Abu Muzahim Musa ibn Ubayd Allah al-Khaqani explained

Abū Muzaḥim Mūsā ibn ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Yaḥyā ibn Khāqān, also called al-Khāqānī (died AD 937), was an Islamic scholar and muḥaddith (traditionist) in Baghdad. He belonged to the abnāʾ al-dawla and his family was of Iranian origin.^[1] His father was the Abbasid vizier ʿUbayd Allāh al-Khāqānī (died 877), while his brother Muḥammad also served as vizier. Sources for his life include al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī's Taʾrīkh Baghdād, Ibn al-Samʿānī's Ansāb and al-Dhahabī's Siyar.

Al-Khāqānī wrote the earliest work on tajwīd, the proper Arabic pronunciation for reciting the Qurʾān. Known as al-Qaṣida al-Khāqāniyya, it is in the form of a qaṣīda. As the word tajwīd was not yet in use, he refers to ḥusn al-adāʾ (pleasant pronunciation). In the 11th century, Abū ʿAmr al-Dānī wrote a commentary on it, the Sharḥ al-Qaṣīda al-Khāqāniyya.

Works cited

• Encyclopedia: Mohammad Ali Lesani . Fesharaki . Saeed Saeedpoor . Abū ʿAmr al-Dānī . . Farhad Daftary . Farhad Daftary . 28 July 2023 . 2015 . Brill Online.
• The Khāqānid Families of the Early ʿAbbasid Period . Matthew S. . Gordon . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 121 . 2 . 2001 . 236–255 . 606563.
• Kur’ân Eğitiminde Manzûm Tecvid Geleneği: Cemzûrî ve Tuhfetü’l-Eṭfâl Adlı Manzûm Eseri . Poetical Tajwīd in the Education of the Qur'an: Jamzūrī and His Work Tuḥfat al-Aṭfâl . Recep . Koyuncu . Cumhuriyet İlahyat Dergisi . 21 . 3 . 2017 . 1497–1533.
• Book: The History of the Qurʾān . Theodor Nöldeke . Friedrich Schwally . Gotthelf Bergsträßer . Otto Pretzl . Theodor . Nöldeke . Friedrich . Schwally . Gotthelf . Bergsträßer . Otto . Pretzl . Wolfgang H. Behn . Brill . 2013.

Notes and References

1. , with a family tree at p. 255.