A (New York City Subway service) explained

Service:A
Eighth Avenue Express
Image1:R211A A Train @ Inwood-207th Street July 7th 2023.jpg
Caption1:An R211A train on the A at the route's northern terminus, Inwood–207th Street.
North Term:Inwood–207th Street
South Term:Lefferts Boulevard, Far Rockaway, or Rockaway Park (limited rush-hour service)
Stations:40
44 (rush hour services)
62 (late-night services)
Note:The dashed line shows rush-hour-only service.
Depot:Pitkin Yard
Map State:collapsed

The A Eighth Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or "bullet", is colored since it is a part of the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan.[1]

The A operates at all times. Daytime service operates between 207th Street in Inwood, Manhattan and Mott Avenue in Far Rockaway, Queens or Lefferts Boulevard in Richmond Hill, Queens, typically alternating between the latter two terminals, while making express stops in both Manhattan and Brooklyn and all stops in Queens. During rush hours, five scheduled trips in the peak direction operate from Beach 116th Street in Rockaway Park, Queens to Manhattan in the morning and back from Manhattan in the afternoon. Late night service operates only between 207th Street and Far Rockaway, making all stops along its entire route; during this time, a shuttle train (the Lefferts Boulevard Shuttle) operates between Euclid Avenue and Lefferts Boulevard.

The A provides the longest one-seat ride in the system—at 32.39miles, between Inwood and Far Rockaway—and a 2015 study indicated that it had a weekday ridership of 600,000.[2]

History

Early history

The A and AA were the first services on the IND Eighth Avenue Line when it opened on September 10, 1932. The Independent Subway System (IND) used single letters to refer to express services and double letters for local services. The A ran express between 207th Street and Chambers Street, and the AA ran local between 168th Street and Chambers Street, known at the time as Hudson Terminal. During late-night hours (from 1:45 a.m. to 5:45 a.m.) and on Sundays, the A did not run and the AA made all stops along the line.[3] [4]

The A was extended to Jay Street–Borough Hall when the Cranberry Street Tunnel to Brooklyn opened on February 1, 1933,[5] [6] and to Bergen Street, when the extension opened on March 20.[7] On July 1, the A began running express at all times, stopping at 155th Street and 163rd Street during late nights. The A was extended to Church Avenue on October 7.[8]

On April 9, 1936, the IND Fulton Street Line was opened to Rockaway Avenue.[9] The 1936 extension played an integral part in the establishment of Bedford-Stuyvesant as Brooklyn's central African American community. The A train connected Harlem, Manhattan's central African American community, to areas of Bedford-Stuyvesant that provided residential opportunities for African Americans not found throughout the rest of New York City.[10]

On December 30, 1946, and November 28, 1948, the line was extended to Broadway–East New York (now Broadway Junction) and Euclid Avenue, respectively.[11] On October 24, 1949, express service in Brooklyn to Broadway–East New York began with the A running express during rush hours, with the extended to provide local service.[12]

Extensions to Ozone Park and the Rockaways

On April 29, 1956, Grant Avenue was opened and the line was extended over the BMT Fulton Street Line to Lefferts Boulevard.[13] On weekdays except midnights, alternate trains terminated at Lefferts Boulevard and at Euclid Avenue. During weekends, they terminated at Euclid Avenue with a shuttle to Lefferts Boulevard.[14]

Two months later, on June 28, 1956, the former Long Island Rail Road Rockaway Beach Branch, having been rebuilt to subway specifications,[15] began service to Rockaway Park[16] and Wavecrest (Beach 25th Street).[17] [18] At this time, rush hour express service on the Fulton Street Line with the E train began.

On September 16, 1956, the A was extended to the Rockaways, replacing the E. At the time, alternate trains continued running to Lefferts Boulevard.[8] On January 27, 1957, non-rush hour through service to the Rockaways was discontinued and was replaced by a shuttle running between Euclid Avenue and Wavecrest (now Beach 25th Street). Non-rush hour A train service was now to Lefferts Boulevard.

