APOL2 explained

Apolipoprotein L2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOL2 gene.^{[1] [2] [3]}

This gene is a member of the apolipoprotein L gene family and protein in this family are lipid-binding proteins. This gene encodes a 37.1 kDa protein and The protein sequence contains 337bp. Localization of this protein is mainly found in the cytosol, nucleoplasm and additionally, it is also seen in the Nuclear bodies.^[4] The involvement of this gene may affect in the movement of lipids and binding of lipids to organelles. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.

Amino acid sequence

^{[5] [6]}

Total amino acids: 337

Interactions

APOL2 has been shown to interact with:

• IFN-γ,^[7]
• CD81,^[8]
• TNF-α,^[9]
• Bcl-2,^[10]

Splice variants

ApoL2 has 5 splice variants,^[11]

• APOL2-001

This transcript has 6 exons, 12 domains and features are annotated, 263 variations are related this and maps to 35 oligo probes.

• APOL2-002

This transcript has 5 exons, 12 domains and features are annotated, 263 variations are related with this gene and maps to 37 oligo probes.

• APOL2-006

This transcript has 6 exons, is annotated with 3 domains and features, 62 variations are related with this gene and maps to 20 oligo probes.

• APOL2-008

This transcript has 6 exons, 12 domains and features are annotated, 331 variations are related with this gene and maps to 32 oligo probes.

• APOL2-009

This transcript has 5 exons, 4 domains and features are annotated, 104 variations are related with this gene and maps to 13 oligo probes.

Functions of the ApoL2

• Acute Inflammation Response ^{[12] [13]}
• Cholesterol Metabolic Process^[14]
• Lipid Metabolic Process
• Maternal Process Involved in Female Pregnancy^[15]
• Lipid binding^[16]
• Signalling Receptor Binding^[17]
• Aging ^[18]

Further reading

• McGhee KA, Morris DW, Schwaiger S . Investigation of the apolipoprotein-L (APOL) gene family and schizophrenia using a novel DNA pooling strategy for public database SNPs . Schizophr. Res. . 76 . 2–3 . 231–8 . 2005 . 15949655 . 10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.006 . 5639495 .
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA . The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 .
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T . Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs . Nat. Genet. . 36 . 1 . 40–5 . 2004 . 14702039 . 10.1038/ng1285 . free .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Monajemi H, Fontijn RD, Pannekoek H, Horrevoets AJ . The apolipoprotein L gene cluster has emerged recently in evolution and is expressed in human vascular tissue . Genomics . 79 . 4 . 539–46 . 2002 . 11944986 . 10.1006/geno.2002.6729 .
• Duchateau PN, Pullinger CR, Cho MH . Apolipoprotein L gene family: tissue-specific expression, splicing, promoter regions; discovery of a new gene . J. Lipid Res. . 42 . 4 . 620–30 . 2001 . 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)31171-8 . 11290834 . free .
• Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD . Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence . Nature . 377 . 6547 Suppl . 3–174 . 1995 . 7566098 .

