All Terrain Walkers are armored fighting vehicles from the Star Wars universe that traverse the landscape on mechanical legs. They are used by the Old Republic, the Galactic Empire, and the First Order for ground assault, reconnaissance or transport. Throughout the saga walkers have played a pivotal role in the fate of characters and the outcome of battles. Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) is responsible for their animation and design, often using models, stop-motion animation, and relevant matte paintings to depict their presence in the films.
There are a variety of walkers: The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi introduced the All Terrain Armored Transport (AT-AT) and All Terrain Scout Transport (AT-ST). , and The Clone Wars introduced earlier Clone Wars-era models of walkers, such as the All-Terrain Tactical Enforcer (AT-TE), and the All Terrain Recon Transports (AT-RT). The Star Wars Legends continuity features numerous walker variants, several which have been merchandised in popular culture, while the later films Rogue One and depicted, respectively, the former the AT-ACT variant to the standard AT-AT, the latter a restyled AT-AT for its new and more modern setting, and a new, even larger walker known as the AT-M6.
| All Terrain Armored Transport | |
| Series: | Star Wars |
| First Major: | The Empire Strikes Back |
| Creator: | Joe Johnston |
| Affiliation: | Galactic Empire |
| Maker: | Kuat Drive Yards |
| Aux Vehicle: |
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| Class: | Walker |
| Armaments: |
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| Defence: | --> |
| Max Speed: | 60kph[2] |
| Length: | 25.9m (85feet) |
| Height: |
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| Population Volume: |
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The All Terrain Armored Transport is a quadruped mechanized infantry combat vehicle used by Imperial ground forces.
The AT-AT (pronounced either casually as 'at at', or using only the letters '')[3] was first introduced in The Empire Strikes Back (as the Galactic Empire's main units against Rebel Alliance infantry during the Battle of Hoth) and also appears in Return of the Jedi and in Rogue One (in the AT-ACT variant).
The also appears in a destroyed form in , explained in the video game Star Wars Battlefront (2015) to be a residue of the Battle of Jakku, which was the Empire's last defeat and resulted in its dissolution. Updated forms appear in The Last Jedi (used by the First Order to attack Resistance forces in a former Rebel base).
The theme park attraction , set after The Last Jedi, features two full-sized AT-ATs in a hangar bay. These walkers, while mostly static, can move their cannons to allow for a scene in which the walker's drivers spot the ride vehicles and fire at them.
Joe Johnston's original design for the Empire's war machines was a giant, multi-wheeled vehicle; this design later became the "Juggernaut" in West End Games' roleplaying material, and the design was reworked into the clone turbo tank for .[4] Johnston said Lucas wanted the walkers to look like anthropomorphic walking tanks to make them frightening.[5]
For The Empire Strikes Back, however, the final design was a four-legged walker. Inspiration for the came from Paraceratherium, an extinct genus of rhinoceros and the largest land mammal in history.[6] George Lucas later dismissed claims that the design was inspired by container cranes at the Port of Oakland (across San Francisco Bay from ILM's San Rafael offices), calling it a "myth"; animator Phil Tippett told the San Francisco Chronicle the same thing.[7]
ILM created models ranging from 6to(-) in height.[8] ILM filmed the using stop-motion animation against matte paintings created by Michael Pangrazio because attempts at compositing miniature footage against live-action background footage yielded mediocre results. Additionally, ILM studied elephants to determine the best way to animate the four-legged . Although the stop-motion animation style gave the a jerky, "staccato-like" effect on film, ILM found this movement acceptable because of the mechanical nature.[9]
The sound of the AT-AT walking was created by sound designer Ben Burtt using a punch press.
