PLA Unit 61398 explained

Unit Name:People's Liberation Army Unit 61398
Native Name:61398部队
Dates:2014-Present
Branch: People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
Type:Cyber force, Cyber-espionage Unit
Specialization:Cyber warfare
Electronic warfare
Garrison:Tonggang Road, Pudong, Shanghai
Battles:

PLA Unit 61398 (also known as APT1, Comment Crew, Comment Panda, GIF89a, or Byzantine Candor;, Pinyin: 61398 bùduì) is the Military Unit Cover Designator (MUCD)[1] of a People's Liberation Army advanced persistent threat unit that has been alleged to be a source of Chinese computer hacking attacks.[2] [3] The unit is stationed in Pudong, Shanghai,[4] and has been cited by US intelligence agencies since 2002.

History

See also: Chinese information operations and information warfare and Cyberwarfare by China.

A report by the computer security firm Mandiant stated that PLA Unit 61398 is believed to operate under the 2nd Bureau of the People's Liberation Army General Staff Department (GSD) Third Department (总参三部二局)[1] and that there is evidence that it contains, or is itself, an entity Mandiant calls APT1, part of the advanced persistent threat that has attacked a broad range of corporations and government entities around the world since at least 2006. APT1 is described as comprising four large networks in Shanghai, two of which serve the Pudong New Area. It is one of more than 20 APT groups with origins in China.[1] [5] The Third and Fourth Department, responsible for electronic warfare, are believed to comprise the PLA units mainly responsible for infiltrating and manipulating computer networks.[6]

2014 indictment

On 19 May 2014, the US Department of Justice announced that a Federal grand jury had returned an indictment of five 61398 officers on charges of theft of confidential business information and intellectual property from U.S. commercial firms and of planting malware on their computers.[7] [8] The five are Huang Zhenyu (黄振宇), Wen Xinyu (文新宇), Sun Kailiang (孙凯亮), Gu Chunhui (顾春晖), and Wang Dong (王东). Forensic evidence traces the base of operations to a 12-story building off Datong Road in a public, mixed-use area of Pudong in Shanghai.[2] The group is also known by various other names including "Advanced Persistent Threat 1" ("APT1"), "the Comment group" and "Byzantine Candor", a codename given by US intelligence agencies since 2002.[9] [10] [11]

The group often compromises internal software "comment" features on legitimate web pages to infiltrate target computers that access the sites, leading it to be known as "the Comment Crew" or "Comment Group".[12] [13] The collective has stolen trade secrets and other confidential information from numerous foreign businesses and organizations over the course of seven years such as Lockheed Martin, Telvent, and other companies in the shipping, aeronautics, arms, energy, manufacturing, engineering, electronics, financial, and software sectors.[10]

Dell SecureWorks says it believed the group includes the same group of attackers behind Operation Shady RAT, an extensive computer espionage campaign uncovered in 2011 in which more than 70 organizations over a five-year period, including the United Nations, government agencies in the United States, Canada, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam, were targeted.[2]

The attacks documented in the summer of 2011 represent a fragment of the Comment group's attacks, which go back at least to 2002, according to incident reports and investigators. In 2012, FireEye, Inc. stated that they had tracked hundreds of targets in the last three years and estimated the group had attacked more than 1,000 organizations.[14]

Most activity between malware embedded in a compromised system and the malware's controllers takes place during business hours in Beijing's time zone, suggesting that the group is professionally hired, rather than private hackers inspired by patriotic passions.[6]

A 2020 report in Daily News and Analysis stated that the unit was eyeing information related to defense and research in India.[15]

Public position of the Chinese government

Until 2013, the Government of China has consistently denied that it is involved in hacking.[16] In response to the Mandiant Corporation report about Unit 61398, Hong Lei, a spokesperson for the Chinese foreign ministry, said such allegations were "unprofessional".[16] [17]