On June 18, 1957, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) announced plans to have Rockaway-bound A trains skip Grant Avenue, Hudson Street, and Boyd Street during rush hours on a one-month pilot, to take effect July 1. The change was made to determine whether ten minutes could be reduced off of travel times to the Rockaways; the NYCTA only believed it would save three minutes.[19] [20] In the face of community opposition, the NYCTA announced that it would take more time to review the change, meaning that it ultimately did not take effect on July 1.[21]

On January 16, 1958, with the opening of the new terminal Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue, rush hour A service was extended. On September 8, 1958, the A train replaced the E train in the Rockaways again, and A trains resumed alternating between Euclid Avenue and Lefferts Boulevard. "Round-robin" service from Euclid Avenue to both Rockaway terminals began during non-rush hours, while through A service ran to Lefferts Boulevard.[22] On September 8, 1959, the A began to run local in Brooklyn during rush hours, making it local at all times in Brooklyn, as the E became express in Brooklyn during rush hours. On July 9, 1967, the A trains running to Euclid Avenue were extended to Far Rockaway middays, evenings, and weekends, replacing the HH shuttle on that branch.[23] [24]

Simplifying service patterns

As part of systemwide changes in bus and subway service, major changes were made to A service in Brooklyn and Queens on January 2, 1973. The A train became the express service along Fulton Street and the E train became the local during rush hours.[25] [26] Express service would be provided for a longer period during rush hours as the span of E service to Brooklyn, which would cover local stops, was also increased.[27] In addition, the A trips that terminated at Euclid Avenue during rush hours were extended to Far Rockaway, replacing E service. Service would now run to Far Rockaway between 5:30 a.m. and 11:30 p.m.[28] A trains would alternate between Lefferts Boulevard and Far Rockaway. These changes were initially supposed to take effect on September 11, 1972.[29]

On August 30, 1976, the CC became the Fulton Street Local during rush hours, replacing E service.[30] On August 27, 1977, the A began making local stops in Manhattan during late nights, when the AA was not running.[31]

On December 11, 1988, A trains began running local between 145th Street and 168th Street on weekends to replace the discontinued K (formerly AA) service, and express on the IND Fulton Street Line in Brooklyn during middays and rush hours, with the C providing local service during those times.[32] On September 30, 1990, A trains began operating local between 145th Street and 168th Street during weekday evenings.[33]

In 1991, at a series of meetings, the NYCTA presented proposed changes to A, C, and H service that would shorten the length of the C, simplify the service pattern during late nights to most efficiently serve the majority of riders, provide direct express service to Rockaway Park during rush hours in the peak direction, and provide shuttle connections during non-peak periods between Rockaway Park and through A train service. The service pattern devised was designed to improve operations by reducing route length and complexity, making service more attractive, simplifying confusing service patterns, and reducing transfers for passengers traveling during late nights.

At the time, A service ran to Lefferts Boulevard and Far Rockaway during the day while the C ran to Rockaway Park during rush hours. During late nights, A service ran to Lefferts Boulevard, while service to both branches in the Rockaways was provided by round-robin H shuttle service to Euclid Avenue. As part of the changes proposed, round-robin shuttle service would be discontinued; late-night A service would run from Manhattan through to Far Rockaway; and service to Lefferts Boulevard and Rockaway Park would be provided by separate shuttle services with timed transfers to through A service. Rush hour local C service to Rockaway Park would be replaced by through A express service that ran every 20 minutes in the peak direction for a period of one hour and twenty minutes in rush hours to and from 59th Street–Columbus Circle. The initial proposal had these trips terminate at 34th Street, but this was changed to 59th Street following public comments. These five rush hour express trips were marketed as a "commuter rail style service", and special efforts were to be made to follow the arrival and departure times listed in the route's timetable, which was publicly distributed to riders. In addition, H service to Rockaway Park would be replaced by the Rockaway Park Shuttle, which would run between Broad Channel and Rockaway Park, and C service would be truncated to Euclid Avenue.