The All Terrain Armored Transport is an assault walker used by Imperial ground forces to blast through enemy lines with its sheer mass and firepower and deploy a platoon of crack assault troops.[1] [10] The thick armor plating on the AT-AT will deflect or absorb anything but the heaviest turbolaser weaponry.[1] Standing over tall,[1] [2] [10] [11] the is as much a weapon of terror as anything else, and its mere presence is often enough to intimidate the local populace into obedience.[1] [2] Its prodigious height also helps the walker see over obstacles and provides a clear line of sight for its weaponry, carried in its heavily armored head.[1] A pair of Class II heavy laser cannons mounted in the head's "chin" can be fired in quick succession or simultaneously for a single, power blast,[1] and can engage targets from many kilometers away;[12] on either side of the "temples" are mounted medium repeating blasters and targeting rangefinders.[1] [10] When it comes time to deploy, troops carried in the exit out of the sides via harness-and-cable from extendable boom racks while speeder bikes exit out the front and back using harnesses.[1]
The walker's crew consists of two pilots and a vehicle commander; while both pilots are fully qualified, one usually serves as the driver and the other as gunner.[1] pilots receive specialized training in order to operate their walkers, using terrain sensors in the head and footpads to find sure footing, and as such warrant extra layers of protection and long-lasting power packs in their life-support suits.[1] [11] [13]
Although imposing, these weapons of terror have a number of design flaws. While AT-ATs can navigate most rugged ground, certain features such as steep hillsides or swamps can impede them.[1] A high center of gravity and unstable legs also make them susceptible to tripping. Their size makes them conspicuous targets, especially on open terrain; while largely impervious to attack, their neck and underbelly are vulnerable to blasters and missiles.[10]
In the Battle of Hoth, General Veers leads a group of and AT-STs dubbed Blizzard Force in the attack on the Rebels' Echo Base, as only slow-moving ground vehicles can penetrate the base's shield system.[12] During the battle, the AT-AT designated Blizzard Two is destroyed when Wedge Antilles and Wes Janson use their snowspeeder's tow cable to trip it up and target its now-exposed neck with blaster fire to blow it up.[12] [10] Luke Skywalker destroys another AT-AT, Blizzard Four, by using a magnetic grapple to reach its underbelly, cut open a hole with his lightsaber and throw in a grenade.[12] [10] Ultimately the Empire is victorious as General Veers' Blizzard One destroys the shield generator, and in the ensuing rout he orders the remaining AT-ATs and AT-STs to overrun the Rebels' trenches and capture as many as possible.[12]
A ruined appears in Star Wars: The Force Awakens as the makeshift home of the scavenger Rey on the planet Jakku. Using scavenged parts from the walker and other vehicles, Rey is able to construct a power system for her home along with booby traps and motion sensors to deter potential thieves. Information in the AT-AT's manifest reveal it was designated Hellhound Two, part of the complement of the Imperial-class Star Destroyer Interrogator, but the ultimate fate of its crew is unknown.[14]
The First Order uses an updated model of the AT-AT during the Battle of Crait at the end of Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Built by Kuat-Entralla Drive Yards, these versions of the venerable AT-AT address some of the stability issues that plagued the Imperial walkers. They also use lighter armor material to add additional layers of protection and address weak points without increasing weight.[10] [15]
In 2011, a fan-led effort to get a life-sized, fully functional AT-AT built was stopped by Lucasfilm as violating their intellectual property.[16] Commenting on the effort, Heiko Hoffman, a robotics expert at HRL Laboratories, argued that building an AT-AT would easily cost US$100 million or more. He also argued that building such a vehicle would poses challenges since structural strength does not increase the same way as mass and there would be tremendous stress on the legs and joints, though he noted the AT-AT's method of walking was "statically stable" and appropriate for a heavy vehicle.[17] A later estimate conducted in 2016 argued that building a real-life AT-AT would cost US$228.5 million. Using the M1 Abrams as a starting point, such a vehicle would weigh over 1,000 tons and generate 19 megawatts of power.[18] [19]
Dr. Malcolm Davis, director of the Defense & Strategy Program at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, argues that the AT-AT has several flaws which make it an ineffective design. Compared to tracked vehicles, Davis states that while walking vehicles like the AT-AT can potentially step over obstacles, they cannot run as fast, and destroying a leg would topple one over. The AT-AT also has a limited field of fire with all its weapons mounted in the head and its slab sides would be more vulnerable to shaped charge munitions as opposed to angled sides. He notes however that its height would give its line-of-sight weaponry a greater reach and puts its occupants well above any IED explosion.[20] [21]
Joe Pappalardo of Popular Mechanics also argues that the AT-AT is a poorly-designed troop transport, being slow, top-heavy and conspicuous with its legs being a particular vulnerability. He contends that the Empire would have won the Battle of Hoth faster and more easily if they had deployed smaller conventional vehicles.[22]
| All Terrain Scout Transport | |
| Series: | Star Wars |
| First Major: | The Empire Strikes Back |
| Affiliation: | Galactic Empire |
| Maker: | Kuat Drive Yards |
| Class: | Walker |
| Armaments: |
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| Defence: | --> |
| Max Speed: | 90kph[24] |
| Power: | High-density power cells |
| Height: |
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| Population Volume: |
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The All Terrain Scout Transport (AT-ST) is a two-legged mech walker introduced briefly in The Empire Strikes Back and featured extensively in Return of the Jedi. These vehicles were designed to screen and protect the flanks of slower moving AT-ATs and the larger tanks used by the Empire. Due to their design and movement, they are often dubbed as a "chicken walker".[26] The name Scout Walker is also used to refer to an . This name was used for the official toy instead of the name. Used in the Battle of Endor and also used in the Battle of Hoth.