See also

References

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Notes and References

  1. Web site: APT1: Exposing One of China's Cyber Espionage Units. Mandiant. 19 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130219155150/http://intelreport.mandiant.com/Mandiant_APT1_Report.pdf. 19 February 2013. live.
  2. News: Sanger . David E. . Barboza . David . David Barboza . Perlroth . Nicole . 2013-02-19 . Chinese Army Unit Is Seen as Tied to Hacking Against U.S. . en-US . . 2023-05-28 . 0362-4331 . 19 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130219163950/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/technology/chinas-army-is-seen-as-tied-to-hacking-against-us.html . live .
  3. Web site: 19 February 2013 . Chinese military unit behind 'prolific and sustained hacking' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131220122401/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/19/chinese-military-unit-prolific-hacking . 20 December 2013 . 19 February 2013 . The Guardian.
  4. Web site: 中国人民解放军61398部队招收定向研究生的通知. 2004-05-13. Zhejiang University. A notification of PLA Unit 64398 to recruit postgraduate students as PLA-funded scholarship student.. 2019-01-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20161202172240/http://www.cs.zju.edu.cn/chinese/redir.php?catalog_id=101913&object_id=106021. 2 December 2016. dead.
  5. Web site: REPORT: An Overwhelming Number Of The Cyber-Attacks On America Are Coming From This Particular Army Building In China. Business Insider. 18 February 2013. Joe Weisenthal and Geoffrey Ingersoll. 19 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130220095914/http://www.businessinsider.com/china-hacking-pla-unit-61398-2013-2. 20 February 2013. live.
  6. Web site: Bodeen. Christopher. Sign That Chinese Hackers Have Become Professional: They Take Weekends Off. The Huffington Post. 25 February 2013. 27 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130226184036/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/25/chinese-hackers_n_2756914.html. 26 February 2013. live.
  7. Finkle, J., Menn, J., Viswanatha, J. U.S. accuses China of cyber spying on American companies. Reuters, 20 Nov 2014.
  8. Clayton, M. US indicts five in China's secret 'Unit 61398' for cyber-spying. Christian Science Monitor, 19 May 2014
  9. Web site: Chinese attacks 'Byzantine Candor' penetrated federal agencies, says leaked cable . David Perera . 6 December 2010 . fiercegovernmentit.com . Fierce Government IT . https://web.archive.org/web/20160419054340/http://www.fiercegovernmentit.com/story/chinese-attacks-byzantine-candor-penetrated-federal-agencies-says-leaked-ca/2010-12-06 . 19 April 2016 . live .
  10. Web site: Clayton. Mark. Stealing US business secrets: Experts ID two huge cyber 'gangs' in China. CSMonitor. 24 February 2013. 14 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20191115165311/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0914/Stealing-US-business-secrets-Experts-ID-two-huge-cyber-gangs-in-China. 15 November 2019. live.
  11. News: China's Comment Group Hacks Europe—and the World. 12 February 2013. Bloomberg Businessweek. 2 August 2012. Michael Riley. Dune Lawrence. https://web.archive.org/web/20130219064600/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-08-02/chinas-comment-group-hacks-europe-and-the-world. 19 February 2013. dead.
  12. Web site: Martin. Adam. Meet 'Comment Crew,' China's Military-Linked Hackers. NYMag.com. New York Media. 24 February 2013. 19 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130222070617/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/02/meet-comment-crew-chinas-military-hackers.html. 22 February 2013. live.
  13. Web site: The Comment Group: The hackers hunting for clues about you. BBC News. 12 February 2013. Dave Lee. 12 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130212155404/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21371608. 12 February 2013. live.
  14. News: Riley. Michael. Hackers Linked to China's Army Seen From EU to D.C.. Bloomberg. 24 February 2013. Dune Lawrence. Bloomberg.com. 26 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20150111064254/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-26/china-hackers-hit-eu-point-man-and-d-c-with-byzantine-candor.html. 11 January 2015. live.
  15. Web site: Shukla . Manish . 3 August 2020 . Chinese Army's secret '61398' unit spying on India's defense and research, warns intelligence . 6 January 2024 . DNA India . en . 20 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221120090635/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chinese-army-s-secret-61398-unit-spying-on-india-s-defense-and-research-warns-intelligence-2835741 . live .
  16. Web site: Xu. Weiwei. China denies hacking claims. Morning Whistle. 8 April 2013. 20 February 2013. https://archive.today/20130629220425/http://www.morningwhistle.com/html/2013/PoliticsSociety_0220/217214.html. 29 June 2013. live.
  17. News: February 19, 2013 . Hello, Unit 61398 . . 2023-05-28 . 0013-0613 . 28 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230528231305/https://www.economist.com/analects/2013/02/19/hello-unit-61398 . live .

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