In April 1992, the MTA Board approved the proposed change to service in the Rockaways, which were expected to encourage ridership growth in the long term, and reduced NYCTA's annual operating budget by $20,000.[34] The changes took effect on October 23, 1992, with modification: Late night shuttle service to Lefferts Boulevard would terminate at Euclid Avenue, not Rockaway Boulevard.[35] Later on, the rush hour A trips to Rockaway Park were extended from 59th Street to Dyckman Street and Inwood–207th Street.[36]

On May 29, 1994, A trains began running express on weekends from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m. between 168th Street and 145th Street, with C trains being extended from 145th Street to 168th Street to cover local stops.[37] A corresponding change was made to weekday midday A service on April 30, 1995, though this change was discontinued on November 12, 1995. On March 1, 1998, A trains began running express between 168th Street and 145th Street during middays and early evenings, with local service provided by extended C service. On May 2, 1999, the A became the express on the Fulton Street Line at all times except late nights, and C service was extended from World Trade Center to Euclid Avenue during late weekday evenings and weekends to provide local service along the line.

21st century

On January 23, 2005, a fire at the Chambers Street signal room crippled A and C service. Initial assessments suggested that it would take several years to restore normal service, but the damaged equipment was replaced with available spare parts, and normal service resumed on April 21.[38] [39]

A service was affected by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, due to extreme damage to the IND Rockaway Line. Trains that normally traveled to Far Rockaway or Rockaway Park terminated at Howard Beach–JFK Airport. Service to the Rockaways resumed on May 30, 2013.[40] [41] The Far Rockaway part of the route was served by the temporary free H shuttle that ran between Far Rockaway and Beach 90th Street via the connecting track at Hammels Wye.[42] [43] [44]

As a result of a two-phase program of flood mitigation work along the Hammels Wye, between April 9 and May 18, 2018, limited rush hour A service to/from Rockaway Park was suspended. The second phase, from July 1 to September 3, diverted all Far Rockaway-bound A trips to Rockaway Park, with Rockaway Park Shuttle trains being rerouted to the Far Rockaway branch through the southern leg of Hammels Wye.[45]

From midday on March 29, 2020[46] [47] to April 28, 2020,[48] due to the suspension of C train service caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, A trains to Lefferts Boulevard ran local,[49] while A trains to the Rockaways ran express.[50]

Route

Service pattern

The following table shows the lines used by the A, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the specified times:

LineFromToTracksTimes
Lefferts
Service
Rockaway
Services
all
nights
late
nights
all
nights
late
nights
rush
peak
IND Eighth Avenue Line (full line)Inwood–207th Street168th Streetall     
163rd Street–Amsterdam AvenueCanal Streetexpress 
local    
Chambers StreetHigh Streetall   
IND Fulton Street Line (full line)Jay Street–MetroTechShepherd Avenueexpress 
local    
Euclid Avenueall    
Grant AvenueRockaway Boulevardlocal
104th StreetOzone Park–Lefferts Boulevard  
IND Rockaway Line (full line)Aqueduct RacetrackHoward Beach–JFK Airport     
Broad Channelall
Beach 67th StreetFar Rockaway–Mott AvenueMost trains
Beach 90th StreetRockaway Park–Beach 116th Street  Limited service

Stations

For a more detailed station listing, see the articles on the lines listed above.

For clarity, the A branches are shown separately in the following table. The leftmost column shows the Lefferts Boulevard service; the second column shows the Far Rockaway service; and the third column shows the Rockaway Park service.

width=3%
width=3%
width=3%
width=28% Stationswidth=3% width=36% Subway transferswidth=30% Connections/Other Notes
Manhattan
Eighth Avenue Line
 ↑Bx12 Select Bus Service
All northbound a.m. rush hour trains from Rockaway Park terminate at this station
Some peak-direction rush hour trips to/from Brooklyn and Queens begin or end their runs at this station
George Washington Bridge Bus Station

(IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)
Some peak-direction rush hour trips to/from Brooklyn and Queens begin or end their runs at this station
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |Bx6 Select Bus Service

(IND Concourse Line)
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
M60 Select Bus Service to LaGuardia Airport
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |M86 Select Bus Service
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |M79 Select Bus Service
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |

(IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | | ↓ (IND Queens Boulevard Line)Station is ADA-accessible in the southbound direction only.

(IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)
(IRT Flushing Line)
(BMT Broadway Line)
(42nd Street Shuttle)
at Times Square–42nd Street
(IND Sixth Avenue Line at, daytime only)
Port Authority Bus Terminal
M34A Select Bus Service
M34/M34A Select Bus Service
Amtrak, LIRR, NJ Transit at Pennsylvania Station
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |M23 Select Bus Service

(BMT Canarsie Line at)
M14A/D Select Bus Service

(IND Sixth Avenue Line)
PATH at
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |

(at)
(IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line at)
(BMT Broadway Line at)
PATH at

(IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)
(IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
(BMT Nassau Street Line)
PATH at
Brooklyn
NYC Ferry: East River and South Brooklyn routes (at Old Fulton Street and Furman Street)
Fulton Street Line

(BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

(IND Crosstown Line)
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | | (BMT Franklin Avenue Line)
B44 Select Bus Service, LIRR Atlantic Branch at
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |B15 bus to JFK Int'l Airport
B46 Select Bus Service
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |

(BMT Jamaica Line)
(BMT Canarsie Line)
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
align=center || style="text-align:center" | | align=center | |
Northern terminal for the late night Lefferts Boulevard Shuttle, one evening trip from Far Rockaway, and three morning trips to Far Rockaway
Queens
Q52/Q53 Select Bus Service
Services to Lefferts Boulevard and The Rockaways split
Q10 bus to JFK Airport
Rockaway Line
 ↑ ↑ ↑Station serves northbound trains only
AirTrain JFK
(Rockaway Park Shuttle)Q52/Q53 Select Bus Service
Services to Far Rockaway and Rockaway Park split
Far Rockaway Branch
Q52 Select Bus Service
Q52 Select Bus Service
LIRR Far Rockaway Branch at
Rockaway Park Branch (rush hour service only)
(Rockaway Park Shuttle)Q52 Select Bus Service
(Rockaway Park Shuttle)Q53 Select Bus Service
(Rockaway Park Shuttle)Q53 Select Bus Service
(Rockaway Park Shuttle)Q53 Select Bus Service
NYC Ferry: East River and South Brooklyn routes (on Beach Channel Drive and Beach 108th Street)