An AT-ST also appears briefly in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, patrolling Jedha City following an attack by Saw Gerrera's forces. A modified AT-ST later appears in The Mandalorian under the possession of a group of raiders, as the Empire has ceased to exist by the time of the series. An updated model of the AT-ST is used by the First Order in The Last Jedi. Shortly before the film's climax, an AT-ST is commandeered by BB-8.
Video games such as and Shadows of the Empire (in a much expanded Battle of Hoth) include numerous, and these can be destroyed by direct shooting from the player's craft, in contrast to the heavily armored which have to be tripped by tow cables. are also player-controllable units in several real-time strategy games.
A single AT-ST makes a brief appearance in The Empire Strikes Back alongside the larger during the Battle of Hoth. The was meant to have more screen time; however, one scene depicting a snowspeeder shooting at the model was ruined when the set's background shifted.[27]
For Return of the Jedi, ILM made the design more detailed.[27] Numerous models were created, including a full-sized for on-location shooting.[27] Director Richard Marquand and producer Robert Watts had cameos as operators for the scene in which Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew) and a pair of Ewoks commandeer an AT-ST.[27]
Lee Seiler sued Lucasfilm in the mid-1980s, claiming that the infringed on his copyright on what he called a "Garthian Strider", which he said he created in 1976 or 1977. The case was dismissed with the court noting that not only did Seiler not produce the supposed drawings at trial, but that the copyright came one year after The Empire Strikes Back debuted.[28]
According to Star Wars sources, the in-universe development of the can be traced back to earlier walker models like the and .[24] Constructed as a companion to the larger AT-AT, the scout walker's lightweight bipedal design allows it to travel across rugged ground and fulfill a variety of missions, including patrolling, reconnaissance and mop-up operations.[23] [29] During major ground combat, protect the flanks of and hunt down any infantry or smaller threats which evade the assault walkers.[23] [29] A powerful gyro stabilizer, sophisticated shock absorbers, and terrain-measuring sensors in the footpads allow the scout walker to move faster and traverse areas which would be impassible to an .[23] Standard weaponry includes a chin-mounted twin medium blaster cannon, with a twin light blaster cannon and a concussion grenade launcher on either side of the head.[23] AT-STs may carry different side-mounted weapons, such as a light blaster cannon and/or concussion missile launcher.[24] [29]
are crewed by two pilots, one who controls the weaponry while the other drives the walker. Their uniforms include fire-resistant boots, jumpsuits over basic armor plating, and crew helmets with attached telemetry receiver units.[11] The two operate the scout walker looking out of the forward viewports or by relying on viewscreens and holoprojectors which help them see the area all around the walker. While the computer can pilot it easily enough over level ground, pilots must use their dexterity and superior sense of balance to help it navigate more difficult terrain.[23] [11]
In order to achieve its speed and size, the is forced to sacrifice offensive and defensive capability. Its chin-mounted blasters are only effective out to 2km (01miles), while the side-mounted weaponry has less range. Lightweight armor plating is proof against blasters and other small arms, but cannot withstand heavier laser cannons and missiles.[29] The must rely on high-intensity power cells as it is too small to carry a full power generator, limiting its range.[23]
In The Empire Strikes Back, scout for and provide support for the slower during the Battle of Hoth; when the shield generator is destroyed, they race ahead of the assault walkers to capture as many of the fleeing Rebels as possible.[12] [29] During the ground skirmish of the Battle of Endor in Return of the Jedi, after initially inflicting heavy casualties on the Rebels and Ewoks, several are destroyed when they prove highly vulnerable to the Ewoks' primitive booby traps, with one crushed between two large tree trunks swung on ropes. Another is hijacked thanks to Chewbacca climbing aboard and using his strength to rip open its roof hatch; he proceeds to turn its weapons against the other to help win the battle.[29]
An updated model of the AT-ST is used by the First Order during the Battle of Crait in The Last Jedi. Based on the classic Imperial scout walker, this version boasts improved stability and greater protection thanks to new lightweight armor plating.[15]
In episode 208 of Mythbusters, the Build Team (Grant Imahara, Kari Byron and Tory Belleci) tested the plausibility of the scene in Return of the Jedi wherein a swinging log trap destroyed an AT-ST. The team determined that the logs in the scene each weighed approximately 10000lbs and were swung at a 45 degree angle at the walker, impacting with the energy equivalent of around two megajoules. To test this in real life, the team created a swinging log rig out of telephone poles and, after shoring the structure up with steel reinforcement, swung replica logs at an armored truck. The team declared the myth plausible when the logs succeeded in punching the truck's side panels off its frame.[30]
