu IAbu Hamma I Musa14 April 130822 July 1318Brother of Abu Zayyan I
Assassinated by his son Abu Tashufin I
5Abu Tashufin IAbu Tashufin I Abdal Rahman22 July 1318May 1336Son of Abu Hammu I
First Marinid conquest (1337–1348) (Marinid ruler was Abu al-Hasan Ali)
6Abu Said Uthman IIAbu Sa'id Uthman II Abdal Rahman13481352Son of Abu Tashufin I
Co-ruler with Abu Thabid I
7Abu Thabid IAbu Thabit13481352Son of Abu Tashufin I
Co-ruler with Abu Said Uthman II
Second Marinid conquest (1352–1359) (Marinid ruler was Abu Inan)
8Abu Hammu II MusaAbu Hammu II ibn Abi YaqubFebruary 135920 May 1360First Reign
Brother of Abu Said Uthman II
9Abu Zayyan IIAbu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman20 May 13601360Ruled during times when Abu Hammu II was forced from power
-Abu Hammu II-13601370Second Reign
Expedition to Bugia defeated, 1366
-Abu Zayyan II-13701372Second Reign
-Abu Hammu II-13721383Third Reign
-Abu Zayyan II-13831384Third Reign
-Abu Hammu II-13841387Fourth Reign
-Abu Zayyan II-13871387Fourth and final Reign
-Abu Hammu II-13871389Fifth and final Reign
10Abu Tashufin IIAbu Tashufin II Abdal Rahman138929 May 1393Son of Abu Hammu I
11Abu Thabid IIAbu Thabit II Yusuf29 May 13938 July 1393Son of Abu Tashufin I
12Abul Hadjdjadj IAbu Hadjjaj Yusuf8 July 1393November 1393Brother of Abu Thabid II
13Abu Zayyan IIAbu Zayyan II MuhammadNovember 13931397Brother of Abul Hadjdjadj I
14Abu Muhammad IAbu Muhammad Abdallah I13971400Brother of Abu Zayyan II
15Abu Abdallah IAbu Abdallah Muhammad I14001411Brother of Abu Muhammad I
16Abd al-Rahman IAbd al-Rahman ibn Musa U14111411Son of Abu Muhammad I
17Said IAbu Sa'id ibn Musa1411November 1412Brother of Abu Muhammad I
18Abu Malek IAbu Malek Abd al-WahidNovember 1412May 1424First reign
Brother of Said I
19Abu Abdallah IIAbu Abdallah Muhammad IIMay 14241427First reign
Son of Abd al-Rahman I
Interregnum  - Civil War (1427–1429)
-Abu Malek I-14291430Second reign
-Abu Abdallah II-14301430Second reign
20Abu Abbas Ahmad IAbu al-Abbas Ahmad I1430January 1462Son of Abu Thabid II
21Abu Abdallah IIIAbu Abdallah Muhammad IIIFebruary 14621468Son of Abu Abbas Ahmad I
22Abu Tashufin III-14681468Son of Abu Abdallah III
23Abu Abdallah IVAbu Abdallah Muhammad IV14681504Brother of Abu Tashufin III
24Abu Abdallah VAbu Abdallah Muhammad V15041517Son of Abu Abdallah IV
25Abu Hammu IIIAbu Hammu III Musa15171527Son of Abu Abbas Ahmad I
26Abu Muhammad IIAbu Muhammad Abdallah II1527January 1541Brother of Abu Hammu III
27Abu Zayyan IIIAbu Zayyan AhmadJanuary 15417 March 1543First Reign
Son of Abu Muhammad II
28Abu Abdallah VIAbu Abdallah Muhammad VI7 March 1543June 1543Brother of Abu Zayyan III
-Abu Zayyan III-June 15431550Second Reign
29Al Hassan ibn Abdallah-15501557Brother of Abu Zayyan III

See also

References

  1. Web site: Algeria – Zayanids. countrystudies.us. 2016-07-22.
  2. Web site: Abd al-Wadid Dynasty Berber dynasty. 2016-07-22.
  3. Book: Encyclopedia of Africa. Appiah. Anthony. Gates. Henry Louis. 2010-01-01. Oxford University Press. 9780195337709. en.
  4. Phillip Chiviges Naylor, North Africa: a history from antiquity to the present, (University of Texas Press, 2009), 98.
  5. Encyclopedia: Encyclopædia Britannica. 'Abd al-Wadid. 15th. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. I: A-Ak – Bayes. Chicago, Illinois. 978-1-59339-837-8. 16. registration.
  6. Delfina S. Ruano (2006), Hafsids, in Josef W Meri (ed.), Medieval Islamic Civilization: an Encyclopedia. Routledge., p. 309.
  7. Book: Messier, Ronald A. . Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three . Brill . 2009 . 9789004161658 . Fleet . Kate . en . ʿAbd al- Wādids . Krämer . Gudrun . Matringe . Denis . Nawas . John . Rowson . Everett.
  8. Web site: Qantara – The Abdelwadids (1236-1554) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100707094203/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=603&lang=en . 7 July 2010.
  9. I. Hrbek (1997), The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 34–43.
  10. Book: Abun-Nasr, Jamil . A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period . Cambridge University Press . 1987 . 0521337674 . Cambridge . 149–157 . en.
  11. Book: Stewart, John. African States and Rulers. McFarland. 1989. 0-89950-390-X. London. 2–3.

External links

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