In popular culture

"Take the 'A' Train" is a jazz standard by Billy Strayhorn, referring to the A train, going at that time from eastern Brooklyn up into Harlem and northern Manhattan. It became the signature tune of Duke Ellington and often opened the shows of Ella Fitzgerald.[51] The A train is mentioned by Azealia Banks in her song "212".[52]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Mta.info – Line Colors. mta.info. May 6, 2014. October 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161016104324/http://web.mta.info/developers/resources/line_colors.htm. live.
  2. Web site: Review of the A and C Lines . December 11, 2015 . . January 19, 2016 . February 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200203061138/http://web.mta.info/nyct/service/pdf/AC_LineReview.pdf . live .
  3. News: Gay Midnight Crowd Rides First Trains in New Subway . . September 10, 1932 . 1 . February 5, 2017 . September 12, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120912162150/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D13F7395513738DDDA90994D1405B828FF1D3 . live .
  4. Book: A History of the New York City Subway System . Cunningham . Joseph . DeHart . Leonard O. . 1993 . J. Schmidt, R. Giglio, and K. Lang . en . November 23, 2020 . January 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240102022135/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4KAQAAMAAJ&q=fulton+street+express+e+train . live .
  5. News: CITY OPENS SUBWAY TO BROOKLYN TODAY; Regular Express Service on the Extension of Independent Line Starts at 6:05 A.M. 3 LARGE STATIONS ADDED Fast Trains to Make Run From 207th St. To Borough Hall in 37 Minutes. 43 MORE MEN ON JOBS Officials Look for Rise in Income as Financial District Is Brought Into New Route. . February 1, 1933 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . June 20, 2016 . March 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220327094512/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/02/01/archives/city-opens-subway-to-brooklyn-today-regular-express-service-on-the.html . live .
  6. News: NEW SUBWAY LINK OPENS WEDNESDAY; Independent Line Will Offer Express Service to Borough Hall in Brooklyn. KEY STATION TO BE ADDED Broadway-Nassau St. Platform to Connect With B.M.T. And East and West Side I.R.T. ADDED REVENUE EXPECTED 2-Way Rush-Hour Traffic Hoped For by Officials – Local Trains to Be Speeded Slightly. . January 29, 1933 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . June 20, 2016 . December 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221216145354/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/01/29/archives/new-subway-link-opens-wednesday-independent-line-will-offer-express.html . live .
  7. News: CITY SUBWAY OPENS NEW LINK MARCH 20; Brooklyn Extension to Bergen and Smith Streets to Add One More Station. RISE IN REVENUE CERTAIN Further Cut Into Traffic of Rival Systems at Terminal Point Is Predicted. GROWTH WILL CONTINUE Station-By-Siation Completion to Church Avenue Before September Is Planned. . March 12, 1933 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . June 20, 2016 . June 14, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180614044850/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/03/12/archives/city-subway-opens-new-link-march-20-brooklyn-extension-to-bergen.html . live .
  8. Web site: NYCT Line by Line History . erictb.info . April 23, 2013 . March 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100921/http://www.erictb.info/linehistory.html . live .
  9. News: NEW SUBWAY LINK OPENED BY MAYOR; He Tells 15,000 In Brooklyn It Will Be Extended to Queens When Red Tape Is Cut. . April 9, 1936 . The New York Times . April 25, 2018 . en-US . 0362-4331 . April 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220401082810/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/09/archives/new-subway-link-opened-by-mayor-he-tells-15000-in-brooklyn-it-will.html . live .
  10. Echanove, Matias. "Bed-Stuy on the Move" . Master thesis. Urban Planning Program. Columbia University. Urbanology.org. 2003.
  11. Web site: Williams . Keith . Weaving the Broadway Junction Tapestry . The Weekly Nabe . August 6, 2012.
  12. News: IND Faster Service Will Start Sunday . October 20, 1949 . February 20, 2016 . The New York Times . January 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240102022031/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/10/20/96476347.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false . live .
  13. Web site: Notice To Passengers . Flickr . New York City Transit Authority . July 6, 2020 . April 1956 . January 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240102022119/https://www.flickr.com/photos/127872292@N06/50066566666/in/dateposted/ . live .
  14. News: First Leg of Rockaways Transit Opened at Cost of $10,154,702; Station and Subway Section Put Into Use—Service Is Expected on June 28 . April 30, 1956 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . June 20, 2016 . September 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002010/http://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/30/archives/first-leg-of-rockaways-transit-opened-at-cost-of-10154702-station.html . live .
  15. Web site: PRR Chronology, 1956 . May 6, 2014 . October 14, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131014021404/http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR1956%20Dec%2004.pdf . live .  , December 2004 Edition