| All Terrain Tactical Enforcer | |
| Series: | Star Wars |
| First Major: | Attack of the Clones |
| Last Major: | Rebels |
| Creator: | Rothana Heavy Engineering |
| Affiliation: | Galactic Republic |
| Aux Vehicle: | (2x) AT-RTs or speeders |
| Class: | Walker |
| Armaments: |
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| Defence: | --> |
| Max Speed: | 60kph[32] |
| Length: | 13.2m (43.3feet) (hull only) |
| Width: | 5.7m (18.7feet) |
| Height: | 5.7m (18.7feet) (hull and legs) |
| Population Volume: |
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The All Terrain Tactical Enforcer, or walker, is a mechanized infantry combat vehicle used by the Grand Army of the Republic ground forces. Having six grappling legs and a low centre of gravity, this armored walker could navigate any terrain – even climbing vertical cliffs. It appears in Attack of the Clones, Revenge of the Sith, The Clone Wars multimedia campaign, Star Wars Battlefront II and in the early episodes from the second season of Star Wars Rebels.
Conceived by Ryan Church as a predecessor to the, the animation for Attack of the Clones was supervised by Rob Coleman.[33] Tom St. Amand, who worked on the scenes in The Empire Strikes Back, provided his experience to create a similar appearance for the .
first appeared in Attack of the Clones during the Battle of Geonosis, where they serve as both assault vehicles and infantry transports for the Grand Army of the Republic.[34] Their in-universe manufacturer is Rothana Heavy Engineering, a subsidiary of Kuat Drive Yards and long-time enemy to the Trade Federation and Techno Union.[31] A total of 2,160 were deployed in the battle, airlifted across the battlefield by special LAAT/c carriers to engage Separatist forces.[35]
The walker's unique six-legged design and flexible midsection gives it excellent stability and allows it to traverse otherwise impassible terrain. Its footpads contain terrain sensors and tractor-field generators which enhance its purchase on rough ground.[31] They can also be magnetized, allowing the to even hang upside-down on metal surfaces.[32] [34]
A turret-mounted mass driver cannon atop the has a low rate of fire but can be used to bombard fixed emplacements or shoot down slow-moving aircraft.[31] [34] Six turret-mounted laser cannons, four on the front of the hull and two in the rear, defend it against enemy infantry.[31] [34] The 's conductive armor spreads heat to minimize penetration from enemy fire, and is well-shielded against electromagnetic pulse and ion cannon weapons.[31]
The carries two squads of clone troopers into battle,[36] with seating split between the front and rear sections of the walker. These are connected by a flexible "concertina" section which also houses the walker's power generators. Inertial compensators beneath this seating helps to keep troopers secure, with seat restraints in case of compensator failure.[31]
In the Star Wars Rebels episode "Relics of the Old Republic", a heavily customized is used by clone troopers Rex, Wolffe and Gregor as a mobile residence on the planet Seelos. Modifications made to the walker include renovating the interior to make room for bunk beds and a kitchen, and replacing the main cannon with rod and reel for catching the planet's wildlife. During a confrontation with a group of Imperial AT-ATs, the clones' is destroyed, but thanks to the crew of the Ghost the Imperials are defeated and a captured is used to replace it.[37]
B.K. Lok of That Hashtag Show argues that the is the best-designed walker in the Star Wars universe. Specifically in comparison to the, they argue it's harder to hit, is more stable, and possess greater all-around weapons coverage.[38] Daniel Dimanna of Screen Rant however argues that the is the superior walker. While acknowledging the better stability and maneuverability, he cites the more powerful weaponry, impenetrable armoring, and greater carrying capacity as making it the definitive Star Wars walker.[39] Blake Hawkins of CBR refers to the as "slow, awkward and kind of ridiculous" but states that Episode 10 of The Bad Batch helped redeemed it by showcasing its ability to navigate over difficult obstacles and its ability to intimidate the local populace. The AT-TE was similar to the All Terrain Open Top Transport (AT-OT), which was used for troop transport and lightly armed, while the AT-TE was more heavily armed and had less space for troops inside.[40]
| All Terrain MegaCaliber Six | |
| Series: | Star Wars |
| Creator: | Kuat-Entralla Drive Yards |
| Affiliation: | First Order |
| Class: | Walker |
| Armaments: |
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| Defence: | --> |
| Length: | 40.87m (134.09feet) |
| Width: | 17.95m (58.89feet) |
| Height: | 36.18m (118.7feet) |
| Population Volume: |
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The All Terrain MegaCaliber Six, or walker, is a mobile siege engine utilized by the First Order in their attempt to reconquer the galaxy. Built around a massive turbolaser cannon carried on its back, this simian-shaped walker combines equal parts devastating firepower and psychological warfare. These walkers made their theatrical appearance in The Last Jedi as the First Order attempted to wipe out the Resistance in the Battle of Crait, and have appeared in other multimedia related to the sequel trilogy.