Notes and References

1. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP . The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22 . Nature . 402 . 6761 . 489–95 . Dec 1999 . 10591208 . 10.1038/990031 . 1999Natur.402..489D . etal. free .
2. Page NM, Butlin DJ, Lomthaisong K, Lowry PJ . The human apolipoprotein L gene cluster: identification, classification, and sites of distribution . Genomics . 74 . 1 . 71–8 . May 2001 . 11374903 . 10.1006/geno.2001.6534 .
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: APOL2 apolipoprotein L, 2.
4. Web site: The Human Protein atlas Gene: APOL2 apolipoprotein L, 2.
5. Web site: UniProt . 2024-02-06 . www.uniprot.org.
6. Ultsch . Mark . Holliday . Michael J. . Gerhardy . Stefan . Moran . Paul . Scales . Suzie J. . Gupta . Nidhi . Oltrabella . Francesca . Chiu . Cecilia . Fairbrother . Wayne . Eigenbrot . Charles . Kirchhofer . Daniel . 2021-07-27 . Structures of the ApoL1 and ApoL2 N-terminal domains reveal a non-classical four-helix bundle motif . Communications Biology . en . 4 . 1 . 916 . 10.1038/s42003-021-02387-5 . 34316015 . 2399-3642. 8316464 .
7. Liao W, Goh FY, Betts RJ, Kemeny DM, Tam J, Bay BH, Wong WS . A novel anti-apoptotic role for apolipoprotein L2 in IFN-gamma-induced cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial cells . J Cell Physiol . 226 . 2 . 397–406. February 2011 . 20665705 . 10.1002/jcp.22345 . 27845807 .
8. Bruening J, Lasswitz L, Banse P, Kahl S, Marinach C, Vondran FW, Kaderali L, Silvie O, Pietschmann T, Meissner F, Gerold G . Hepatitis C virus enters liver cells using the CD81 receptor complex proteins calpain-5 and CBLB . PLOS Pathogens . 14 . 7 . 55–67. July 2018 . 30024968 . 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007111 . 6053247 . free .
9. Smith EE, Malik HS . The apolipoprotein L family of programmed cell death and immunity genes rapidly evolved in primates at discrete sites of host-pathogen interactions . Genome Res. . 19 . 5 . 850–8. May 2009 . 19299565 . 2675973 . 10.1101/gr.085647.108 .
10. Liu Z, Lu H, Jiang Z, Pastuszyn A, Hu CA . Apolipoprotein L6, a Novel Proapoptotic Bcl-2 Homology 3–Only Protein, Induces Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res . 3 . 1 . 21–31. January 2005 . 10.1158/1541-7786.21.3.1 . 15671246 . 2545675 . free .
11. Web site: The Human Protein atlas Gene: APOL2 apolipoprotein L, 2.
12. Rao SK, Pavicevic Z, Du Z, Kim JG, Fan M, Jiao Y, Rosebush M, Samant S, Gu W, Pfeffer LM, Nosrat CA . Pro-inflammatory genes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Biol Chem . 285 . 42 . 32512–21 . October 2010 . 20702412 . 2952253. 10.1074/jbc.M110.150490 . free.
13. Liu Z, Lu H, Jiang Z, Pastuszyn A, Hu CA . Mitochondrial proteomic analysis of human host cells infected with H3N2 swine influenza virus. J Proteomics. 8 . 91 . 136–50. October 2013 . 23856606 . 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.037 .
14. Wang K, Edmondson AC, Li M, Gao F, Qasim AN, Devaney JM, Burnett MS, Waterworth DM, Mooser V, Grant SF, Epstein SE, Reilly MP, Hakonarson H, Rader DJ . Pathway-Wide Association Study Implicates Multiple Sterol Transport and Metabolism Genes in HDL Cholesterol Regulation . Frontiers in Genetics . 2 . 4 . 41. July 2011 . 22303337 . 3268595 . 10.3389/fgene.2011.00041. free .
15. Brosens JJ, Hodgetts A, Feroze-Zaidi F, Sherwin JR, Fusi L, Salker MS, Higham J, Rose GL, Kajihara T, Young SL, Lessey BA, Henriet P, Langford PR, Fazleabas AT . Proteomic analysis of endometrium from fertile and infertile patients suggests a role for apolipoprotein A-I in embryo implantation failure and endometriosis . MHR: Basic Science of Reproductive Medicine . 16 . 4 . 273–285. April 2010 . 20008415 . 2834406 . 10.1093/molehr/gap108 .
16. Web site: Nextprot Gene: APOL2 apolipoprotein L, 2.
17. Web site: Nextprot Gene: APOL2 apolipoprotein L, 2.
18. 10.1038/s41386-019-0500-y. Epigenetic aging is accelerated in alcohol use disorder and regulated by genetic variation in APOL2. 2020. Luo. Audrey. Jung. Jeesun. Longley. Martha. Rosoff. Daniel B.. Charlet. Katrin. Muench. Christine. Lee. Jisoo. Hodgkinson. Colin A.. Goldman. David. Horvath. Steve. Kaminsky. Zachary A.. Lohoff. Falk W.. Neuropsychopharmacology. 45. 2. 327–336. 31466081. 6901591.