  16. Web site: Rockaway Park . arrts-arrchives.com . May 6, 2014 . October 16, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111016071543/http://www.arrts-arrchives.com/july261905d.html . live .
  17. Web site: Long Island Station History . trainsarefun.com . May 6, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170526225709/http://www.trainsarefun.com/lirrphotos/lirrstationshistory.htm . May 26, 2017 . dead.
  18. News: FREE RIDE OPENS ROCKAWAYS LINE; Fete Marks Longest Single Extension of Rapid Transit in History of the City Commissioner's Children Help Mayor Arrives Late . Freejman) . Ira Henry . June 29, 1956 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . June 20, 2016 . September 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002639/http://www.nytimes.com/1956/06/29/archives/free-ride-opens-rockaways-line-fete-marks-longest-single-extension.html . live .
  19. News: IND Time Test to Skip 3 Brooklyn Stations. June 19, 1957. New York Daily News. January 2, 2020. January 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200102194158/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41539300/daily_news/. live.
  20. News: Rockaway Transit Speedup Assailed. June 25, 1957. New York Daily News. January 2, 2020. January 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200102193224/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41536870/daily_news/. live.
  21. News: TA Puts Off Speedup For Rockaway Line. June 27, 1957. New York Daily News. January 2, 2020. January 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200102194200/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41539269/daily_news/. live.
  22. Linder . Bernard . October 1968 . Independent Subway Service History . New York Division Bulletin . Electric Railroaders' Association . December 23, 2022 . December 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221223063040/https://erausa.org/pdf/bulletin/1960s/1968/1968-10-bulletin.pdf . live .
  23. Chiasson . George . February 2012 . History of the A Train . The Bulletin . Electric Railroaders' Association . 55 . 2 . December 23, 2022 . June 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220614211834/https://erausa.org/pdf/bulletin/2010s/2012/2012-02-bulletin.pdf . live .
  24. News: Train Stepup To Far Rock. July 5, 1967. New York Daily News. January 2, 2020. January 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200102202902/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41543054/daily_news/. live.
  25. News: Subway Schedules In Queens Changing Amid Some Protest . The New York Times . January 2, 1973 . 46 . March 20, 2010 . October 18, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018112012/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40C1EF73F551A7493C0A9178AD85F478785F9 . live .
  26. News: Changes Set for Jan. 2 Praised . November 25, 1972 . January 25, 2016 . The New York Times . January 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240102022030/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/11/25/432164652.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false . live .
  27. Web site: 1972 . To Serve You Better... ....On E and F Trains in Queens and Manhattan . December 23, 2022 . Flickr . New York City Transit Authority . December 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221223112304/https://www.flickr.com/photos/unionturnpike/52581156043/in/album-72157652636620504/ . live .
  28. Web site: 1972 . To Serve You Better... Changes in Subway Service Will Become Effective 6 AM Tues, Jan. 2 . December 23, 2022 . Flickr . New York City Transit Authority . December 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221223112302/https://www.flickr.com/photos/unionturnpike/49374906688/in/album-72157652636620504/ . live .
  29. Web site: 1972 . Improved Service Begins Sept 11 . December 23, 2022 . Flickr . New York City Transit Authority . December 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221223112305/https://www.flickr.com/photos/unionturnpike/50089691258/in/album-72157652636620504/ . live .
  30. Web site: Service Adjustment on BMT and IND Lines Effective 1 A.M. Monday, Aug. 30 . August 1976 . Flickr . New York City Transit Authority . October 23, 2016 . January 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170105070318/https://www.flickr.com/photos/127872292%40N06/30393951262/ . live .
  31. Web site: Service Adjustments on the BMT and IND Lines Effective Midnight, Saturday, August 27 . 1977 . Flickr . New York City Transit Authority . June 9, 2016 . September 15, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160915071754/https://www.flickr.com/photos/127872292%40N06/27461551962/ . live .
  32. Web site: System-Wide Changes In Subway Service Effective Sunday, December 11, 1988 . 1988 . Flickr . New York City Transit Authority . June 17, 2016 . September 15, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160915071757/https://www.flickr.com/photos/127872292@N06/27699872706/ . live .
  33. Web site: Service Changes September 30, 1990 . September 30, 1990 . subwaynut.com . New York City Transit Authority . May 1, 2016 . October 26, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141026015324/http://www.subwaynut.com/brochures/1990servicechanges.pdf . dead .
    • Book: Transit Authority Committee Agenda April 1992. April 16, 1992. New York City Transit Authority. E.1. September 25, 2020. January 2, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240102022119/https://www.flickr.com/photos/127872292@N06/48472961867/in/album-72157710272372761/. live.
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