As part of a promotional tie-in for the release of The Last Jedi, Nissan unveiled a concept car based on the called the Nissan Titan. Weighing about 6,500 pounds and using primarily molded aluminum parts, the Titan was built in partnership with Vehicle Effects, which also built cars for the Fast & Furious and Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) franchises. It was the most labor-intensive of several Star Wars-themed cars debuted in the run-up to the movie's release.[42]
In making a new walker vehicle based on the for the First Order, the creative team behind The Last Jedi wanted to address the tow-cable vulnerability which had been highlighted in The Empire Strikes Back. Kevin Jenkins, the movie's design supervisor, suggested to Rian Johnson that it be based on a gorilla instead of a dog so they could not be tripped up. Photos of real-life gorillas were used as a starting point for the final design and helped to give the a distinctive and aggressive posture.[43]
According to background material, the is considered the First Order's most powerful combat walker. Unlike the preceding which functioned as an assault transport, the is primarily a platform for a MegaCaliber Six turbolaser carried on its back. Capable of penetrating deflector shields rated to withstand planetary bombardments, the weapon requires a dedicated power plant and several auxiliary fuel cells to reduce recharge time. The heavily armored front legs were modified to handle the weight and massive recoil of firing the weapon, and feature ventilation gates which double as cable-cutters. This locomotion system also gives the walker the appearance of a giant simian predator which, combined with firepower to rival a battleship, is meant to help intimidate an opponent into submission.[41] [44] [45]
With the Resistance entrenched on Crait at a former Rebellion base, a contingent of are among the First Order forces deployed to the planet's surface to engage them, providing escort for a massive superlaser siege cannon. Despite the Resistance's best efforts, the walkers are able to hold them off and the cannon punches a hole through their defenses. However, the arrival of Jedi Master Luke Skywalker distracts the First Order and allows the Resistance to successfully escape.[44] [46]
In comparing the to its predecessor, Dr. Malcolm Davis notes that, while the specific vulnerability to tow-cable attacks was addressed, many of the same criticisms applied to the still hold true for the First Order's walker. A more realistic design he argues would look similarly to the massive tanks which feature in the Bolo universe.[21] Joe Pappalardo likewise believes that the is even worse than the because it has all of the same problems but increased in scale. He argues it was a lost opportunity to not give the walker the same agility as its simian inspiration and allow it to use its massive arms to walk, climb and swing more easily over obstacles.[47]
Many vehicles were created for various Star Wars media and depicted as technological evolutionary predecessors and successors to the walkers featured in the original trilogy.[48]
The All Terrain Advance Raider (AT-AR) appears in Marvel Comics' Star Wars series, and an All Terrain Experimental Transport (AT-XT) appears in LucasArts' Star Wars: The Clone Wars game.[68] DK Publishing's Attack of the Clones: Incredible Cross-Sections book mentions an All Terrain Heavy Enforcer (AT-HE).[69]
Kenner released AT-AT and AT-ST toys as part of their Empire Strikes Back line, and Hasbro released toys based on those molds when the Special Edition trilogy was distributed. Micro Machines also released AT-AT, AT-ST, and AT-TE toys.[70] [71] [72] [73] Both Decipher Inc. and Wizards of the Coast published AT-AT and AT-ST cards for their Star Wars Customizable Card Game and Star Wars Trading Card Game, respectively.[74] [75] [76] Lego has released AT-AT, AT-ST, AT-DP, AT-AP, AT-OT, AT-RT, AT-TE, AT-M6, and AT-HS models.[77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83]